ROGERS, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). The plaintiff claims to be the owner of the trade-mark “President” in connection with the business of manufacturing and selling suspenders. It seeks an injunction restraining the defendant from an infringement of its trade-mark. The injunction was granted by the court below, and the defendant has brought the case here on appeal.
The defendant applied for the registration of the trade-mark “President” on January 10, 1899. This was issued to him in his own name on May 16, 1899. After the decision of this case in the court below, the Commissioner of Patents ordered the cancellation of its registration ; and an appeal from that order is now pending in the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. With that we are not in any way concerned.
The contract of October, 1898, granted to the plaintiff an exclusive license to make and sell to the end of the term of the patent the patented suspender, subject, however, to certain conditions which it is not necessary now to consider. It also transferred the good will of the business, as well as all the machinery, stock, tools, and other assets used by the defendant in the suspender business, and the latter wholly withdrew from the business of manufacturing and selling suspenders. The only real question in the case is whether the trade-mark “President” and the red, white, and blue escutcheon used with it passed from defendant to the plaintiff by virtue of the contract. The defendant answers the question in the negative. He says the trademark is not mentioned in the contract and has not passed.
. [ 1 ] A trade-mark right cannot exist independently of some business in which it is used. The sole function of a trade-mark being to indicate the origin or ownership of the goods, it cannot exist apart from the business to which its use is incident. There is no such right known to the law, as an exclusive ownership in ,a trade-mark apart from the right to use it in a business. It cannot exist as a right in gross. Thomas G. Carroll, etc., Co. v. McIlvaine (C. C.) 171 Fed. 125; Weener v. Brayton, 152 Mass. 101, 25 N. E. 46, 8 L. R. A. 640; Charles S. Higgins Co. v. Higgins Soap Co., 144 N. Y. 462, 39 N. E. 490, 27 L. R. A. 42, 43 Am. St. Rep. 769.
[162]*162[2] The defendant agreed in the contract of October 1, 1898, to transfer the good will of the business to 'the plaintiff. The “party of the first part [the defendant] agrees to and he does hereby turn over and transfer to the party of the second part the good will of his present business of manufacturing and selling said suspender,” etc. The good will of an established business is incorporeal property which the law permits to be sold in connection with a sale of the business on which it depends and of which it is an incident. Lewis v. Seabury, 74 N. Y. 409, 30 Am. Rep. 311; Cruess v. Fessler, 39 Cal. 336.
[3] A sale of a .business and of its good will carries with it the sale of the trade-mark used in connection with the business, although 'not expressly mentioned in the instrument of sale. Kidd v. Johnson, 100 U. S. 617, 25 L. Ed. 769; Nelson v. Winchell, 203 Mass. 75, 89 N. E. 180, 23 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1150; Merry v. Hoopes, 111 N. Y. 415, 18 N. E. 714; Corbett Bros. Co. v. Reinhardt-Meding Co., 77 N. J. Eq. 7, 76 Atl. 243; Myers v. Kalamazoo Buggy Co., 54 Mich. 215, 19 N. W. 961, 20 N. W. 545, 52 Am. Rep. 811; Allegretti v. Allegretti Chocolate Cream Co., 177 Ill. 129, 52 N. E. 487. The principle is as well established as any in the whole law of trade-marks. The right to the use of a trade-mark passes to any one who takes the right to make or sell the particular article to which the trade-mark has been attached. Filkins v. Blackman, Fed. Cas. No. 4,786; Leather Cloth Co. v. American Leather Cloth Co., 11 H. L. Cas. 523.
[4] The defendant, however, says that the contract he made was not a sale. It was simply a license, and that how long it was to last depended on whether the plaintiff lived up to the contract. But it was an exclusive'license fbr the entire life of the patent to mánufac-ture and sell the patented article. The convenience of the parties was served .by an agreement to pay and accept royalties qn the suspenders sold during the life of the patent, with a right to terminate the contract in case of default. The agreement seems to have been observed to the letter. And now that the patent has expired the defendant, asserts .the right to use the trade-mark again. This court is unable to perceive any reason for holding that a patentee who gives an exclusive license to another to manufacture and sell a patehted article for the life of the patent, and who at the same time transfers the good will of the business to the licensee, retains any right to the trademark which he can avail himself of during the life of the patent ordinarily or on its expiration. The cancellation clause did not impair the licensee's right to the trade-mark, any more than it impaired his right to sell the patented article. The right of the plaintiff to the trade-mark must be regarded as exclusive of the defendant, as was the plaintiff's right to manufacture and sell the patented article. The contract was never canceled, and the plaintiff has never lost the right to the exclusive use of the trade-mark which it has enjoyed for a period of 18 years during which time its value has been, presumably, constantly enhanced! by the manner in which the plaintiff has carried on its business and by the expenditure of the sum of $750,000 in advertising over its own name the trade-mark “President.” The public have identified and had the right to identify the “President” suspender [163]*163with the plaintiff’s company. The obvious purpose of the use of a trade-mark in the sale of goods is to enable one to reap the benefit of the good will and reputation which he has built up for his goods by his skill and industry. The exclusive use of this trad«-mark is still in the plaintiff, and the defendant cannot now be permitted to appropriate to itself the benefit of the good will of the business which it transferred to the plaintiff in 1898, and which the plaintiff’s own conduct in the years which succeeded has so largely enhanced.
•[5, 6] It is true that the trade-mark was used with a patented suspender, and that in Singer Manufacturing Co. v. June Manufacturing Co., 163 U. S. 169, 16 Sup. Ct. 1002, 41 L. Ed. 118, it was decided that, if the owner of a patent had given to its product a name which constituted its generic description, the right to make the patented article and to use the generic name passed to the public upon the expiration of the patent, and that therefore the exclusive right to use the trademark ceased with the, life of the patent. It is to be observed that the doctrine of the Singer Case rests upon the fact that the name had come to indicate the invention and thus constituted its generic description. The fact that the name “President” has come to indicate the invention and constitutes its generic description is one of fact, to be proved by evidence. There is no evidence in this record that the word “President” has ever come to indicate to the public the generic description of the suspender of the patent. The only evidence in the case indicates that it is a mark of origin, indicating the plaintiff, its business, and its goods.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
ROGERS, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). The plaintiff claims to be the owner of the trade-mark “President” in connection with the business of manufacturing and selling suspenders. It seeks an injunction restraining the defendant from an infringement of its trade-mark. The injunction was granted by the court below, and the defendant has brought the case here on appeal.
The defendant applied for the registration of the trade-mark “President” on January 10, 1899. This was issued to him in his own name on May 16, 1899. After the decision of this case in the court below, the Commissioner of Patents ordered the cancellation of its registration ; and an appeal from that order is now pending in the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. With that we are not in any way concerned.
The contract of October, 1898, granted to the plaintiff an exclusive license to make and sell to the end of the term of the patent the patented suspender, subject, however, to certain conditions which it is not necessary now to consider. It also transferred the good will of the business, as well as all the machinery, stock, tools, and other assets used by the defendant in the suspender business, and the latter wholly withdrew from the business of manufacturing and selling suspenders. The only real question in the case is whether the trade-mark “President” and the red, white, and blue escutcheon used with it passed from defendant to the plaintiff by virtue of the contract. The defendant answers the question in the negative. He says the trademark is not mentioned in the contract and has not passed.
. [ 1 ] A trade-mark right cannot exist independently of some business in which it is used. The sole function of a trade-mark being to indicate the origin or ownership of the goods, it cannot exist apart from the business to which its use is incident. There is no such right known to the law, as an exclusive ownership in ,a trade-mark apart from the right to use it in a business. It cannot exist as a right in gross. Thomas G. Carroll, etc., Co. v. McIlvaine (C. C.) 171 Fed. 125; Weener v. Brayton, 152 Mass. 101, 25 N. E. 46, 8 L. R. A. 640; Charles S. Higgins Co. v. Higgins Soap Co., 144 N. Y. 462, 39 N. E. 490, 27 L. R. A. 42, 43 Am. St. Rep. 769.
[162]*162[2] The defendant agreed in the contract of October 1, 1898, to transfer the good will of the business to 'the plaintiff. The “party of the first part [the defendant] agrees to and he does hereby turn over and transfer to the party of the second part the good will of his present business of manufacturing and selling said suspender,” etc. The good will of an established business is incorporeal property which the law permits to be sold in connection with a sale of the business on which it depends and of which it is an incident. Lewis v. Seabury, 74 N. Y. 409, 30 Am. Rep. 311; Cruess v. Fessler, 39 Cal. 336.
[3] A sale of a .business and of its good will carries with it the sale of the trade-mark used in connection with the business, although 'not expressly mentioned in the instrument of sale. Kidd v. Johnson, 100 U. S. 617, 25 L. Ed. 769; Nelson v. Winchell, 203 Mass. 75, 89 N. E. 180, 23 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1150; Merry v. Hoopes, 111 N. Y. 415, 18 N. E. 714; Corbett Bros. Co. v. Reinhardt-Meding Co., 77 N. J. Eq. 7, 76 Atl. 243; Myers v. Kalamazoo Buggy Co., 54 Mich. 215, 19 N. W. 961, 20 N. W. 545, 52 Am. Rep. 811; Allegretti v. Allegretti Chocolate Cream Co., 177 Ill. 129, 52 N. E. 487. The principle is as well established as any in the whole law of trade-marks. The right to the use of a trade-mark passes to any one who takes the right to make or sell the particular article to which the trade-mark has been attached. Filkins v. Blackman, Fed. Cas. No. 4,786; Leather Cloth Co. v. American Leather Cloth Co., 11 H. L. Cas. 523.
[4] The defendant, however, says that the contract he made was not a sale. It was simply a license, and that how long it was to last depended on whether the plaintiff lived up to the contract. But it was an exclusive'license fbr the entire life of the patent to mánufac-ture and sell the patented article. The convenience of the parties was served .by an agreement to pay and accept royalties qn the suspenders sold during the life of the patent, with a right to terminate the contract in case of default. The agreement seems to have been observed to the letter. And now that the patent has expired the defendant, asserts .the right to use the trade-mark again. This court is unable to perceive any reason for holding that a patentee who gives an exclusive license to another to manufacture and sell a patehted article for the life of the patent, and who at the same time transfers the good will of the business to the licensee, retains any right to the trademark which he can avail himself of during the life of the patent ordinarily or on its expiration. The cancellation clause did not impair the licensee's right to the trade-mark, any more than it impaired his right to sell the patented article. The right of the plaintiff to the trade-mark must be regarded as exclusive of the defendant, as was the plaintiff's right to manufacture and sell the patented article. The contract was never canceled, and the plaintiff has never lost the right to the exclusive use of the trade-mark which it has enjoyed for a period of 18 years during which time its value has been, presumably, constantly enhanced! by the manner in which the plaintiff has carried on its business and by the expenditure of the sum of $750,000 in advertising over its own name the trade-mark “President.” The public have identified and had the right to identify the “President” suspender [163]*163with the plaintiff’s company. The obvious purpose of the use of a trade-mark in the sale of goods is to enable one to reap the benefit of the good will and reputation which he has built up for his goods by his skill and industry. The exclusive use of this trad«-mark is still in the plaintiff, and the defendant cannot now be permitted to appropriate to itself the benefit of the good will of the business which it transferred to the plaintiff in 1898, and which the plaintiff’s own conduct in the years which succeeded has so largely enhanced.
•[5, 6] It is true that the trade-mark was used with a patented suspender, and that in Singer Manufacturing Co. v. June Manufacturing Co., 163 U. S. 169, 16 Sup. Ct. 1002, 41 L. Ed. 118, it was decided that, if the owner of a patent had given to its product a name which constituted its generic description, the right to make the patented article and to use the generic name passed to the public upon the expiration of the patent, and that therefore the exclusive right to use the trademark ceased with the, life of the patent. It is to be observed that the doctrine of the Singer Case rests upon the fact that the name had come to indicate the invention and thus constituted its generic description. The fact that the name “President” has come to indicate the invention and constitutes its generic description is one of fact, to be proved by evidence. There is no evidence in this record that the word “President” has ever come to indicate to the public the generic description of the suspender of the patent. The only evidence in the case indicates that it is a mark of origin, indicating the plaintiff, its business, and its goods. There is no presumption of law-, without proof .of the fact as above indicated, that a name used on a patented article passes to the public on the expiration of the patent. Hughes v. Alfred H. Smith Co., 209 Fed. 37, 126 C. C. A. 179.
But the doctrine of the Singer Case is inapplicable to the facts of this case for another reason. In the case at bar the name “President” antedated the patent. The defendant, in his application filed in the Patent Office on January 10, 1899, declared:
“The trade-mark [President] has been used continuously in business by me since January 1, 18&7.”
The declaration that it had been used by him continuously since January 1, 1897, is shown by the record to have been incorrect, in that he ceased to use it upon the making of the contract of October 1, 1898, and only resumed its use after the patent expired. There is, however, no evidence which contradicts the statement that he was using it in January, 1897. This was prior to the patent, which, as has been already stated, was granted on August 16, 1898. In Batcheller v. Thomson, 93 Fed. 660, 35 C. C. A. 532 (1899) the trade-mark antedated the patent by more than 2% years, and the name rather than the patent gave value to the article, and this court held that the doctrine of the S’inger Case was inapplicable. In the case at bar the name antedated the patent for 1 year and 7 months. We think the case is governed by the Batcheller Case, and not by the Singer Case.
The appellant’s counsel did not on the argument contend that the appellant’s right to use the trade-mark existed under the doctrine of the Singer Case, which was not referred to by him. We think it best, [164]*164however, to call attention to that case, and to state the reasons which "seem to us to make it inapplicable to the facts herein involved. The appellant’s counsel based his argument upon the theory that it was not intended by> the contract he made on October, 1898, to transfer the trade-mark,'and that the intention of the parties should prevail. No doubt the sole purpose of the interpretation of a contract is to ascertain the intention of the parties.
[7, 8]' The first rule of construction, however, is that the intent of the parties, as expressed in the words they have used, must govern. And in the absence of fraud or mistake, and neither fraud or mistake is alleged, parol evidence cannot be received to add to or vary the contract as written. When the appellant, by his written contract transferred to the appellee the good will of his business, he transferred the trade-mark. Where the language of an instrument, as here, has a settled legal construction, parol evidence cannot contradict that construction. Godkin v. Monahan, 83 Fed. 116, 119, 27 C. C. A. 410; Hearne v. Insurance Co., 20 Wall. 488, 492, 22 L. Ed. 395.
The language the parties used in their contract of 1898 has, as we have pointed out elsewhere in this opinion, a settled legal construction, namely, that “good will” is inclusive of the trade-mark.
Decree affirmed.