OPINION OF THE COURT
ALITO, Circuit Judge:
This is an appeal from an order of the district court granting Philip Meyers habeas corpus relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Without determining whether the “presumption of correctness” found in 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(8) had been overcome, the district court concluded, contrary to the state court’s [1148]*1148finding, that there was no factual basis developed prior to the entry of Meyers’ guilty plea. Concluding that the absence of an on-the-record factual basis violated Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 319, the district court granted habeas relief.
We hold, first, that Meyers did not rebut the statutory presumption of correctness. Further, following well-established and uniform authority from numerous other courts of appeals, we hold that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution does not require an on-the-record development of the factual basis supporting a guilty plea before entry of the plea. Rather, due process requires only that the plea be voluntary and intelligent. Thus, the failure of a state court to elicit the factual basis for the plea on the record before it is entered does not in itself provide an independent ground for habeas corpus relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. We therefore reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I.
In July 1981, petitioner/appellee Philip Meyers (“petitioner” or “Meyers”) killed Hugh Daily. Within a few days, Meyers was charged with criminal homicide and robbery. The robbery charge was subsequently dismissed.
On October 21, 1981, Meyers pleaded guilty to second-degree murder before Judge Rufe in the Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas. The transcript of this proceeding was destroyed, apparently pursuant to a Bucks County record-retention policy, and the transcript is no longer available. On November 9, 1981, Judge Rufe sentenced petitioner to life imprisonment. The transcript of the sentencing still exists and is part of the record. See App. 3-20.
On November 30, 1981, Meyers filed a motion for withdrawal of his guilty plea and for appointment of new counsel. In January 1982, the Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County acknowledged receipt of petitioner’s motion. The motion was not acted upon, however, for many years.
In October 1988, Meyers filed a petition for post-conviction relief in the Court of Common Pleas. After petitioner’s attorney made several amendments to the petition, Judge Rufe conducted evidentiary hearings in May and December of 1989. In August 1991, Judge Rufe denied the petition for post-conviction relief on two alternative grounds. First, he held that the petition was without merit. Second, he concluded that the petition was untimely and that granting Meyers relief would unfairly prejudice the Commonwealth. See 42 Pa. Con. Stat. § 9543(b) (“petition shall be dismissed if it appears at any time that, because of delay in filing the petition, the Commonwealth has been prejudiced either in its ability to respond to the petition or in its ability to re-try the petitioner”).
Meyers appealed to the Superior Court of Pennsylvania. In October 1993, that court affirmed the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas. The Superior Court did not address the merits of the petition. Rather, it held, pursuant to § 9543(b), that the petition was untimely and that granting relief would unfairly prejudice the Commonwealth. App. 120-21. Petitioner’s application for allocatur in the Pennsylvania Supreme Court was denied without comment in April 1994.
In November 1994, Meyers filed an application for federal habeas corpus relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The petition contained three grounds for relief: (1) “conviction was the result of an unknowing and involuntarily entered guilty plea;” (2) “denial of petitioner’s right to a meaningful appellate review, his right to due process, and equal protection under the law;” and (3) “denial of petitioner’s right to effective assistance of counsel.” The district court initially dismissed the petition for failure to exhaust available state remedies. On petitioner’s motion, the court vacated its order and directed the Commonwealth to file an answer.
In April 1995, the district judge scheduled an evidentiary hearing, and in May 1995, the court appointed counsel to represent petitioner. The hearing was held in July 1995. In September 1995, the district court granted petitioner habeas relief. Specifically, the court vacated Meyers’ conviction and sen[1149]*1149tence and ordered that he be released from custody unless the Commonwealth entered into a new plea agreement with him or afforded him a trial. The court found that “the record unequivocally establishes that Meyers entered his guilty plea prior to the factual basis for the plea being established,” and the court concluded that it “must, out of an abundance of caution and with great reluctance, follow the above authority [i.e., Pennsylvania caselaw applying Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 319] and allow Meyers to withdraw his plea.” Dist. Ct. Op. at 16-19. Although Meyers raised other grounds for relief, the district court expressly declined to consider them. Dist. Ct. Op. at 16. The respondents appealed from the district court’s order and obtained a stay of the order pending appeal. We now reverse.
II.
A. As mentioned, the district court found that Meyers pleaded guilty in October 1981 prior to a development of the factual basis supporting his plea. Although 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(8) was not cited or discussed by the district court, this provision should have furnished the starting point for the district court’s inquiry. Title 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(8) provides that a state court’s factual determinations generally “must be ‘presumed to be correct’ unless [they are] not ‘fairly supported by the record.’ ” Pemberthy v. Beyer, 19 F.3d 857, 864 (3d Cir.) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(8)), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 115 S.Ct. 439, 130 L.Ed.2d 350 (1994); see also Purkett v. Elem, — U.S. -, -, 115 S.Ct. 1769, 1771, 131 L.Ed.2d 834 (1995) (“In habeas proceedings in federal courts, the factual findings of state courts are presumed to be correct, and may be set aside, absent procedural error, only if they are ‘not fairly supported by the record.’ ”) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(8)).1 The statute “requires the federal courts to show a high measure of deference to the factfindings made by the state courts.” Sumner v. Mata, 455 U.S. 591, 598, 102 S.Ct. 1303, 1307, 71 L.Ed.2d 480 (1982). Thus, the question in a federal habe-as proceeding is not whether the federal courts agree with the state court’s factual finding, but whether that finding is fairly supported by the record. E.g., Marshall v. Lonberger, 459 U.S. 422, 432, 103 S.Ct. 843, 849-50, 74 L.Ed.2d 646 (1983). If the state court’s finding is fairly supported by the record, then the petitioner must “establish by convincing evidence that the factual determination by the State court was erroneous.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d); Hubbard v. Jeffes, 653 F.2d 99, 102 (3d Cir.1981) (“a habeas petitioner, in order to overcome state court factual determinations, must demonstrate ‘by convincing evidence’ that the state proceeding was inadequate or the determinations clearly erroneous”); see also Wainwright v. Witt, 469 U.S. 412, 435, 105 S.Ct. 844, 858, 83 L.Ed.2d 841 (1985); Sumner v. Mata, 449 U.S. 539, 550, 101 S.Ct. 764, 771, 66 L.Ed.2d 722 (1981); Reese v. Fulcomer, 946 F.2d 247, 255 (3d Cir.1991), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 988, 112 S.Ct. 1679, 118 L.Ed.2d 396 (1992).
Here, after the evidentiary hearings had been conducted, Judge Rufe found that he “specifically recall[ed] giving this defendant the most complete colloquy required by law.” Moreover, Judge Rufe explicitly stated that Meyers was “advised of the matters required by Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 319,” including “whether there [was] a factual basis for the plea.” App. 106-08. Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(8), these findings “shall be presumed correct” if they are “fairly supported by the record.”
Although only Meyers testified that the factual basis was not placed on the record prior to acceptance of the plea, the district judge found that “the record unequivocally [1150]*1150establishes that Meyers entered his guilty plea prior to the factual basis for the plea being established.” Dist. Ct. Op. at 16. The district court admitted that Judge Rufe “administered a full colloquy to Meyers on October 21,1981,” but the court decided that “the record does not independently establish that the factual basis for Meyers’ guilty plea was established at the hearing on October 21, 1981 or that Judge Rufe included it in his colloquy.” Dist. Ct. Op. at 17 (emphasis in original). The district court went on to find that “the evidence detailing the factual basis for Meyers’ crime was not presented until Meyers was sentenced on November 9, 1981, some two and one half weeks after Judge Rufe accepted Meyers’ guilty plea.” Dist. Ct. Op. at 17-18 (emphasis in original). The district judge relied on the prosecutor’s statement at the beginning of the November sentencing proceeding that “[w]e are here to establish the factual basis of th[e] plea.” Dist. Ct. Op. at 18-19. The court concluded that although it could not “rule out the possibility that Judge Rufe himself may have advised Meyers of the factual basis for his plea as part of the colloquy on October 21, 1981, there is no transcript or independent basis to substantiate whether he in fact actually did.” Dist. Ct. Op. at 19.
We conclude that the district court failed to adhere to the command of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(8) and that Meyers failed to show that the state court’s findings were in error. The question is not, as the district court asked, whether Judge Rufe “in fact actually” elicited a factual basis for the plea, but whether the record fairly supports Judge Rufe’s finding that the factual basis was established before entry of the plea. The record establishes that the plea colloquy lasted 30 minutes, and Judge Rufe found that part of that colloquy included the factual basis supporting the plea. Only petitioner’s testimony directly contradicts Judge Rufe’s finding, and Judge Rufe explicitly refused to credit petitioner’s testimony. Judge Rufe’s decision not to credit petitioner’s testimony cannot be disturbed, especially in view of petitioner’s repeated admissions that he did not remember much about the October 1981 proceeding. Although we recognize that the prosecutor’s statement at the commencement of the sentencing proceeding lends support to the district court’s conclusion, we cannot conclude that this is enough, on the whole, to say that the state court’s finding is not fairly supported by the record. Moreover, nothing in the November sentencing transcript relied on by the district court states expressly that the entire factual basis was adduced at that proceeding or that certain facts were not put on the record for a second time.
Meyers does not point to any evidence clearly establishing that the state court’s decision was in error. Indeed, we note that the testimony from the original prosecuting and defense attorneys further supports Judge Rufe’s findings. See App. 49 (one of the original defense attorneys testified that she recalled colloquy questions at the October plea proceeding); App. 186-87 (petitioner’s other trial attorney stated that Judge Rufe gave a full and complete colloquy at the October 1981 proceeding; the attorney further stated that prior to the entry of the guilty plea, he and Meyers discussed the factual bases supporting the plea); App. 151-54 (prosecuting attorney testified as follows: “I had a form that contained all of the required questions. As Judge Rufe went down and asked those questions, I checked each and every one of them off because they had been ... asked of Mr. Meyers_ It was explained to him as to what the elements of the crimes were and what the factual elements were that he was pleading guilty to.... At the end of the colloquy there was nothing I could think of to [suggest adding to the colloquy.]”). And the prosecutor further explained that the factual basis was merely supplemented at the November sentencing proceeding. App. 158-60.
For the above reasons, we conclude that Judge Rufe’s finding is fairly supported by the record. We further determine that Meyers failed to “establish by convincing evidence that the factual determination by the State court was erroneous.” For these reasons, we must reverse the district court’s order granting relief under § 2254.
B. The district court held that the state court’s purported failure to elicit the factual basis prior to the entry of Meyers’ guilty plea [1151]*1151required habeas corpus relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The court concluded that under Rule 319 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure, and cases interpreting that Rule, a trial court must establish a factual basis for a guilty plea before accepting that plea. The court also cited Pennsylvania eases standing for the proposition that a presentation of the factual basis for the crime after acceptance of the plea is insufficient to satisfy the Rule. See Dist. Ct. Op. at 16-18. Based solely on this authority, and without any mention of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (or any other federal constitutional provision or law), the district court found that it was required to permit Meyers to withdraw his plea. We disagree.
Put simply, the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution does not require an on-the-record development of the factual basis supporting a guilty plea before entry of the plea, and the failure of a state court to elicit a factual basis before accepting a guilty plea does not in itself provide a ground for habeas corpus relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. As the Seventh Circuit has said, Supreme Court precedent
certainly does not imply that the factual-basis requirement of Fed.R.Crim.P. 11(f) and its state-law counterparts comes from the Constitution. Judges must guard against the assumption that whatever is familiar is also essential. Putting a factual basis for the plea on the record has become familiar as a result of statutes and rules, not as a result of constitutional compulsion. The Constitution’s standard “was and remains whether the plea represents a voluntary and intelligent choice.”_ A state may require its judges to engage in extended colloquies designed to elicit factual support for pleas of guilty. Putting the basis on the record not only helps the defendant make a wise choice but also prevents subsequent litigation in which the defendant denies knowing some vital bit of information. Shortcomings in compliance with such requirements do not entitle prisoners to collateral relief in federal court. On collateral attack, a silent record supports the judgment; the state receives the benefit of a presumption of regularity and all reasonable inferences.
Higgason v. Clark, 984 F.2d 203, 207-08 (7th Cir.) (citations omitted), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 977, 113 S.Ct. 2974, 125 L.Ed.2d 672 (1993). Accord Riggins v. McMackin, 935 F.2d 790, 794-95 (6th Cir.1991) (,cWe note at the outset our concern over the district court’s apparent reliance on the trial court’s failure to strictly adhere to Ohio R.Crim.P. 11.... The district court’s decision granting Riggins’ writ of habeas corpus appeared to rely upon the fact that the trial court did not strictly adhere to the requirements of Ohio R.Crim.P. 11. In this respect, the district court was in error. The district court’s sole inquiry should have been, as is ours, whether Riggins’ guilty plea comported with the protections of due process.”); Rodriguez v. Ricketts, 777 F.2d 527, 527-28 (9th Cir.1985) (“Rodriguez contends his guilty plea was invalid because it was not supported by a factual basis on the record. Such a record is required under Arizona law. However, relief under section 2254(a) can be granted only for a violation of the United States Constitution, a federal statute, or a treaty. In federal court, the requirement that there be a factual basis for a guilty plea arises from Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(f). The question is whether the due process clause contains a similar requirement binding on the states. We conclude that the due process clause does not impose on a state court the duty to establish a factual basis for a guilty plea absent special circumstances. We do not address a case where special circumstances exist, for example, a defendant’s specific protestation of innocence, which might impose on a state court the constitutional duty to make inquiry and to determine if there is a factual basis for the plea. There are no such special circumstances in this ease.”) (citations omitted); Willbright v. Smith, 745 F.2d 779, 780 (2d Cir.1984) (“The voluntariness of a plea of guilty ... should be determined by considering all of the relevant circumstances. A factual basis inquiry, such as that demanded by appellant, is merely one way of satisfying the constitutional requirement that a plea be voluntary and intelligent. Moreover, due process does not [1152]*1152mandate a factual basis inquiry by state courts. Further, it is Fed.R.Crim.P. 11, not due process, that requires federal courts to conduct a factual inquiry before accepting a guilty plea.”) (citations omitted); see also United States ex rel. Crosby v. Brierley, 404 F.2d 790 (3d Cir.1968) (“The trial court did not follow the salutary procedures suggested by tradition, established by good reason, and now mandated by the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure. But this dereliction does not, of itself, debase the trial proceedings; the failure of the state court to have the inquiry made does not, of itself, entitle the relator to federal habeas corpus relief. There must be a factual showing that the guilty plea was not intelligently and knowingly entered; that there was an actual deprivation of his constitutionally-protected guarantee of due process.... If Crosby did understand the nature and consequences of his plea of guilty, he is entitled to no relief, irrespective of the trial court’s failure to conduct an inquiry into the factual basis of the defendant’s knowledge and understanding of the technical plea entered.”) (citations omitted); United States ex rel. Johnson v. Russell, 309 F.Supp. 125 (E.D.Pa.1970) (Higginbotham, J.) (same), aff'd, 444 F.2d 1177 (3d Cir.1971), cert. denied, 405 U.S. 977, 92 S.Ct. 1205, 31 L.Ed.2d 253 (1972); United States v. McGlocklin, 8 F.3d 1037, 1047-48 (6th Cir.1993) (en banc) (“While it is advisable to conduct an on-the-record inquiry into the factual basis for a plea, the failure of a state trial judge to do so will not serve as a basis for habeas relief.... This circuit has long recognized that, absent special circumstances, ‘there is no constitutional requirement that a trial judge inquire into the factual basis of a plea.’ ”) (citation omitted), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 114 S.Ct. 1614, 128 L.Ed.2d 341 (1994); Stano v. Dugger, 921 F.2d 1125, 1141 (11th Cir.) (en bane) (Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11 is not binding on state courts, and a “reviewing federal court may set aside a state court guilty plea only for failure to satisfy due process.”), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 835, 112 S.Ct. 116, 116 L.Ed.2d 85 (1991); United States v. Grewal, 825 F.2d 220, 222 (9th Cir.1987) (“For a section 2255 movant to successfully challenge a guilty plea based upon a violation of Rule 11, he must establish that the violation amounted to a jurisdictional or constitutional error or that the violation resulted in a complete miscarriage of justice or in a proceeding inconsistent with the demands of fair procedure. He must also establish that he was prejudiced in that he was unaware of the consequences of his plea, and, if properly advised, would not have pleaded guilty.”) (citations omitted); Frank v. Blackburn, 646 F.2d 873, 882 (5th Cir.1980) (same), modified on other grounds, 646 F.2d 902 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 840, 102 S.Ct. 148, 70 L.Ed.2d 123 (1981); see generally Miles v. Dorsey, 61 F.3d 1459, 1465-67 (10th Cir.1995).
Neither the district court nor petitioner has cited any authority to the contrary. Moreover, our own research has not disclosed any authority that supports the district court’s categorical holding that a state court guilty plea without the prior development of a factual basis supporting the plea renders the plea invalid as a matter of federal law in the habeas corpus context, and, in any event, we reject that proposition.2
Thus, even assuming that Meyers overcame the presumption of correctness and that there was no development of a factual basis prior to the entry of his guilty plea, this would not—in and of itself—give rise to relief under § 2254. Rather, petitioner must show (as to ground one) that the plea was either involuntary or unintelligent. See, e.g., Higgason, 984 F.2d at 208. For this indepen[1153]*1153dent reason, the district court’s order must be reversed.
C. The district court addressed only one aspect of one of petitioner’s three claims; that is, the district court discussed only the factual-basis aspect of Meyers’ claim that his plea was involuntary and unintelligent. The district court explicitly decided not to address grounds two and three. In addition, as to ground one, the district court did not discuss whether petitioner’s plea was voluntary and intelligent under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Moreover, these issues have not been argued by the parties, whose briefs address only the factual-basis issue. In these circumstances, we believe that all of these claims should be addressed, in the first instance, by the district court. See generally Equibank, N.A. v. Wheeling-Pittsburgh, Steel Corp., 884 F.2d 80, 86 (3d Cir.1989) (“We generally decline to address issues that have not been passed upon below absent exceptional circumstances (which are not present here). We are doubly concerned about addressing this issue in this case because ... neither party has fully addressed it ....”) (citation omitted); see also, e.g., Berda v. CBS Inc., 881 F.2d 20, 28 (3d Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1062, 110 S.Ct. 879, 107 L.Ed.2d 962 (1990); Selected Risks Ins. Co. v. Bruno, 718 F.2d 67, 69 (3d Cir.1983).
However, we do wish to provide some guidance for the district court’s further consideration of Meyers’ claim that he is entitled to habeas relief based on certain statements by his attorneys concerning his potential for parole eligibility made before and during the sentencing proceeding. Ground one of Meyers’ petition alleges that his “conviction was the result of an unknowing and involuntarily entered guilty plea” for five reasons. Specifically, Meyers alleges that he “did not know and was not aware of’ the following: (1) “the charge he was pleading to;” (2) “the consequences of the plea;” (3) “his right to participate in the selection of the jury;” (4) “the facts pertaining to the plea;” and (5) “the fact that the underlying felony for the charge had been dismissed.”3 Meyers’ third claim for relief alleges that he received ineffective assistance of counsel based in part on the claim that his “counsel misinformed [him] as to the consequences of the plea.”
Thus, in grounds one and three, Meyers claims that he was misled by his attorneys and the state court as to the consequences of his plea and in particular his parole eligibility. Specifically, Meyers appears to claim that although he knew that he would receive a life sentence, he was told by his attorneys that he would be eligible for parole within roughly seven to ten years. Meyers contends that certain references to parole by his attorney during the November 1981 sentencing proceeding support his claim that he was misled as to the consequences of his plea and that the trial judge and the prosecutor failed to correct his misunderstanding.
It is well settled that the Constitution does not require that a defendant be provided with information concerning parole eligibility. Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 56, 106 S.Ct. 366, 369, 88 L.Ed.2d 203 (1985); see also King v. Dutton, 17 F.3d 151, 154 (6th Cir.) (“a defendant need not be informed of the details of his parole eligibility, including the possibility of being ineligible for parole”) (citations omitted), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 114 S.Ct. 2712, 129 L.Ed.2d 838 (1994). Thus, if Meyers were merely alleging that his constitutional rights were violated because he did not receive information concerning his eligibility for parole, his claim would be entirely without merit.
However, several federal appellate courts have suggested or held that, where parole eligibility information is provided to a defendant by the state or the defendant’s attorney and that information is grossly erroneous, a defendant may be entitled to habeas relief where he can show that he would not have pleaded guilty had accurate information been provided. See, e.g., Sparks v. Sowders, 852 F.2d 882, 885 (6th Cir.1988) (“This court has yet to decide whether erroneous advice concerning parole eligibility can amount to ineffective assistance of counsel. However, this [1154]*1154issue has been addressed by other circuits which have held or noted that misinformation concerning parole eligibility can be ineffective assistance of counsel.... We now hold that gross misadvice concerning parole eligibility can amount to ineffective assistance of counsel.”); Czere v. Butler, 833 F.2d 59, 63 n. 6 (5th Cir.1987) (“other courts have recognized a distinction between failure to inform and giving misinformation” regarding parole eligibility) (citations omitted); O’Tuel v. Osborne, 706 F.2d 498, 500-01 (4th Cir. 1983); Cepulonis v. Ponte, 699 F.2d 573, 577 (1st Cir.1983) (defendant need not be informed of the details of parole eligibility but “misinformation may be more vulnerable to constitutional challenge than mere lack of information”) (citation omitted) (emphasis in original); Strader v. Garrison, 611 F.2d 61, 65 (4th Cir.1979) (“[TJhough parole eligibility dates are collateral consequences of the entry of a guilty plea of which a defendant need not be informed if he does not inquire, when he is grossly misinformed about it by his lawyer, and relies upon that misinformation, he is deprived of his constitutional right to counsel.”); see also Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. at 60, 106 S.Ct. at 371 (‘We find it unnecessary to determine whether there may be circumstances under which erroneous advice by counsel as to parole eligibility may be deemed constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel, because in the present case we conclude that petitioner’s allegations are insufficient to satisfy the Strickland v. Washington requirement of ‘prejudice.’ ”).
As mentioned, the district court did not rule on Meyers’ parole eligibility arguments, and neither will we. The district court did seepi troubled, however, that “[njeither Judge Rufe nor Assistant District Attorney McHugh interrupted the sentencing proceedings on November 9, 1981 at any time when Kastendieck used the word ‘parole’ or referred to Meyers getting back on the street again to state that Meyers was not eligible for parole or to get back on the street again.” Dist. Ct. Op. at 9.4
It is true, as the district court noted, that the offense of second-degree murder carried a mandatory penalty of life imprisonment without parole. See 18 Pa. Con. Stat. Ann. § 1102(b); Castle v. Pa. Bd. of Probation & Parole, 123 Pa.Cmwlth. 570, 554 A.2d 625, appeal denied, 523 Pa. 650, 567 A.2d 653 (1989). However, the Governor, upon the recommendation of the Board of Pardons, possessed the power to commute such a sentence to a lesser sentence. See Pa. Const. art. 4, § 9(a); Commonwealth v. Sutley, 474 Pa. 256, 378 A.2d 780, 789 n. 12 (1977) (“the power of commutation is an adjunct of the pardoning power”). And once such a commutation was granted, the defendant could be paroled. See, e.g., Moroz v. Pennsylvania Bd. of Probation & Parole, 660 A.2d 131, 132 (Pa.Cmwlth.Ct.1995) (first-degree murderer sentenced to life imprisonment without parole; governor commuted sentence to a minimum of 15-year prison term; and defendant was paroled). Judge Cirillo’s dissenting opinion in Commonwealth v. Gillespie, 333 Pa.Super. 576, 482 A.2d 1023, 1032-33 n. 2 [1155]*1155(1984), reversed on other grounds, 512 Pa. 349, 516 A.2d 1180 (1986), provides a summary of this practice:
Before a life prisoner may be paroled the Governor must commute his minimum sentence to a term of years. This the Governor may do only on the recommendation of the Board of Pardons. Pa. Const, art. 4, § 9; The Administrative Code of 1929, § 909, as amended by Act of July 31,1968, P.L. 769, No. 240, art. VI, § 609(8), 71 P.S. § 299. Next, after expiration of the term of years as commuted, the Board of Parole must exercise its discretion whether to parole the prisoner, subject, however, to the authority of the Board of Pardons to order parole if the Board of Parole does not. Act of Aug. 6,1941, P.L. 861, § 21, as amended, 61 P.S. § 331.21. Of course, in deciding whether to grant parole the Parole Board must consider any recommendations made by the judge who heard the case and who may even have imposed the original sentence. But the final decision on how much time a life prisoner will serve remains purely an administrative matter. Although my statistics are not completely up to date, they indicate that parole is a looming possibility for a life prisoner. For the years 1967-1980, the Board of Pardons heard 1251 applications by life prisoners for commutation of sentence, and in 379 (30%) of these cases recommended to the Governor that sentence be commuted. Analyses of the Action of the Board of Pardons Sessions for the Calendar Years 1967-1980. And according to tables prepared for the Parole Board, over the years 1962-1971 inclusive 180 life prisoners were released after having served an average of 19 years, 7 months in prison; for the years 1971-1980 inclusive 219 were released after an average of 17.7 years served. (Figures for the year 1971 are different in the two tables I have access to, “Lifers Released on Parole During the Past Ten Years [1962-1971],” and “Time Served by Commuted Lifers 1971 to 1980”).
Judge Rufe apparently referred to this practice in this case when he mentioned “the then-common policies of sentence commutation and early paroles.” App. 111. Again, at this stage we express no opinion with regard to the underlying merits of Meyers’ claim; we merely note that the references to parole during the sentencing proceeding and the advice given to Meyers by his attorneys should be evaluated against the background set out above.
D. On remand, the district court must determine, among other things, whether petitioner’s plea was voluntary and intelligent in light of all the relevant circumstances and whether there is merit to Meyers’ claim that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel. In so doing, the district court must heed the presumption of correctness to which state court factual findings are generally entitled and apply the correct federal constitutional tests rather than tests taken from state law.
III.
For the above reasons, we reverse the district court’s order granting Meyers habeas relief. We remand this matter to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.