PPG Industries, Inc. v. Canal Barge Co.

438 F. Supp. 1238, 1977 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13442
CourtDistrict Court, W.D. Pennsylvania
DecidedOctober 17, 1977
DocketCiv. A. No. 72-932
StatusPublished
Cited by1 cases

This text of 438 F. Supp. 1238 (PPG Industries, Inc. v. Canal Barge Co.) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering District Court, W.D. Pennsylvania primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
PPG Industries, Inc. v. Canal Barge Co., 438 F. Supp. 1238, 1977 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13442 (W.D. Pa. 1977).

Opinion

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

TEITELBAUM, District Judge.

Plaintiff entered into a contract with third-party defendant Ashland Oil Co. whereby Ashland agreed to transport a quantity of antifreeze liquid belonging to plaintiff from Beaumont, Texas to St. Paul, Minnesota. Pursuant to this agreement, the antifreeze was loaded into an Ashland barge and towed to Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Ashland entered into a second and separate contract with defendant Canal Barge and agreed to tow the Ashland barge containing the antifreeze from Baton Rouge to its final destination in St. Paul. Somewhere between Beaumont and St. Paul, the cargo of antifreeze liquid was contaminated by water. Plaintiff, therefore, brought this action against Canal to recover the damages it claimed to have sustained as a result of the contamination of its product. Plaintiff contended that defendant Canal was obligated to exercise due care in the operation of its towboat and in caring for the cargo being towed, and that Canal failed to exercise such due diligence in towing the Ashland barge.

Subsequent to the Court’s charge to the jury and during the jury’s deliberations, the jury posed the following question to the Court:

“If in our deliberations we consider that the damage to the barge took place during the topping at Lock 14 and that no negligence existed on the part of the captain and the pilot of the Caroline, must we at that point stop any further deliberations, or can we consider what is believed to be negligence on the parties involved following the topping?”1
In response, this Court instructed the jury that:
“The answer to your question is that you must stop if you find that the damage to the barge took place during that topping at Lock 14, and if you determine that that was due to a peril of the sea and not due to the failure to exercise — any negligence or due care on the part of Canal acting through its personnel, then you must stop any further deliberations, and that you cannot consider any negligence or failure to exercise due care, the burden of proof being on Canal that they did exercise due care and diligence during the rest of the trip following the topping. You cannot consider that at all.
“But I hope you understand that I am charging you, that if you decide that there was no fault in the topping, that Canal has met its burden of proof up to and including anything that occurred at [1240]*1240the topping, then that’s where you stop.”2

The reason for limiting the jury’s review in such a manner was a concern with the ability of the jury to accurately allocate contamination damage between that which might have occurred during the topping and that which might have occurred thereafter. This Court felt that the evidentiary record was incapable of providing support for any split percentage distribution of damages.3

The jury returned a verdict in favor of Canal and against plaintiff as to the events up to and including the topping incident.

The Court did, however, also submit three special interrogatories to the jury, which were answered and returned with the verdict. These interrogatories, relating to damage which might have occurred subsequent to the topping, were returned as follows:

1. If you determine that Canal has satisfied its burden of showing due diligence up to and including the topping incident at Lock 14, what percentage of the damage to the cargo occurred as a result of the topping, if any, and what percentage occurred from a failure of due care from the time of the topping to the arrival of the REB-1602 in St. Paul?
TOPPING 0%
AFTER TOPPING 100%
2. Which of the parties, if any, failed to exercise due care from the time of the topping incident to the time of arrival in St. Paul?
Defendant Canal
(Plaintiff, Defendant, Third-Party Defendant)
3. What was the total amount of damage to the cargo?
$110.000.004

Largely based upon the interrogatory answers, plaintiff has now moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or, in the alternative, a new trial.

DISCUSSION

For the reasons hereinafter stated, this Court deems entry of judgment notwithstanding the verdict on behalf of plaintiff in the amount of $110,000.00 to be appropriate.

The purpose of submitting the special interrogatories to the jury was to provide a basis in the record for molding a verdict post trial, if necessary, as stated by this Court:

“As I see it, by use of this interrogatory, we can, if we are subsequently looking at the record, decide that if the topping was due to peril of the sea, which this interrogatory would tend to indicate they believe, but that there was a failure to prove use of due care during the remainder of the voyage on the part of Canal, then we will have a percentage figure and a damage; and we will have a statement by whom, and we can mold the verdict. . . . ”5

The interrogatory answers indicate a jury finding that damage to the barge occurred in the topping and thereafter Canal failed to exercise due care in tending to the cargo. The interrogatories further indicate a jury finding that Canal’s failure to exercise due care after the topping was the cause of the cargo’s contamination. These explicit findings mandate that we now utilize the interrogatory answers in the manner contemplated to grant judgment notwithstanding the verdict.

The interrogatory responses are so clearly indicative of judgment in plaintiff’s behalf that the only issue still extant is whether or not the jury’s responses are supported by evidence of record. The above question must be answered with reference to the applicable burdens of proof in the case sub judice.

This Court instructed the jury that the burden of persuasion rested with [1241]*1241Canal both as to events up to and including the time of topping and after the topping.6 In spite of resistance from counsel, this position on the burden of proof was steadfastly adhered to: “If they considered diligence and due care beyond the topping, I think the burden still remains with you [Canal].”7 The burden of persuasion is imposed upon defendant Canal because as a carrier of goods it is essentially an insurer, absolutely liable to the shipper for damages unless occasioned by an excepted cause under the Harter Act.8

Defendant Canal argues that it was error to place the burden of proof regarding circumstances subsequent to the topping upon it. Canal contends that “once the shipowner has sustained its burden of proof that a loss was caused by negligent navigation, or peril of the sea, or any other excepted cause contained in the Harter Act or, where applicable the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, the burden then shifts to the owner of the cargo to establish that, either the vessel was unseaworthy or that some other negligence which is not an excepted cause, was the sole cause or the concurring cause of the loss.” (emphasis added)9

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Cite This Page — Counsel Stack

Bluebook (online)
438 F. Supp. 1238, 1977 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13442, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/ppg-industries-inc-v-canal-barge-co-pawd-1977.