TONGUE, J.
This is an action to recover monthly disability benefits under a group accident and health insurance policy issued by defendant to the Union Pacific Rail[399]*399road Employees Hospital Association to provide such, benefits to Union Pacific employees for disability “as the result of bodily injury arising from accidental cause.” Defendant appeals from a judgment awarding such recovery to plaintiff, after a trial before the court, without a jury.
Plaintiff’s fingers were frostbitten, requiring amputation, as the result of exposure to cold while employed by the Union Pacific Railroad to keep switches clear of ice and snow during a period of extreme cold weather on December 30 and 31, 1968.
Defendant contends that the words “accidental cause” mean the same as “accidental means” and that this court is committed to the distinction between liability under such insurance policies for injuries by “accidental means” and non-liability for injuries which are the unexpected results “of the doing by the plaintiff of intentional acts in which no mischance, slip or mishap occurred,” quoting from Chalfant v. Arens et al, 167 Or 649, 656, 120 P2d 219 (1941), and also citing Finley v. Prudential Ins. Co., 236 Or 235, 246, 388 P2d 21 (1963). Thus, defendant contends that plaintiff’s “exposure was not due to any mishap, slip, mischance or unexpected or unintended event” and that his injury “developed as a result of his intended and knowing exposure to the extreme cold and not by reason of ‘accidental cause’,” with the result that there is no right of recovery under the policy.
The distinction between injury by “accidental means” and “accidental results from intended means,” although recognized by this court in Chalfant v. Arens et al, supra, and in Finley v. Prudential Ins. Co., supra, has been the subject of increasing criticism in [400]*400recent years.
Under the facts of this particular case, however, it is not necessary for this court to re-examine this distinction. This is because we find, after reading the entire record in this case, that there was sufficient evidence to support the decision of the trial court that plaintiff’s injury resulted from an “accidental cause” because, under the particular facts of this case, it cannot properly be said that the injury to plaintiff’s hands “occurred by reason of the doing by the plaintiff of intentional acts in which no mischance, slip or mishap occurred” — to apply the test contended for by the defendant in this case.⑦
Plaintiff was 64 years of age, with an eighth grade education. He had been employed by the Union Pacific for 19 years in “maintenance of way,” including the keeping of switches in repair and operation. During previous winters he had also been assigned to keep switches clear of ice and snow.
Ordinarily, however, he would be taken to his work by rail on a “Sunshine motor car,” after picking up [402]*402tools at “Russell Street.” These tools included an axe, among other tools. As a result, he was “ordinarily able to have some heat on the job” during periods of extreme cold weather by “cutting old ties and burning them.”
In addition, the practice was that the foreman would come by in the middle of the shift and “if the weather is bad enough, they take you to the shack [nearly two miles away] where you can get warm.”
There was also evidence that on some occasions the men would drive directly to the job site, rather than to “Russell Street,” and. that on such occasions “the first man” picked up the tools and “carried them down in his car.” There was also evidence that on such occasions more than one employee would be assigned to such work and that one of them would bring Ms ear to the area where the men might sit to eat lunch, with a car heater to get warm.
On December 30, 1968, however, none of these things occurred. Plaintiff was on vacation at that time and was called by his foreman to go to work. The foreman told him to dress warmly and he knew from the radio that “the temperature was going to be down to six above zero.” Accordingly, he put on “lots of clothes,” including rubber gloves with an inner lining. He had “worked that junction” (St. Johns junction) many times before. On this occasion, however, he was told by his foreman to go directly to St. Johns junction, rather than to go to “Russell Street” to pick up tools (including an axe) and to be transported to the junction on the “Sunshine motor car.” Plaintiff intended to take his car (which he could have used to eat his lunch and get warm), but when he tried to get it “out” he was unable to do so, so arranged with a friend to drive him to work.
[403]*403When he arrived at the junction on December 30, 1968, however, there was no axe on the job and the only tools there were a broom and a shovel. In addition, the only other man on the job then left, with his car. As a result, plaintiff was left to work alone.
Plaintiff’s duties on that day were to keep four switches in a “two-block area” clear of snow and ice and he worked eight hours in doing so, from 4 o’clock p.m. until midnight. During that period “the wind was howling and it continued snowing.” The temperature was between eight and 14 degrees above zero. The wind averaged 23 miles per hour, with gusts up to 30 miles per hour, and it snowed five inches that day.
There were some “old ties” available for the purpose of building a fire to keep warm, but he was unable to build such a fire because he had no axe with which to cut the ties to start such a fire, although he had expected to find an axe among the tools when he arrived. • Plaintiff tried to start a fire with some fusees given to him by the crew of a passing train, but was unable to do so.
That night the foreman did not come by and take him to the “shack” at the Albina yard to get warm, as he usually did when “the weather was bad enough,” as it was that night. As previously stated, since plaintiff had been unable to start his ear and was working alone, he had no car to get into to get warm with a ear heater.
Having no fire and no “shack” or car to get into, plaintiff also had no place to eat his lunch, for such warmth and energy as it might provide. As a result, he was exposed to the wind, snow and cold for the entire eight hours, working with a broom and shovel to keep the switches clear of ice and snow. During that [404]*404time, his hands became cold and he had no way to warm them except by putting them next to his body.
When plaintiff arrived home at 12:30 a.m.
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TONGUE, J.
This is an action to recover monthly disability benefits under a group accident and health insurance policy issued by defendant to the Union Pacific Rail[399]*399road Employees Hospital Association to provide such, benefits to Union Pacific employees for disability “as the result of bodily injury arising from accidental cause.” Defendant appeals from a judgment awarding such recovery to plaintiff, after a trial before the court, without a jury.
Plaintiff’s fingers were frostbitten, requiring amputation, as the result of exposure to cold while employed by the Union Pacific Railroad to keep switches clear of ice and snow during a period of extreme cold weather on December 30 and 31, 1968.
Defendant contends that the words “accidental cause” mean the same as “accidental means” and that this court is committed to the distinction between liability under such insurance policies for injuries by “accidental means” and non-liability for injuries which are the unexpected results “of the doing by the plaintiff of intentional acts in which no mischance, slip or mishap occurred,” quoting from Chalfant v. Arens et al, 167 Or 649, 656, 120 P2d 219 (1941), and also citing Finley v. Prudential Ins. Co., 236 Or 235, 246, 388 P2d 21 (1963). Thus, defendant contends that plaintiff’s “exposure was not due to any mishap, slip, mischance or unexpected or unintended event” and that his injury “developed as a result of his intended and knowing exposure to the extreme cold and not by reason of ‘accidental cause’,” with the result that there is no right of recovery under the policy.
The distinction between injury by “accidental means” and “accidental results from intended means,” although recognized by this court in Chalfant v. Arens et al, supra, and in Finley v. Prudential Ins. Co., supra, has been the subject of increasing criticism in [400]*400recent years.
Under the facts of this particular case, however, it is not necessary for this court to re-examine this distinction. This is because we find, after reading the entire record in this case, that there was sufficient evidence to support the decision of the trial court that plaintiff’s injury resulted from an “accidental cause” because, under the particular facts of this case, it cannot properly be said that the injury to plaintiff’s hands “occurred by reason of the doing by the plaintiff of intentional acts in which no mischance, slip or mishap occurred” — to apply the test contended for by the defendant in this case.⑦
Plaintiff was 64 years of age, with an eighth grade education. He had been employed by the Union Pacific for 19 years in “maintenance of way,” including the keeping of switches in repair and operation. During previous winters he had also been assigned to keep switches clear of ice and snow.
Ordinarily, however, he would be taken to his work by rail on a “Sunshine motor car,” after picking up [402]*402tools at “Russell Street.” These tools included an axe, among other tools. As a result, he was “ordinarily able to have some heat on the job” during periods of extreme cold weather by “cutting old ties and burning them.”
In addition, the practice was that the foreman would come by in the middle of the shift and “if the weather is bad enough, they take you to the shack [nearly two miles away] where you can get warm.”
There was also evidence that on some occasions the men would drive directly to the job site, rather than to “Russell Street,” and. that on such occasions “the first man” picked up the tools and “carried them down in his car.” There was also evidence that on such occasions more than one employee would be assigned to such work and that one of them would bring Ms ear to the area where the men might sit to eat lunch, with a car heater to get warm.
On December 30, 1968, however, none of these things occurred. Plaintiff was on vacation at that time and was called by his foreman to go to work. The foreman told him to dress warmly and he knew from the radio that “the temperature was going to be down to six above zero.” Accordingly, he put on “lots of clothes,” including rubber gloves with an inner lining. He had “worked that junction” (St. Johns junction) many times before. On this occasion, however, he was told by his foreman to go directly to St. Johns junction, rather than to go to “Russell Street” to pick up tools (including an axe) and to be transported to the junction on the “Sunshine motor car.” Plaintiff intended to take his car (which he could have used to eat his lunch and get warm), but when he tried to get it “out” he was unable to do so, so arranged with a friend to drive him to work.
[403]*403When he arrived at the junction on December 30, 1968, however, there was no axe on the job and the only tools there were a broom and a shovel. In addition, the only other man on the job then left, with his car. As a result, plaintiff was left to work alone.
Plaintiff’s duties on that day were to keep four switches in a “two-block area” clear of snow and ice and he worked eight hours in doing so, from 4 o’clock p.m. until midnight. During that period “the wind was howling and it continued snowing.” The temperature was between eight and 14 degrees above zero. The wind averaged 23 miles per hour, with gusts up to 30 miles per hour, and it snowed five inches that day.
There were some “old ties” available for the purpose of building a fire to keep warm, but he was unable to build such a fire because he had no axe with which to cut the ties to start such a fire, although he had expected to find an axe among the tools when he arrived. • Plaintiff tried to start a fire with some fusees given to him by the crew of a passing train, but was unable to do so.
That night the foreman did not come by and take him to the “shack” at the Albina yard to get warm, as he usually did when “the weather was bad enough,” as it was that night. As previously stated, since plaintiff had been unable to start his ear and was working alone, he had no car to get into to get warm with a ear heater.
Having no fire and no “shack” or car to get into, plaintiff also had no place to eat his lunch, for such warmth and energy as it might provide. As a result, he was exposed to the wind, snow and cold for the entire eight hours, working with a broom and shovel to keep the switches clear of ice and snow. During that [404]*404time, his hands became cold and he had no way to warm them except by putting them next to his body.
When plaintiff arrived home at 12:30 a.m. his hands were cold and he felt a “kind of sting a little bit on the ends.” He put them into cold water and rubbed them until they “seemed to act normal” and he went to bed “around two o’clock.” His hands were still cold, however, and he “couldn’t get [them] warm.”
At 5:15 a.m. plaintiff got' up to go back to work. At 7:30 a.m. on December 31, 1968, his friend drove him back to work. Two other men were also assigned to work with him for most of that day. They also had axes that day and were able to start small fires, which gave “not very much” heat and kept going out. They had their cars, however, so that they were able to eat their lunches in the cars.
As a result, plaintiff was able to warm his hands with the car heater. During that day, however, his hands began “to sting on the ends” again. They also “swelled up” several times and “turned kind of grayish-like.”
He did not work the next day. The following day he went to a doctor, who sent him to a hospital, where his fingers were amputated.
Based upon this evidence the trial court concluded that plaintiff’s injuries “arose from accidental ■cause within the meaning of his contract of insurance with defendant.” We agree.
This is not a case of an unexpected result .which “occurred by reason of the doing by the plaintiff of intentional acts in which no mischance, slip or mishap occurred,” as in Chalfant v. Arens et al, supra. On the contrary, the absence of the expected axe with ¡which a warming fire could have been , made, the [405]*405failure of the foreman to take plaintiff to a warming shack as was usually done in bad weather, and the absence of a car with a heater for lunch were all unexpected “mischances” or “slips,” if not “mishaps.” They were also “unexpected” and “unintended events” which contributed as concurring causes to the freezing of plaintiff’s hands.
As a result, it is our opinion that under the facts of this case the trial court was correct in holding that plaintiff’s injury was a “bodily injury arising from accidental cause.”⑧ After all, in Finley v. Prudential Ins. Co., supra, in which this court recognized the distinction between “accidental means” and “accidental results from intended means,” we nevertheless held (at p 245) that:
"* * * It is our duty to place upon the word ‘accident’ its common meaning — the meaning which a purchaser of a policy of accident insurance places upon that word when he buys a policy.”
Defendant also contends that plaintiff is barred from recovery because of what are claimed to be “judicial admissions” made on deposition, as follows:
“Q. Were the conditions out there in any way different from what you expected to find?
“A. No.
“Q. While you were working, did anything unusual or unexpected occur out there ? ¡
“A. No.”
This is not a ease such as Morey, Administrator v. Redifer et al, 204 Or 194, 264 P2d 418, 282 P2d 1062 (1955), as relied upon by defendant.
[406]*406The rule as stated in that case (at p 214) is as follows:
“* * * When a party to an action or suit stipulates or testifies deliberately to a concrete fact, not as a matter of opinion, estimate, appearance, inference, or uncertain memory, but as a considered circumstance of the case, his adversary is entitled to hold him to it as a judicial admission. If no mistake is claimed or shown, the party so stipulating or testifying to a concrete fact cannot have the benefit of other evidence tending to falsify it.”
In this case, the trial judge could have properly found that plaintiff, who was 64 years of age, with an eighth grade education, understood from the question that the reference to “conditions” had reference to weather conditions, not to the unexpected absence of the axe, warming “shack” and car with heater. This is supported by the fact that when first asked if “conditions” were different from what he expected to find, plaintiff answered, “I thought maybe it would cease.”
Similarly, the trial judge could have reasonably found that when asked: “Did anything unusual or unexpected occur out there?” plaintiff understood the question to refer to affirmative occurrences, rather than to the unexpected absence of the axe, warming “shack” or car with heater, which were not “occurrences” in that sense.
Accordingly, the trial judge could have properly found that these answers by plaintiff to these questions on deposition did not constitute “deliberate testimony to a concrete fact” as a “considered circumstance of the case,” and without mistake or misunderstanding, within the meaning of Morey, Administrator v. Redifer, supra. Indeed, the record on appeal does [407]*407not reveal -whether or not at the time of trial defendant claimed these answers to be binding as judicial admissions, so as to call upon plaintiff to claim mistake or misunderstanding at that time.
Finally, defendant contends that plaintiff admitted that he had access to a telephone and could have called for assistance. From his testimony, however, the trial judge could have properly found that it was plaintiff’s understanding that the telephone was only to be used in the event of an emergency and, in addition, that he did not realize that his hands were being frozen until too late.
For all of these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
According to Richards on Insurance 734, § 216 (5th ed 1952):
“This attempted distinction between ‘accidental means’ and ‘accidental injury or death,’ as a rationale for a decision in a given case, has not been followed by a majority of the courts today. Ever since Justice Cardozo’s dissent in the Landress case (291 US 491, 78 L ed 934, 54 S Ct 461), bench and bar have demonstrated their distrusts for such logomachy.”
At the least, an increasing number of jurisdictions have now rejected or repudiated that distinction. See 10 Couch on Insurance 2d 53, § 41.30 and cases cited therein. See also Vance on Insurance, 949, § 181 (3d ed 1951), and Annot., 166 ALR 469 (1947).