Chief Judge Conway.
The sole question here presented is whether Special Term possessed the power to grant plaintiff’s motion for a temporary injunction enjoining picketing and related activities by the defendants. The Appellate Division, while affirming Special Term’s findings of fact, has held, as a matter of law, that the Special Term had no such power.
The facts, as affirmed, are these: Plaintiff is a meatpacker, its plant and store being in Schenectady, New York. An independent union has for some years been the exclusive bargaining agent of plaintiff’s employees, certified as such by the National Labor Relations Board. For about a year prior to February, 1957, the defendants — officers of a district union — had been circulating literature among the employees of the plaintiff and doing other lawful acts, with the purpose of influencing the employees to become members of the defendant union. These efforts not being successful, on February 22,1957 the defendants began picketing in front of the plaintiff’s premises. The pickets carried signs containing the legend:
Unfair to Organized Labor This Employer’s Engaging Unfair Labor Practice Amalgamated Meat Cutters Union Local #1, A.F.L. C.I.O.
Although the picketing was not disorderly, on February 25, 1957 one of the drivers of the Safeway Truck Lines was threatened by agents of the defendants’ union and informed that he should not cross the picket line. As a result of this, [44]*44that driver and other drivers of the trucking company thereafter refused to cross the picket line. This had the effect of reducing plaintiff’s weekly supplies to its serious detriment since it is a packing company.
Subsequently, plaintiff instituted the present suit for a permanent injunction and moved for a temporary injunction against the picketing. Special Term granted the temporary injunction holding that defendants’ picketing of plaintiff’s establishment constituted “economic pressure”; that the purpose of the picketing was to exert pressure, economic or otherwise, on plaintiff employer to compel plaintiff to commit an unlawful act — that of interfering with the rights of its employees to choose their own bargaining representatives; that the picketing was not “organizational” but was “ recognitional ” and under the circumstances was unlawful under the laws of the State of New York; that from the affidavits submitted by the parties it could not be determined authoritatively that a genuine labor dispute existed between the parties and that, therefore, for the purpose of the motion for the temporary injunction it was found that the facts herein do not come within section 876-a of the Civil Practice Act; that defendants’ conduct is not defined as an unfair labor practice in section 8 of the National Labor Relations Act and, that being so, the State courts are not pre-empted and have jurisdiction.
The Appellate Division reversed, on the law, stating: “In our view, the union activities enjoined by the Special Term order lie within the field of unfair labor practices which Congress has pre-empted for regulation under the Taft-Hartley Act (Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, U. S. Code, tit. 29, § 141 et seq.). That conclusion seems necessarily to follow from the decision in Garner v. Teamsters Union (346 U. S. 485) ”.
In our opinion, the Appellate Division erred in so holding.
In Goodwins, Inc., v. Hagedorn (303 N. Y. 300), defendant union picketed the plaintiff employer’s store for the purpose of forcing the employer to recognize the defendant union as sole collective bargaining agent despite the competing claims of a rival labor organization to represent the same employees. Plaintiff sought to enjoin the picketing. Special Term dismissed the complaint and the Appellate Division affirmed. We [45]*45reversed and ordered a new trial, pointing out that section 876-a of the New York Civil Practice Act, which precludes the issuance of an injunction when a labor dispute is involved, does not bar injunctive relief in a case where a union’s objective is to coerce an employer into committing an unlawful act. So, here, it would be unlawful for the plaintiff employer to yield to the demand of the defendants that it recognize
The remaining and crucial question is whether the National Labor Management Relations Act disables our State courts from acting in the circumstances of this case. It is clear that if the National Labor Relations Board is vested with power to entertain the plaintiff’s grievance against the defendant union, our courts are without jurisdiction to act. If the board is not vested with such power State action is still permissible (Garner v. Teamsters Union, 346 U. S. 485).
The National Board is empowered to act in those instances where the National Labor Management Relations Act is violated. Do defendants’ acts constitute a violation of that act? They do only if they may be considered an unfair labor practice as that term is defined in the act. The provisions of the act which come closest to touching this case are contained in paragraph (4) of subdivision (b) of section 8 which says that “ It shall be an unfair labor practice for a labor organization or its agents— * * * (4) to engage in * * * a strike * * * where an object thereof is: * * * (0) forcing or requiring any employer to recognize or bargain with a particular labor organization as the representative of his [46]*46employees if another labor organzation has been certified as the representative of such employees under the provisions of section 159 of this title; * * V’ (U. S. Code, tit. 29, § 158; emphasis supplied.) The picketing conducted by the defendant union does not fall within the foregoing definition of an unfair labor practice under the Federal statute because no strike is involved in this case. Special Term specifically found: ‘1 Here there is no strike but merely picketing for an alleged illegal purpose. That conduct is not defined as an unfair labor practice in section 8 of the National Labor Relations Act. Hence, the State courts are not pre-empted and have jurisdiction. (Goodwins, Inc., v. Hagedorn, 303 N. Y. 300.) ”
It may be argued that although the picketing here involved is not specifically declared to be an unfair labor practice, it is so closely related to activities proscribed by the Federal statute that it may be said to fall within the area of proscription. Such an argument must be rejected, however, for as Judge Fboessel said in his concurring opinion in the Goodwins case (303 N. Y. 300, 308, supra): “ Had the sponsors of the Taft-Hartley Act and the Congress so intended, surely they would have made their purpose manifest, for plain language was readily available.”
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Chief Judge Conway.
The sole question here presented is whether Special Term possessed the power to grant plaintiff’s motion for a temporary injunction enjoining picketing and related activities by the defendants. The Appellate Division, while affirming Special Term’s findings of fact, has held, as a matter of law, that the Special Term had no such power.
The facts, as affirmed, are these: Plaintiff is a meatpacker, its plant and store being in Schenectady, New York. An independent union has for some years been the exclusive bargaining agent of plaintiff’s employees, certified as such by the National Labor Relations Board. For about a year prior to February, 1957, the defendants — officers of a district union — had been circulating literature among the employees of the plaintiff and doing other lawful acts, with the purpose of influencing the employees to become members of the defendant union. These efforts not being successful, on February 22,1957 the defendants began picketing in front of the plaintiff’s premises. The pickets carried signs containing the legend:
Unfair to Organized Labor This Employer’s Engaging Unfair Labor Practice Amalgamated Meat Cutters Union Local #1, A.F.L. C.I.O.
Although the picketing was not disorderly, on February 25, 1957 one of the drivers of the Safeway Truck Lines was threatened by agents of the defendants’ union and informed that he should not cross the picket line. As a result of this, [44]*44that driver and other drivers of the trucking company thereafter refused to cross the picket line. This had the effect of reducing plaintiff’s weekly supplies to its serious detriment since it is a packing company.
Subsequently, plaintiff instituted the present suit for a permanent injunction and moved for a temporary injunction against the picketing. Special Term granted the temporary injunction holding that defendants’ picketing of plaintiff’s establishment constituted “economic pressure”; that the purpose of the picketing was to exert pressure, economic or otherwise, on plaintiff employer to compel plaintiff to commit an unlawful act — that of interfering with the rights of its employees to choose their own bargaining representatives; that the picketing was not “organizational” but was “ recognitional ” and under the circumstances was unlawful under the laws of the State of New York; that from the affidavits submitted by the parties it could not be determined authoritatively that a genuine labor dispute existed between the parties and that, therefore, for the purpose of the motion for the temporary injunction it was found that the facts herein do not come within section 876-a of the Civil Practice Act; that defendants’ conduct is not defined as an unfair labor practice in section 8 of the National Labor Relations Act and, that being so, the State courts are not pre-empted and have jurisdiction.
The Appellate Division reversed, on the law, stating: “In our view, the union activities enjoined by the Special Term order lie within the field of unfair labor practices which Congress has pre-empted for regulation under the Taft-Hartley Act (Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, U. S. Code, tit. 29, § 141 et seq.). That conclusion seems necessarily to follow from the decision in Garner v. Teamsters Union (346 U. S. 485) ”.
In our opinion, the Appellate Division erred in so holding.
In Goodwins, Inc., v. Hagedorn (303 N. Y. 300), defendant union picketed the plaintiff employer’s store for the purpose of forcing the employer to recognize the defendant union as sole collective bargaining agent despite the competing claims of a rival labor organization to represent the same employees. Plaintiff sought to enjoin the picketing. Special Term dismissed the complaint and the Appellate Division affirmed. We [45]*45reversed and ordered a new trial, pointing out that section 876-a of the New York Civil Practice Act, which precludes the issuance of an injunction when a labor dispute is involved, does not bar injunctive relief in a case where a union’s objective is to coerce an employer into committing an unlawful act. So, here, it would be unlawful for the plaintiff employer to yield to the demand of the defendants that it recognize
The remaining and crucial question is whether the National Labor Management Relations Act disables our State courts from acting in the circumstances of this case. It is clear that if the National Labor Relations Board is vested with power to entertain the plaintiff’s grievance against the defendant union, our courts are without jurisdiction to act. If the board is not vested with such power State action is still permissible (Garner v. Teamsters Union, 346 U. S. 485).
The National Board is empowered to act in those instances where the National Labor Management Relations Act is violated. Do defendants’ acts constitute a violation of that act? They do only if they may be considered an unfair labor practice as that term is defined in the act. The provisions of the act which come closest to touching this case are contained in paragraph (4) of subdivision (b) of section 8 which says that “ It shall be an unfair labor practice for a labor organization or its agents— * * * (4) to engage in * * * a strike * * * where an object thereof is: * * * (0) forcing or requiring any employer to recognize or bargain with a particular labor organization as the representative of his [46]*46employees if another labor organzation has been certified as the representative of such employees under the provisions of section 159 of this title; * * V’ (U. S. Code, tit. 29, § 158; emphasis supplied.) The picketing conducted by the defendant union does not fall within the foregoing definition of an unfair labor practice under the Federal statute because no strike is involved in this case. Special Term specifically found: ‘1 Here there is no strike but merely picketing for an alleged illegal purpose. That conduct is not defined as an unfair labor practice in section 8 of the National Labor Relations Act. Hence, the State courts are not pre-empted and have jurisdiction. (Goodwins, Inc., v. Hagedorn, 303 N. Y. 300.) ”
It may be argued that although the picketing here involved is not specifically declared to be an unfair labor practice, it is so closely related to activities proscribed by the Federal statute that it may be said to fall within the area of proscription. Such an argument must be rejected, however, for as Judge Fboessel said in his concurring opinion in the Goodwins case (303 N. Y. 300, 308, supra): “ Had the sponsors of the Taft-Hartley Act and the Congress so intended, surely they would have made their purpose manifest, for plain language was readily available.”
In asserting that the State courts have been pre-empted, the defendants rely upon the following cases: Garner v. Teamsters Union (346 U. S. 485, supra); Weber v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc. (348 U. S. 468); Retail Clerks Int. Assn. v. Newberry Co. (352 U. S. 987); Guss v. Utah Labor Bd. (353 U. S. 1); Meat Cutters v. Fairlawn Meats (353 U. S. 20); San Diego Unions v. Garmon (353 U. S. 26). Those cases, involving various factual situations, do no more than hold what we recognized to be so in the Goodwins case (supra), namely, that in a case where the National Labor Relations Board is vested with the power to entertain the plaintiff’s grievance against the defendant union, because the defendant union is guilty of an unfair labor practice, a State may not afford the plaintiff injunctive relief. Each of the cited cases is distinguishable on the facts from the present one, which does not involve an unfair labor practice within the language of the Federal Act.
It is noteworthy that in the Anheuser-Busch case (supra), the Supreme Court referring to the Garner case said (pp. 480-[47]*47481): “ But as the opinion in that case recalled, the Labor Management Relations Act ‘ leaves much to the states, though Congress has refrained from telling us how much. ’ 346 U. S., at 488. The penumbral area can be rendered progressively clear only by the course of litigation. ’ ’
In the light of the foregoing statement emanating from the Supreme Court, we do not think we should be quick to announce a lack of State jurisdiction in this general area. If we rule against jurisdiction and we are wrong in so ruling, the unsuccessful litigant may well be irreparably harmed. We are of the mind that any doubt should be resolved in favor of jurisdiction, leaving it to the Supreme Court to finally resolve the matter. We recognize, of course, that the facts in the Garner case {supra) come close to the facts in the present case but believe that the cases are distinguishable since there the picketing union sought to compel the employer to encourage its employees to join the picketing union — an unfair labor practice— whereas here the complaint alleges that the defendants demand that plaintiff recognize the defendant union instead of the certified union. To do so would not necessarily entail coercion by the plaintiff upon its employees, but would entail an abrogation of plaintiff’s legal duty to contract only with the certified union, with which it has a contract required by law. Hence, the factual situation before the court in the Garner case was different from that in the present case. Conceivably the Supreme Court of the United States could rule that the difference is not substantial. However that may be, it does not clearly appear that the difference in the cases is insubstantial and, so, we feel that the only proper course is to hold in favor of our jurisdiction.
The order of the Appellate Division should be reversed, with costs in this court and in the Appellate Division, and the order of Special Term reinstated. The certified question should be answered in the affirmative.
It will be remembered that Special Term found that the picketing was not “ organizational ” but was “ recognitional ” and that the Appellate Division affirmed the findings of fact made by Special Term. Affirmed findings of fact are conclusive in this court.