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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 MICHAEL A. POOL and 3 MICHELLE POOL,
4 Plaintiffs-Appellees,
5 v. NO. 33,894
6 DRIVETIME CAR SALES COMPANY, LLC, 7 d/b/a DRIVETIME, and JEREMY MENDOZA,
8 Defendants-Appellants.
9 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY 10 Valerie A. Huling, District Judge
11 Treinen Law Office PC 12 Rob Treinen 13 Albuquerque, NM
14 Public Justice PC 15 Jennifer Dale Bennett 16 Oakland, CA
17 for Appellees
18 Quintairos, Prieto, Wood & Boyer, P.A. 19 Frank Alvarez 1 Christina Gratke Nason 2 Dallas, TX
3 Ballard Spahr LLP 4 Mark J. Levin 5 Philadelphia, PA
6 for Appellants
7 MEMORANDUM OPINION
8 WECHSLER, Judge.
9 {1} Plaintiffs Michael A. and Michelle Pool purchased a used vehicle from
10 Defendants DriveTime Car Sales Company (DriveTime) and its employee Jeremy
11 Mendoza. The sales contract between the parties contained an arbitration agreement
12 that allowed either party to refer a wide array of claims arising from the transaction
13 to binding arbitration. At trial, the district court found the arbitration agreement to be
14 substantively unconscionable and unenforceable under New Mexico law. On appeal,
15 Defendants argue that (1) the arbitration agreement is not substantively
16 unconscionable under New Mexico law and (2) the district court’s order is preempted
17 by the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA). We hold that the terms of the arbitration
18 agreement result in one-sided carve-out provisions for self-help and small claims
19 remedies that have previously been declared to be substantively unconscionable by
2 1 this Court. Because the agreement is substantively unconscionable under New Mexico
2 law, the district court’s order is not preempted by the FAA. We affirm.
3 BACKGROUND
4 {2} In the summer of 2013, Plaintiffs were shopping for a used vehicle for their son.
5 During that process they visited DriveTime’s Albuquerque, New Mexico location and
6 were assisted by a salesperson named Jeremy Mendoza. Mendoza allegedly informed
7 Plaintiffs that the 2005 Dodge Durango being considered by Plaintiffs had never been
8 in an accident and provided an AutoCheck report indicating the same. On July 1,
9 2013, Plaintiffs entered into a simple interest retail installment contract with
10 Defendants for the purchase of the vehicle. The contract was presented to Plaintiffs
11 in two parts. The first part, entitled “Simple Interest Retail Installment Contract,”
12 included the financial terms of the sale and additional language governing the
13 purchase of the vehicle. The second part, entitled “Arbitration Agreement,” included
14 terms under which Plaintiffs waived the right to a civil trial under certain
15 circumstances. The arbitration agreement was expressly incorporated into the contract
16 and vice versa.
17 {3} The arbitration agreement itself contains a clause that states, in relevant part,
3 1 Unless you reject this Agreement, this Agreement provides that upon 2 your or our election, all disputes between you and us will be resolved by 3 BINDING ARBITRATION.
4 If you or we elect arbitration, you will be GIVING UP YOUR RIGHT 5 TO GO TO COURT to assert or defend your rights under the Contract 6 (except for individual claims that may be taken to small claims court).
7 Your rights will be determined by a NEUTRAL ARBITRATOR AND 8 NOT by a JUDGE OR JURY.
9 The arbitration agreement goes on to provide that a “[c]laim may be arbitrated instead
10 of litigated in court” and to define “claim” as,
11 any claim, dispute or controversy between you and us arising from or 12 related to one or more of the following:
13 (a) The Contract. 14 (b) The vehicle or the sale of the vehicle. 15 (c) The provision or sale of any goods and services like 16 warranties, insurance and extended service contracts covered by the 17 Contract or related to the vehicle. 18 (d) The relationships resulting from the Contract. 19 (e) Advertisements, promotions or oral or written statements 20 related to the Contract. 21 (f) The financing terms. 22 (g) Your credit application. 23 (h) The origination and servicing of the Contract. 24 (i) The collection of amounts you owe us. 25 (j) Any repossession, or replevin, of the vehicle. 26 (k) Your personal information[.] 27 (l) The rescission or termination of the Contract.
28 Despite these broad pronouncements, the arbitration agreement then exempts certain
29 “claims” from arbitration, stating,
4 1 [N]otwithstanding any language in this Agreement to the contrary, the 2 term “Claim” does not include (i) any self-help remedy, such as 3 repossession or sale of any collateral given by you to us as security for 4 repayment of amounts owed by you under the Contract; or (ii) any 5 individual action in court by one party that is limited to preventing the 6 other party from using such self-help remedy and that does not involve 7 a request for damages or monetary relief of any kind. Also, we will not 8 require arbitration of any individual Claim you make in small claims 9 court or your state’s equivalent court, if any. If, however, you or we 10 transfer or appeal the Claim to a different court, we reserve our right to 11 elect arbitration.
12 The arbitration agreement additionally provides that (1) the consumer may choose
13 either JAMS or the American Arbitration Association (AAA) to administer any
14 arbitration between the parties, (2) conflicts between the arbitration agreement and the
15 arbitration administrator’s rules will be governed by the agreement, and (3) the FAA
16 governs the arbitration agreement.
17 {4} On December 11, 2013, Plaintiffs filed this lawsuit against Defendants for fraud
18 and violations of the New Mexico Unfair Practices Act based upon allegations that
19 Defendants knowingly misrepresented the vehicle history and omitted information
20 related to a previous accident and repairs. The complaint also requested relief in the
21 form of a declaratory judgment, holding that the arbitration agreement was
22 unenforceable as a matter of New Mexico law.
23 {5} In addition to their answer, Defendants filed a motion to compel arbitration as
24 provided in the contract. Following a hearing on May 8, 2014, the district court denied
5 1 the motion based upon a finding that the arbitration scheme is substantively
2 unconscionable as a matter of law. This appeal resulted.
3 STANDARD OF REVIEW
4 {6} Our appellate courts apply de novo review to both the denial of a motion to
5 compel arbitration and the issue of unconscionability of a contract. Cordova v. World
6 Fin. Corp. of N.M., 2009-NMSC-021, ¶ 11, 146 N.M. 256, 208 P.3d 901. We also
7 review statutory interpretation, including interpretation of the FAA, de novo.
8 Strausberg v. Laurel Healthcare Providers, LLC, 2013-NMSC-032, ¶ 25, 304 P.3d
9 409.
10 APPLICATION OF THE DOCTRINE OF UNCONSCIONABILITY TO 11 ARBITRATION AGREEMENTS IN NEW MEXICO
12 {7} As recently as December 2014, this Court spoke to the specific application of
13 the doctrine of unconscionability to arbitration agreements contained within used
14 automobile sales and financing contracts. Dalton v. Santander Consumer USA, Inc.,
15 2015-NMCA-030, ¶¶ 2-3, 345 P.3d 1086, cert. granted, 2015-NMCERT-003, 346
16 P.3d 1163. While the instant case presents different contractual language, we are
17 guided by this Court’s application of the doctrine of unconscionability to the
18 arbitration agreement at issue in Dalton.
6 1 Unconscionability Analysis in Dalton
2 {8} In New Mexico, unfairly one-sided carve-out provisions in arbitration
3 agreements are substantively unconscionable. Id. ¶ 7; see Rivera v. Am. Gen. Fin.
4 Servs., Inc., 2011-NMSC-033, ¶ 46, 150 N.M. 398, 259 P.3d 803 (“Contract
5 provisions that unreasonably benefit one party over another are substantively
6 unconscionable.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). In Dalton, this
7 Court applied this general rule, holding that the arbitration agreement at issue was
8 substantively unconscionable when “the practical effect of the carve-out provisions
9 is to mandate arbitration of [the p]laintiff’s most important and most likely claims
10 while exempting from arbitration [the d]efendant’s most important judicial and non-
11 judicial remedies.” 2015-NMCA-030, ¶ 2.
12 {9} The contractual language invoking this analysis in Dalton expressly allowed
13 both parties to have claims within the jurisdiction of small claims court heard in that
14 forum, a facially bilateral exclusion. Id. ¶ 3 (“You and we retain the right to seek
15 remedies in small claims court for disputes or claims within that court’s
16 jurisdiction[.]” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). However, when
17 combined with the arbitration agreement’s carve-out for self-help repossession, the
18 practical effect of the small claims exclusion was to exempt from arbitration the most
19 likely lender claims, including judicial foreclosure, award of deficiency judgments,
7 1 and wage garnishment, while subjecting the most likely consumer claims, including
2 fraud, misrepresentation, and violations of consumer protection statutes, to arbitration.
3 Id. ¶¶ 16-18.
4 Application of the Dalton Unconscionability Analysis
5 {10} The language of the arbitration agreement in the instant case varies from that
6 in Dalton in two distinct ways. We review these distinctions in turn.
7 A. The Self-Help and Small Claims Exclusions
8 {11} As in Dalton, the arbitration agreement at issue in the present case excludes
9 self-help remedies, including repossession and sale of the vehicle, from the set of
10 claims subject to arbitration. Id. ¶ 3. Unlike in Dalton, the arbitration agreement at
11 issue in the present case does not expressly reserve access to small claims court for
12 both parties. Instead, the language of the arbitration agreement states, “we will not
13 require arbitration of any individual [c]laim you make in small claims court[.]”
14 (Emphasis added.) This language appears facially neutral or even, as argued by
15 Defendants, appears to favor Plaintiff in this case.
16 {12} However, our case law requires that we look beyond just the contractual
17 language and seek, instead, the practical effect of the arbitration agreement. See
18 Rivera, 2011-NMSC-033, ¶ 45 (“Substantive unconscionability concerns the legality
8 1 and fairness of the contract terms themselves, and the analysis focuses on such issues
2 as whether the contract terms are commercially reasonable and fair, the purpose and
3 effect of the terms, the one-sidedness of the terms, and other similar public policy
4 concerns.” (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
5 {13} Since the arbitration agreement only expressly carves out access to small claims
6 court for the consumer, DriveTime’s claims—even those within the jurisdiction of a
7 small claims court—are “claims” subject to arbitration under the arbitration
8 agreement. In fact, in their appellate briefing, Defendants stated that the small claims
9 carve-out “benefits Plaintiffs exclusively, since DriveTime has essentially waived its
10 own right . . . to bring claims against Plaintiffs in small claims court.”
11 {14} For various reasons, we are unpersuaded that DriveTime’s small claims must
12 be arbitrated. First, when we read the contract as a whole, other language creates
13 confusion as to whether DriveTime must bring its small claims in arbitration.
14 Nearburg v. Yates Petroleum Corp., 1997-NMCA-069, ¶ 28, 123 N.M. 526, 943 P.2d
15 560 (“In interpreting a contract, the court must consider the contract as a whole and
16 give significance to each part.”). The arbitration agreement provides that the consumer
17 must choose either JAMS or AAA as the arbitration administrator. Consumer
18 arbitrations conducted by JAMS and AAA are subject to internal rules and protocol
9 1 determined by each company. See JAMS, JAMS Policy on Consumer Arbitrations
2 Pursuant to Pre-Dispute Clauses Minimum Standards of Procedural
3 F a i r n e s s ( J u l y 1 5 , 2 0 0 9 ) ,
4 http://www.jamsadr.com/files/Uploads/Documents/JAMS-Rules/JAMS_Consumer
5 _Min_Stds-2009.pdf (JAMS Consumer Arbitration Rules); American Arbitration
6 Association, Consumer Arbitration Rules (Sept. 1, 2014),
7 https://www.adr.org/aaa/ShowProperty?nodeId=/UCM/ADRSTAGE2021425&rev
8 ision=latestreleased (AAA Consumer Arbitration Rules). Both the JAMS and AAA
9 consumer arbitration rules state that reciprocity of access to small claims court is a
10 necessary condition for either entity to administer consumer arbitration. See JAMS
11 Consumer Arbitration Rules, supra, at 2; AAA Consumer Arbitration Rules, supra, at
12 15. Defendants argue that in the case of “conflict or inconsistency between the
13 administrator’s rules and this Agreement, this Agreement governs.” However, both
14 JAMS and AAA require that amendments to their rules must be in writing and
15 submitted by both parties. See JAMS, JAMS Streamlined Arbitration Rules &
16 P r o c e d u r e s , supra, at 6 (July 1, 2014),
17 http://www.jamsadr.com/files/Uploads/Documents/JAMS-Rules/JAMS_streamline
18 d_arbitration_rules-2014.pdf; AAA Consumer Arbitration Rules, supra, at 10. No
10 1 indication exists that Plaintiffs would acquiesce to amend the consumer arbitration
2 rules under the circumstances. Without such an amendment, it appears that JAMS and
3 AAA would be unavailable to arbitrate. While the arbitration agreement contemplates
4 the unavailability of both JAMS and AAA by empowering a court to choose a
5 substitute administrator, it is unclear that any arbitration entity would serve as an
6 administrator absent a term requiring reciprocal access to small claims court. This
7 issue has not been briefed, and we assume that DriveTime would rather accept the
8 default rules than have this Court undertake to determine whether JAMS and AAA
9 constitute integral, but unavailable, providers under the circumstances. See Rivera,
10 2011-NMSC-033, ¶ 56 (holding that courts will not undertake a “wholesale revision
11 of the arbitration clause” for the purpose of replacing an integral but unavailable
12 designated arbitrator (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); id. ¶ 28 (citing
13 QuickClick Loans, LLC v. Russell, 943 N.E.2d 166, 174 (Ill. App. Ct. 2011), which
14 held “unenforceable an arbitration agreement that specified arbitration before one of
15 two arbitration providers, both of which were unavailable”).
16 {15} Second, both the arbitration agreement itself and Defendants’ commentary
17 during oral argument before this Court acknowledge a crucial truth: an arbitration
18 agreement does not prevent a plaintiff from filing the plaintiff’s claims in a forum of
19 the plaintiff’s choosing. See Daniels Ins. Agency, Inc. v. Jordan, 1982-NMSC-148,
11 1 ¶ 5, 99 N.M. 297, 657 P.2d 624 (“A valid arbitration defense does not divest the court
2 of jurisdiction[.]”). Instead, an arbitration agreement empowers a defendant to compel
3 a plaintiff to abandon the plaintiff’s preferred forum in favor of arbitration. This
4 distinction was clarified during oral argument before this Court.
5 Defendants’ Attorney: If DriveTime sues in small claims court 6 [Plaintiffs] can move to compel arbitration. 7 So, DriveTime is not[.]
8 The Court: Now would DriveTime sue in small claims court?
9 Defendants’ Attorney: Well, if it did. If it did.
10 The Court: Let me ask you this question . . . suppose 11 DriveTime has a deficiency that’s under 12 $10,000. What’s the process[?]
13 ....
14 Defendants’ Attorney: If there’s a deficiency judgment, if it went to 15 court, I’m not saying they can’t go to court, 16 but if they did go to court . . . to small claims 17 court, . . . Plaintiffs could compel arbitration.
18 The Court: If who went to small claims court? Ok, so if 19 DriveTime filed in small claims court?
20 Defendants’ Attorney: Yes[.]
21 These comments contradict Defendants’ briefing to this Court, which implies that
22 DriveTime’s small claims are subject to arbitration and may not be brought in small
23 claims court. That DriveTime does in fact retain its right to bring claims in small
12 1 claims court is not a meaningless distinction with respect to the practical effect of the
2 arbitration agreement.
3 {16} As in Dalton, the practical effect of the arbitration agreement at issue is to
4 exempt Defendants from arbitration for their most likely claims, while providing
5 Defendants the option to compel arbitration for Plaintiffs’ most likely claims. 2015-
6 NMCA-030, ¶¶ 16-18; see also Cordova, 2009-NMSC-021, ¶ 26 (stating that cases
7 of default are the most likely reason that lenders take legal action against their
8 borrowers). The arbitration agreement exempts statutory self-help remedies, including
9 repossession and commercially reasonable sale of the vehicle. See NMSA 1978, § 55-
10 9-609 (2001); NMSA 1978, § 55-9-610(a) (2001). After sale, DriveTime can seek a
11 judgment in magistrate court for any deficiency, up to $10,000, between the contract
12 price of the vehicle and the amount recovered at sale. See NMSA 1978, § 35-3-3(A)
13 (2001). If self-help repossession is impracticable or impossible under the
14 circumstances, DriveTime can, at the point when the market value of the vehicle falls
15 below $10,000, file for judicial foreclosure or replevin of the vehicle in magistrate
16 court. See NMSA 1978, § 35-11-1 (1975).
17 {17} Plaintiffs, under the arbitration agreement at issue, may compel arbitration of
18 any of these small claims brought by DriveTime. That right would not, however, have
19 the practical effect of DriveTime actually being required to arbitrate its small claims.
13 1 {18} A cost-benefit analysis shows that Plaintiffs would gain nothing by compelling
2 arbitration of DriveTime’s most likely claims against them. The purpose of arbitration
3 is to promote judicial efficiency and to conserve the resources of the parties involved.
4 Clay v. N.M. Title Loans, Inc., 2012-NMCA-102, ¶ 6, 288 P.3d 888. These purposes
5 are achieved, largely, by limiting both discovery and the application of the Rules of
6 Civil Procedure. See United Nuclear Corp. v. Gen. Atomic Co., 1979-NMSC-036,
7 ¶ 48, 93 N.M. 105, 597 P.2d 290 (“In most cases, discovery in arbitration is limited
8 to the discovery available under the Arbitration Act itself.”); see also Medina v.
9 Found. Reserve Ins. Co., 1997-NMSC-027, ¶ 10, 123 N.M. 380, 940 P.2d 1175
10 (“Arbitration is a special statutory proceeding which requires application of
11 procedural rules that may conflict with the more general [R]ules of [C]ivil [P]rocedure
12 in order to accomplish the purpose behind the Act.”). With respect to any claims
13 DriveTime would bring against Plaintiffs in small claims court, the savings in time
14 and money realized by Plaintiffs as a result of compelling arbitration would be
15 minimal. There is simply a limited need for discovery in defending against a claim for
16 a deficiency judgment. However, from a cost perspective, a decision by Plaintiffs to
17 compel arbitration would make Plaintiffs responsible for payment of the arbitration
18 filing fee, whereas remaining in small claims court as a defendant costs Plaintiffs
19 nothing. Compare NMSA 1978, § 35-6-1(B) (2011) (providing that no costs or fees
14 1 are paid by civil defendants), with AAA Consumer Arbitration Rules, supra, at 33
2 (requiring a $200 filing fee), and JAMS Consumer Arbitration Rules, supra, at 2
3 (requiring a $250 filing fee). Any assertion by Defendants that Plaintiffs would be
4 likely to compel arbitration of small claims against them stretches credulity.1
5 {19} Because no legitimate reason exists for Plaintiffs to compel arbitration of small
6 claims against them, the practical effect of the self-help and small claims exclusions
7 in the arbitration agreement at issue are precisely the same as in Dalton, despite
8 differences in the contractual language.
9 B. The Injunctive Relief Exclusion
10 {20} The second distinguishing characteristic between the arbitration agreements in
11 this case and in Dalton is the presence of an additional opportunity for each party to
12 seek injunctive relief with respect to self-help remedies. Since only consumers would
13 avail themselves of this right, its presence weighs, to a degree, against a finding that
1 13 The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s Arbitration Study Report to 14 Congress outlines the disparity between the initiation of pre-arbitration dispute 15 resolution in small claims courts by lenders and consumers in the context of credit 16 card account disputes. While not directly analogous, the report indicates that, in New 17 Mexico, less than one half of one percent of small claims suits are initiated by 18 consumers. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, Arbitration Study, § 7, supra, at 19 11;App. E, supra, at 156 (March 2015), 20 http://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201503_cfpb_arbitration-study-report-to-congre 21 ss-2015.pdf (revealing that, in 2012, 421 of 423 small claims between credit card 22 issuers and consumers were filed by the issuers).
15 1 the arbitration agreement is unconscionably one-sided. However, after consideration
2 of the practical effects of this provision, we observe that it provides only limited
3 protection to consumers in the context of used automobile sales and finance contracts.
4 {21} With respect to a consumer’s ability to enjoin the sale of a repossessed vehicle,
5 “[i]njunctions are harsh and drastic remedies that should issue only in extreme cases
6 of pressing necessity and only where there is a showing of irreparable injury[.]”
7 Leonard v. Payday Prof’l/Bio-Cal Comp., 2008-NMCA-034, ¶ 14, 143 N.M. 637, 179
8 P.3d 1245 (alterations, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). While
9 injunctive relief is contemplated in Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC),
10 such relief would only be available in instances in which a secured creditor has
11 repossessed a vehicle in violation of the UCC. See NMSA 1978, § 55-9-625(a) (2001)
12 (“If it is established that a secured party is not proceeding in accordance with Chapter
13 55, Article 9 NMSA 1978, a court may order or restrain collection, enforcement or
14 disposition of collateral on appropriate terms and conditions.”). We trust that it would
15 be the rare consumer who would obtain injunctive relief to prevent the resale of a
16 vehicle repossessed in violation of New Mexico law.
17 {22} The same rationale applies to a consumer’s ability to enjoin repossession of a
18 vehicle by a secured creditor. First, injunctive relief prior to repossession is an
19 unlikely option for a defaulted consumer given that repossession by a secured creditor
16 1 requires no notice. See § 55-9-609(a)(1), (b)(2) (“After default, a secured
2 party . . . may take possession of the collateral . . . without judicial process, if it
3 proceeds without breach of the peace.”). But additionally, and more importantly, a
4 grant of injunctive relief in this context would imply that the creditor has violated
5 Section 55-9-609 by attempting to take possession prior to default. We decline to
6 conclude that a consumer is significantly benefitted by contract provisions that
7 provide access to judicial relief largely in order to prevent or remedy the wrongful acts
8 of the other party.2
9 {23} Finally, a question arises as to whether consumers should or would avail
10 themselves of injunctive relief in the case of wrongful repossession and/or sale given
11 the inability under the contract to bring claims for damages associated with the
12 wrongful act. The arbitration agreement provides the option for injunctive relief but
13 prohibits “a request for damages or monetary relief of any kind.” A wrongful
14 repossession or sale of Plaintiffs’ vehicle would subject DriveTime to civil liability.
15 See Muncey v. Eyeglass World, LLC, 2012-NMCA-120, ¶ 22, 289 P.3d 1255 (defining
16 the tort of conversion as “the unlawful exercise of dominion and control over personal
2 17 In their brief in chief, Defendants argue that “if [we] attempt[] to repossess or 18 sell the loan collateral through self-help, Plaintiffs can go to court to try to prevent 19 [us] from repossessing or selling the collateral.” Success in this endeavor by Plaintiffs 20 implies that the vehicle was to be improperly repossessed or sold.
17 1 property belonging to another in exclusion or defiance of the owner’s rights” (internal
2 quotation marks and citation omitted)). However, our case law makes clear that if
3 Plaintiffs successfully enjoined a wrongful repossession or sale of their vehicle, they
4 would forgo any claim for damages arising from the same transaction. See Three
5 Rivers Land Co. v. Maddoux, 1982-NMSC-111, ¶ 29, 98 N.M. 690, 652 P.2d 240
6 (holding that, under the doctrine of res judicata, a judgment granting or denying
7 equitable relief precludes a subsequent claim for damages at law arising from the same
8 transaction), overruled on other grounds by Universal Life Church v. Coxon, 1986-
9 NMSC-086, 105 N.M. 57, 728 P.2d 467. We decline to conclude that consumers are
10 significantly benefitted by contract provisions that, when enforced, result in those
11 consumers forgoing the opportunity to brings claims for damages at law.
12 The Practical Effect of the Exclusions
13 {24} When the practical effect of an ostensibly bilateral exemption clause is to
14 unreasonably favor one party over the other, that clause cannot stand. See Figueroa
15 v. THI of N.M. at Casa Arena Blanca, LLC, 2013-NMCA-077, ¶¶ 33-35, 306 P.3d 480
16 (invalidating a clause that exempted guardianship proceedings, collections
17 proceedings, and eviction actions); Ruppelt v. Laurel Healthcare Providers, LLC,
18 2013-NMCA-014, ¶¶ 10-18, 293 P.3d 902 (invalidating a clause that exempted
19 collections proceedings and discharge actions). Despite adding provisions that
18 1 nominally favor consumers to this arbitration agreement, the practical effect mandates
2 arbitration of Plaintiff’s “most important and most likely claims while exempting from
3 arbitration” Defendant’s “most important judicial and non-judicial remedies.” Dalton,
4 2015-NMCA-030, ¶ 2. As a result, the arbitration agreement is impermissibly one-
5 sided and substantively unconscionable as a matter of New Mexico law.
6 PREEMPTION AND SEVERABILITY
7 {25} “[O]ur Supreme Court has consistently upheld the application of our generally
8 applicable unconscionability doctrine to one-sided arbitration agreements.” Id. ¶ 29;
9 see Strausberg, 2013-NMSC-032, ¶ 49 (“[A] court may, consistent with the
10 FAA . . . invalidate an arbitration agreement through the application of an existing
11 common law contract defense such as unconscionability.”). Because our Supreme
12 Court has specifically rejected the argument that application of the doctrine of
13 unconscionability to “a carve-out exempting Article 9 rights is somehow inconsistent
14 with the FAA[,]” FAA preemption is inapplicable in this case. Dalton, 2015-NMCA-
15 030, ¶ 30 (citing Rivera, 2011-NMSC-033, ¶¶ 50-52). “[T]he exemptions of certain
16 claims from arbitration are so central to the agreement that they are incapable of
17 separation from the agreement to arbitrate[.]” Figueroa, 2013-NMCA-077, ¶ 39. As
18 such, the only appropriate action by this Court under the circumstances is to strike the
19 arbitration clause from the contract in its entirety.
19 1 CONCLUSION
2 {26} In their briefing, Plaintiffs raised additional potentially meritorious objections
3 to the substance of the arbitration agreement. These objections relate to the inclusion
4 of clauses limiting damages available in arbitration and mandating confidentiality with
5 respect to the outcome of any arbitration. Because our holding is supported by existing
6 appellate case law, we refrain from deciding those issues pending the outcome of
7 Dalton on certiorari to our Supreme Court. Affirmed.
8 {27} IT IS SO ORDERED.
9 ________________________________ 10 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
11 WE CONCUR:
12 ________________________________ 13 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
14 ________________________________ 15 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge