Mr. Justice NELSON
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an appeal from a decree of the Circuit Court of the District of South Carolina in admiralty.
The libel was filed against the ship Susan W. Lind and owners for alleged damage to cargo shipped to the libellants, as consignees, from Liverpool to Charleston, through the neglect and fault of the master. The goods shipped were twenty-four boxes of cotton thread, which on delivery at Charleston were damaged to the amount of some fifty per cent. The spools of thread were packed in small wooden boxes fined with paper, one hundred dozen in eaeh box, and again inclosed in a large wooden box, six. small boxes in each large one, lined with paper between the small boxes. When these boxes were delivered and opened, the spools of thread in each of the small boxes were more or less stained, and spotted by dampness and mould, though the large and small boxes themselves were generally dry, as was also the paper covering the thread.
The respondents in their answer allege, that, if the content's of the boxes were in a damaged state when opened, the damage must have existed, or originated in causes that existed, before they Were delivered on board the ship, though not indicated by the external appearance of the boxes; or must have been produced by the effects of the dampness of the atmosphere in the hold of the vessel to which goods, wares, and merchandise' are exposed, and, especially such as were shipped for the libellants, in all vessels, however tight and stanch, with cargoes however well stowed, on as long and boisterous a passage as was experienced by the Susan W. Lind.; or, the same was caused by such dampness in consequence of tfie neglect of the shipper in not having packed the cotton thread in boxes calculated to exclude the damp air which otherwise it must be subject to in the transportation across the Atlantic.
The vessel sailed from Liverpool on the fourteenth day of March, 1848, and arrived at Charleston, her port of destination, on the fourteenth day of May following, making a long voyage of sixty-one days, during which she encountered rough weather' and. violent gales, causing her to labor heavily, and occasionally ship water.
As we have already stated, the cotton thread, when the boxes were delivered to the consignees and opened, was found damaged on account of stains and spots, the effect apparently of dampness and mould happening in the course of the shipment.
' The bill. of lading admits that the twenty-four boxes were shipped in good order,1 and bound the respondents to deliver the .same in.like good order, “all, and every the dangers and accidents of the seas and navigation „of whatsoever nature and kind excepted.” . And the main question in the case is, whether or not the damage in question was occasioned by pne of the perils’and accidents within this clause of the bill of lading? For, as the masters and owners, like other common-carriers, may be answerable for the goods, although no actual blame is imputable to them, and- unless they bring the - case within the exception, in considering whether .they are chargeable for a particular ’loss, the question is, not whether the loss happened by reason of the negligence of the persons employed in the conveyance of the goods, but whether it was occasioned by any of those causes, which, either according to the general rules of lawy.or the particular stipulations of the parties, afford ah excuse for'the non-performance of the contract.1 After the damage to the goods, therefore, has been established, the burden lies upon the respondents to show, that it was occasioned by one of the perils from which they were exempted by the bill of lading, and, even where evidence has been thus given bringing the particular loss or damage within, one of the dangers or- accidents of the navigation, it is still competent for the shippers to show, that it might have been avoided by the exercise of reasonable skill and attention on the part, of the persons employed in1 the conveyance, of the goods; for, then, it is not .deemed to be, in the sense of the law, such a loss as will exempt' the carrier from liability, but rather a loss occasioned by his negligence, and1 inattention to his duty. Hence it is, that, although the loss occurs by a peril of the sea, yet if it might have been avoided by skill and diligence at the time, the carrier is liable. But in this stage and. posture of the case, the burden is upon-'the plaintiff to establish the negligence, as the affirmative lies .upon him. On this, ground in the case of Muddle
v.
Stride, 9 Car. & Payne, 380, which was an action against the proprietors of a steam vessel to recover compensation for damage to goods sent by them as carriers, Lord Chief Justice Denman, in
summing up to the jury observed, “if on the whole, it be left in doubt what the cause of the injury was, or, if it may as well be attributable to ‘perils of the sea’ as .to negligence, the plaintiff cannot recover; but, if the perils of the seas require that more care should be used in the stowing of the goods (articles of silk and linen) on board, than was bestowed on them, that will be negligence for which the owners of the vessel will be liable. That the jury were to see clearly, that the defendants were guilty of negligence before they could find a verdict against them.”
Now, applying these principles to the facts disclosed in the record, we shall be enabled to determine whether or not the respondents in the court below'are liable for the damage that happened to the goods in question, as they settle, with great clearness, the rule of responsibility, and, also, on whioh side the burden of proof lies to charge or exonerate them as common-carriers. And, on- looking into these facts, it will be seen, that' all the witnesses concur in the conclusion that the damage was occasioned by the humidity of the atmosphere and dampness of the ship’s hold, producing mould and mildew upon the cotton spools, and- thereby staining and spotting the thread, impairing' its strength, and rendering it unmerchantable. The article appears to be -peculiarly subject to the effect of humidity and dampness, as the paper with which it was covered in the small boxes was generally dry, and unaffected, when at the same time, the thread beneath was mildewed and stained, and what is more remarkable, in many, instances the upper layers of the spools were perfectly dry and sound, while those lying in the centre were' mouldy and spotted; and in other instances, the only part affected were the layers.in the centre.
The vessel was a géneral ship, tight and stanch, well equipped, and manned'; and was laden with a mixed cargo, consisting of cases and crates of dry goods, hardware, and about two thousand sacks of salt. The cargo was well stowed and dunnaged. The sacks of salt when discharged were dry as usual, and in good condition; and no part of the cargo, except the cases in question, appears to haye been injured in the voyage, or the subject of any complaint.
It was insisted on the argument, that the respondents were in fault in taking on board then vessel the goods in question with salt as part of the cargo ; but, the evidence is full that salt in sacks is part of a mixed cargo of nearly all the vessels engaged in the trpffe between Liverpool and Charleston.
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Mr. Justice NELSON
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an appeal from a decree of the Circuit Court of the District of South Carolina in admiralty.
The libel was filed against the ship Susan W. Lind and owners for alleged damage to cargo shipped to the libellants, as consignees, from Liverpool to Charleston, through the neglect and fault of the master. The goods shipped were twenty-four boxes of cotton thread, which on delivery at Charleston were damaged to the amount of some fifty per cent. The spools of thread were packed in small wooden boxes fined with paper, one hundred dozen in eaeh box, and again inclosed in a large wooden box, six. small boxes in each large one, lined with paper between the small boxes. When these boxes were delivered and opened, the spools of thread in each of the small boxes were more or less stained, and spotted by dampness and mould, though the large and small boxes themselves were generally dry, as was also the paper covering the thread.
The respondents in their answer allege, that, if the content's of the boxes were in a damaged state when opened, the damage must have existed, or originated in causes that existed, before they Were delivered on board the ship, though not indicated by the external appearance of the boxes; or must have been produced by the effects of the dampness of the atmosphere in the hold of the vessel to which goods, wares, and merchandise' are exposed, and, especially such as were shipped for the libellants, in all vessels, however tight and stanch, with cargoes however well stowed, on as long and boisterous a passage as was experienced by the Susan W. Lind.; or, the same was caused by such dampness in consequence of tfie neglect of the shipper in not having packed the cotton thread in boxes calculated to exclude the damp air which otherwise it must be subject to in the transportation across the Atlantic.
The vessel sailed from Liverpool on the fourteenth day of March, 1848, and arrived at Charleston, her port of destination, on the fourteenth day of May following, making a long voyage of sixty-one days, during which she encountered rough weather' and. violent gales, causing her to labor heavily, and occasionally ship water.
As we have already stated, the cotton thread, when the boxes were delivered to the consignees and opened, was found damaged on account of stains and spots, the effect apparently of dampness and mould happening in the course of the shipment.
' The bill. of lading admits that the twenty-four boxes were shipped in good order,1 and bound the respondents to deliver the .same in.like good order, “all, and every the dangers and accidents of the seas and navigation „of whatsoever nature and kind excepted.” . And the main question in the case is, whether or not the damage in question was occasioned by pne of the perils’and accidents within this clause of the bill of lading? For, as the masters and owners, like other common-carriers, may be answerable for the goods, although no actual blame is imputable to them, and- unless they bring the - case within the exception, in considering whether .they are chargeable for a particular ’loss, the question is, not whether the loss happened by reason of the negligence of the persons employed in the conveyance of the goods, but whether it was occasioned by any of those causes, which, either according to the general rules of lawy.or the particular stipulations of the parties, afford ah excuse for'the non-performance of the contract.1 After the damage to the goods, therefore, has been established, the burden lies upon the respondents to show, that it was occasioned by one of the perils from which they were exempted by the bill of lading, and, even where evidence has been thus given bringing the particular loss or damage within, one of the dangers or- accidents of the navigation, it is still competent for the shippers to show, that it might have been avoided by the exercise of reasonable skill and attention on the part, of the persons employed in1 the conveyance, of the goods; for, then, it is not .deemed to be, in the sense of the law, such a loss as will exempt' the carrier from liability, but rather a loss occasioned by his negligence, and1 inattention to his duty. Hence it is, that, although the loss occurs by a peril of the sea, yet if it might have been avoided by skill and diligence at the time, the carrier is liable. But in this stage and. posture of the case, the burden is upon-'the plaintiff to establish the negligence, as the affirmative lies .upon him. On this, ground in the case of Muddle
v.
Stride, 9 Car. & Payne, 380, which was an action against the proprietors of a steam vessel to recover compensation for damage to goods sent by them as carriers, Lord Chief Justice Denman, in
summing up to the jury observed, “if on the whole, it be left in doubt what the cause of the injury was, or, if it may as well be attributable to ‘perils of the sea’ as .to negligence, the plaintiff cannot recover; but, if the perils of the seas require that more care should be used in the stowing of the goods (articles of silk and linen) on board, than was bestowed on them, that will be negligence for which the owners of the vessel will be liable. That the jury were to see clearly, that the defendants were guilty of negligence before they could find a verdict against them.”
Now, applying these principles to the facts disclosed in the record, we shall be enabled to determine whether or not the respondents in the court below'are liable for the damage that happened to the goods in question, as they settle, with great clearness, the rule of responsibility, and, also, on whioh side the burden of proof lies to charge or exonerate them as common-carriers. And, on- looking into these facts, it will be seen, that' all the witnesses concur in the conclusion that the damage was occasioned by the humidity of the atmosphere and dampness of the ship’s hold, producing mould and mildew upon the cotton spools, and- thereby staining and spotting the thread, impairing' its strength, and rendering it unmerchantable. The article appears to be -peculiarly subject to the effect of humidity and dampness, as the paper with which it was covered in the small boxes was generally dry, and unaffected, when at the same time, the thread beneath was mildewed and stained, and what is more remarkable, in many, instances the upper layers of the spools were perfectly dry and sound, while those lying in the centre were' mouldy and spotted; and in other instances, the only part affected were the layers.in the centre.
The vessel was a géneral ship, tight and stanch, well equipped, and manned'; and was laden with a mixed cargo, consisting of cases and crates of dry goods, hardware, and about two thousand sacks of salt. The cargo was well stowed and dunnaged. The sacks of salt when discharged were dry as usual, and in good condition; and no part of the cargo, except the cases in question, appears to haye been injured in the voyage, or the subject of any complaint.
It was insisted on the argument, that the respondents were in fault in taking on board then vessel the goods in question with salt as part of the cargo ; but, the evidence is full that salt in sacks is part of a mixed cargo of nearly all the vessels engaged in the trpffe between Liverpool and Charleston. One witness, who has been in the Liverpool trade for ten years, states, that salt is part of the cargo of nine out of ten vessels trading front that portto the United States; Several shipmasters who have been engaged in this trade, state, that salt always constituted a part
of their cargo, and they never knew any damage occasioned to the other goods. Indeed, the evidence is all one way on this point. In consequence of damage occasionally happening, to these goods, and others of like character, in vessels of a mixed cargo of which salt was a part, some merchants latterly gave particular, directions to their'correspondents not to send their goods in a ship of this description. . But this only shows that the general usage of the trade would justify the shipment with salt as part of the cargo, and hence the necessity of the particular instructions.
The weight of the evidence also seems to be, that the presence of salt as part of the’cargo of the ship does not produce humidity Or dampness in the atmosphere; but tends rather to diminish it by attracting and absorbing the humidity; ’ and that unless in contact with the salt, or exposed to the • drain from it by bad stowage, no injury would accrue to the other goods.
Some attempt was also made upon the argument to show that the salt was badly stowed, regard being had to the nature and character of the goods in question; and that the damage was properly attributed to this circumstance. But there is no foundation for the argument upon the evidence. The salt was not within thirty feet of the cases of, dry goods, with the exception of two cases, which were well dunnaged with matting and an inch board between them and the salt. The spools of thread in these were not damaged more than in the rest of the boxes.
Now the evidence showing very satisfactorily that the damage to the goods was occasioned by the effect of the humidity and dampness, which in the absence of any defect in the ship, or návigation of the same, or in the stowage, is one of the dangers and accidents of the seas for which the carrier is not liable, the burr den lay upon the libellants to show, that it might notwithstanding have been prevented by reasonable skill and diligence of those employed in the conveyance of the goods. For, it has been held, if the damage has proceeded from an intrinsic principle of decay naturally inherent in the commodity itself, whether active in every situation, or only in the confinement and closeness of the ship, the merchant must bear the- loss as well as pay the freight; as the master and owners are in no fault, nor does their contract contain any insurance or warranty against such an event. 12 East, 381; 4 Campb. 119; 6 Taunt. 65; Abbott on Ship. 428, (Shee’s Ed.) But if it can be show;* that it might have been avoided by the use of proper precautionary measures, and that the usual and customary methods for this purpose have been neglected, they may still be held liable. And the same rule applies in the case of damage on account of the humidity and
dampness of the ship, which is* more or less, incident to all vessels engaged in trade and navigation, especially upon the high seas. Notwithstanding, therefore, the proof was clear, that the damage was occasioned by the effect of the humidity and dampness of the vessel, which is one of the dangers of navigation, it was competent for the libellants to show, that the respondents might have prevented it by proper skill and diligence in the discharge of their duties; but no such evidence is found in the record. For aught that appears every precaution w'as taken that is usual or customary, or known to shipmasters, to avoid, the damage in question. And hence we are obliged to conclude that it is to be attributed exclusively to the dampness of the atmosphere of the vessel, without negligence or fault on thg part of the master or owners.
No doubt the unusual duration of; the voyage, on account of tempestuous weather and adverse winds, in connection with the fact that it was one in which the ship passed from a northern to a southern latitude, and in a season of the year when the change from a cold to a warm climate must have been considerable, greatly increased the dampness, and also the influence of it upon goods liable to damage from that cause.
But the carrier is not responsible for delay in the voyage on. account of boisterous weather or adverse winds, low tides, or the like, as was held in the case of Boyle
v.
M’Laughlin, 4 Harr. & J. 291. These are dangers and accidents of the riavigation over which he has no control, and against which his contract contains no warranty.
Another point was made on the part of the respondents- below, which it m&y be proper briefly to notice. It was insisted that these goods had hot been packed in good condition in the boxes at Paisley by the manufacturer, or if otherwise, that the damage might have happened to them in the conveyance from that place to Liverpool, before they were, shipped for Charleston.
The bill of lading contained, the usual clause, that they were shipped in good order; but there was added, at the conclusion, “ contents unknown.”
It is obvious, therefore, that the acknowledgment of the master as to rne condition of the goods when received on board, extended only to the external condition of the cases, excluding any implication as to the quantity or quality of the article, condition of it at the time received on board, or whether properly packed or not in the boxes. Abbott, 339, (Shee’s Ed.) p. 216, (Story’s Ed.) And if the evidence on the part of the defence laid a foundation for a reasonable inference, .that the damage resulted from, an imperfection in the goods when packed in the cases, or had occurred previously to their being shipped on board,
the burden was thrown upon the libellants to rebut the inference. It was accordingly assumed in this case, and evidence produced as to the condition of the thread when packed at Paisley, and also in respect to the mode of conveyance from that place to Liverpool, preparatory to the shipment. The explanation is as full perhaps as could be well furnished, or as is usual, under the circumstances, and brings the case, down, we think, to thfe question of damage occasioned by the effect of the humidity and dampness of the vessel in the course of the voyage. We have already expressed our views upon that question, the result of which is that the decree must be reversed.
Mr. Chief-Justice TANEY and Mr. Justice WAYNE dissented.
Order.
This cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record from the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of South Carolina, and was argued by counsel. On consideration whereof, it is now here ordered, adjudged, and decreed by this court, that the decree of the said Circuit Court in this cause be, and the same is hereby, reversed, with costs, and that this cause be, and the same is hereby,' remanded to the saijd Circuit Court for further proceedings to be had -therein, in conformity to the opinion of this court.