DISTRICT OF NEVADA
* * * UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Case No. 3:17-cr-00104-LRH-CLB
Respondent/Plaintiff, ORDER
v.
Petitioner/Defendant.
Before the Court is petitioner Andrew Deng Pham’s (“Pham”) motion, to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (ECF No. 51). Pham filed his motion considering the recent ruling in Rehaif v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 2191 (2019). The government opposes (ECF No. 53), arguing that Pham’s claims are procedurally barred because he did not raise them on direct appeal. In his reply (ECF No. 54), Pham maintains that the constitutional errors are structural. For the reasons contained within this Order, the Court denies Pham’s motion and denies him a certificate of appealability. Pham has an extensive criminal history dating back to 1995. Most notably, in 2007, Pham was convicted of attempted murder. After serving almost nine years for that conviction, he was paroled in September of 2016. The current motion relates to Pham’s conduct on October 20, 2017, when West Wendover checks and who might be in possession of a firearm. After seeing Pham and another individual at the check cashing counter, the officers approached. Upon searching Pham, the officers found a loaded Glock, Model 33, .357 handgun in his waistband. Pham was still on parole for his attempted homicide conviction from 2007. In August 2018, per a plea agreement, Pham pleaded guilty to Unlawful Possession of a Firearm by a Previously Convicted Felon. ECF No. 38. This Court sentenced Pham to 42 months’ imprisonment followed by three years of supervised release. ECF Nos. 45, 46. Now, Pham seeks to vacate his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, a petitioner may file a motion requesting the court which imposed sentence to vacate, set aside, or correct the sentence. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a). Such a motion may be brought on the following grounds: (1) “the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States;” (2) “the court was without jurisdiction to impose such sentence;” (3) “the sentence was in excess of the maximum authorized by law;” or (4) the sentence “is otherwise subject to collateral attack." Id.; see United States v. Berry, 624 F.3d 1031, 1038 (9th Cir. 2010). When a petitioner seeks relief pursuant to a right newly recognized by a decision of the United States Supreme Court, a one-year statute of limitations applies. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f). That one-year limitation period begins to run from "the date on which the right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court." Id. § 2255(f)(3). On June 21, 2019, the Supreme Court decided Rehaif, overturning established Ninth Circuit precedent. 139 S. Ct. 2191. In the past, the government was only required to prove that a defendant knowingly possessed a firearm under 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g) and 924(a)(2). Id. at 2200. Now, under Rehaif, the government “must prove both that the defendant knew he possessed a firearm and that he knew that he belonged to the relevant category of persons barred from possessing a firearm.” Id. /// /// Pham argues that by leaving out the new Rehaif element from the original indictment, this Court lacked jurisdiction. ECF No. 51, at 14. He further alleges the omission in the indictment violated both his Fifth Amendment guarantee that a grand jury find probable cause to support all the necessary elements of a crime, and his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation. Id. at 16–21. A. Unconditional Guilty Plea The government contends that by pleading guilty unconditionally, Pham waived his right to make any non-jurisdictional challenges to the indictment; specifically, his Fifth and Sixth Amendment challenges. See Tollet v. Henderson, 411U.S. 258, 267 (1973). ECF No. 53, at 12. As part of his plea, Pham waived “…all collateral challenges, including any claims under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, to his conviction, sentence, and the procedure by which the Court adjudicated guilt and imposed sentence, except non-waivable claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.” ECF No. 39, at 11. Consequently waiving “all non-jurisdictional defenses…cures all antecedent constitutional defects, allowing only an attack on the voluntary and intelligent character of the plea.” United States v. Brizan, 709 F.3d 864, 866–67 (9th Cir. 2013). Considering the plea’s cut- and-dry language, the Court finds Pham’s claims are barred by his guilty plea even in view of the exceptions to Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258 (1973).1 Nevertheless, the Court still finds it necessary to address the jurisdictional and procedural default arguments below. B. Jurisdiction This Court “has jurisdiction of all crimes cognizable under the authority of the United States….” Lamar v. United States, 240 U.S. 60, 65 (1916). Any “objection that the indictment does not charge a crime against the United States goes only to the merits of the case,” and does not deprive the court of jurisdiction. Id.; see also United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 630 (2020) 1 Tollett limited federal habeas challenges to pre-plea constitutional violations. 411 U.S. at 267. Exceptions to this general rule include a claim which the state cannot “constitutionally prosecute.” Class v. U.S., 138 S. Ct. 789, 805 (2018) (quoting Menna v. New York, 423 U.S. 61, 63 (1975) (per curiam)). While Pham claims such an exception exists in the present instance (ECF No. 51, at 21), the Court agrees with other well-reasoned decisions in the District of Nevada which hold it does not. See United States v. Abundis, Case No. 2:18-cr-00158-MMD-VCF-1 (D. Nev. Nov. (reiterating Lamar). Quite importantly, the Ninth Circuit and decisions within the District of Nevada have relied on the principle announced in Cotton in cases considering the aftermath of Rehaif. See, e.g., United States v. Espinoza, 816 F. App'x 82, 84 (9th Cir. 2020) (“[T]he indictment's omission of the knowledge of status requirement did not deprive the district court of jurisdiction.”); see also United States v. Miller, Case No. 3:15-cr-00047-HDM-WGC (D. Nev. Dec. 8, 2020); United States v. Baustamante, Case No. 2:16-cr-00268-APG-CWH (D. Nev. Dec. 7, 2020). Therefore, pursuant to Ninth Circuit precedent and decisions in this District, the Court had and continues to have jurisdiction over Pham’s case despite Rehaif. C. Procedural Default The government also argues that Pham’s claims are procedurally defaulted. ECF No. 53, at 6. While a defendant certainly can question the underlying legality of his sentence or conviction, one who does not on direct appeal is procedurally defaulted from doing so unless they c
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DISTRICT OF NEVADA
* * * UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Case No. 3:17-cr-00104-LRH-CLB
Respondent/Plaintiff, ORDER
v.
Petitioner/Defendant.
Before the Court is petitioner Andrew Deng Pham’s (“Pham”) motion, to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (ECF No. 51). Pham filed his motion considering the recent ruling in Rehaif v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 2191 (2019). The government opposes (ECF No. 53), arguing that Pham’s claims are procedurally barred because he did not raise them on direct appeal. In his reply (ECF No. 54), Pham maintains that the constitutional errors are structural. For the reasons contained within this Order, the Court denies Pham’s motion and denies him a certificate of appealability. Pham has an extensive criminal history dating back to 1995. Most notably, in 2007, Pham was convicted of attempted murder. After serving almost nine years for that conviction, he was paroled in September of 2016. The current motion relates to Pham’s conduct on October 20, 2017, when West Wendover checks and who might be in possession of a firearm. After seeing Pham and another individual at the check cashing counter, the officers approached. Upon searching Pham, the officers found a loaded Glock, Model 33, .357 handgun in his waistband. Pham was still on parole for his attempted homicide conviction from 2007. In August 2018, per a plea agreement, Pham pleaded guilty to Unlawful Possession of a Firearm by a Previously Convicted Felon. ECF No. 38. This Court sentenced Pham to 42 months’ imprisonment followed by three years of supervised release. ECF Nos. 45, 46. Now, Pham seeks to vacate his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, a petitioner may file a motion requesting the court which imposed sentence to vacate, set aside, or correct the sentence. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a). Such a motion may be brought on the following grounds: (1) “the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States;” (2) “the court was without jurisdiction to impose such sentence;” (3) “the sentence was in excess of the maximum authorized by law;” or (4) the sentence “is otherwise subject to collateral attack." Id.; see United States v. Berry, 624 F.3d 1031, 1038 (9th Cir. 2010). When a petitioner seeks relief pursuant to a right newly recognized by a decision of the United States Supreme Court, a one-year statute of limitations applies. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f). That one-year limitation period begins to run from "the date on which the right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court." Id. § 2255(f)(3). On June 21, 2019, the Supreme Court decided Rehaif, overturning established Ninth Circuit precedent. 139 S. Ct. 2191. In the past, the government was only required to prove that a defendant knowingly possessed a firearm under 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g) and 924(a)(2). Id. at 2200. Now, under Rehaif, the government “must prove both that the defendant knew he possessed a firearm and that he knew that he belonged to the relevant category of persons barred from possessing a firearm.” Id. /// /// Pham argues that by leaving out the new Rehaif element from the original indictment, this Court lacked jurisdiction. ECF No. 51, at 14. He further alleges the omission in the indictment violated both his Fifth Amendment guarantee that a grand jury find probable cause to support all the necessary elements of a crime, and his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation. Id. at 16–21. A. Unconditional Guilty Plea The government contends that by pleading guilty unconditionally, Pham waived his right to make any non-jurisdictional challenges to the indictment; specifically, his Fifth and Sixth Amendment challenges. See Tollet v. Henderson, 411U.S. 258, 267 (1973). ECF No. 53, at 12. As part of his plea, Pham waived “…all collateral challenges, including any claims under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, to his conviction, sentence, and the procedure by which the Court adjudicated guilt and imposed sentence, except non-waivable claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.” ECF No. 39, at 11. Consequently waiving “all non-jurisdictional defenses…cures all antecedent constitutional defects, allowing only an attack on the voluntary and intelligent character of the plea.” United States v. Brizan, 709 F.3d 864, 866–67 (9th Cir. 2013). Considering the plea’s cut- and-dry language, the Court finds Pham’s claims are barred by his guilty plea even in view of the exceptions to Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258 (1973).1 Nevertheless, the Court still finds it necessary to address the jurisdictional and procedural default arguments below. B. Jurisdiction This Court “has jurisdiction of all crimes cognizable under the authority of the United States….” Lamar v. United States, 240 U.S. 60, 65 (1916). Any “objection that the indictment does not charge a crime against the United States goes only to the merits of the case,” and does not deprive the court of jurisdiction. Id.; see also United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 630 (2020) 1 Tollett limited federal habeas challenges to pre-plea constitutional violations. 411 U.S. at 267. Exceptions to this general rule include a claim which the state cannot “constitutionally prosecute.” Class v. U.S., 138 S. Ct. 789, 805 (2018) (quoting Menna v. New York, 423 U.S. 61, 63 (1975) (per curiam)). While Pham claims such an exception exists in the present instance (ECF No. 51, at 21), the Court agrees with other well-reasoned decisions in the District of Nevada which hold it does not. See United States v. Abundis, Case No. 2:18-cr-00158-MMD-VCF-1 (D. Nev. Nov. (reiterating Lamar). Quite importantly, the Ninth Circuit and decisions within the District of Nevada have relied on the principle announced in Cotton in cases considering the aftermath of Rehaif. See, e.g., United States v. Espinoza, 816 F. App'x 82, 84 (9th Cir. 2020) (“[T]he indictment's omission of the knowledge of status requirement did not deprive the district court of jurisdiction.”); see also United States v. Miller, Case No. 3:15-cr-00047-HDM-WGC (D. Nev. Dec. 8, 2020); United States v. Baustamante, Case No. 2:16-cr-00268-APG-CWH (D. Nev. Dec. 7, 2020). Therefore, pursuant to Ninth Circuit precedent and decisions in this District, the Court had and continues to have jurisdiction over Pham’s case despite Rehaif. C. Procedural Default The government also argues that Pham’s claims are procedurally defaulted. ECF No. 53, at 6. While a defendant certainly can question the underlying legality of his sentence or conviction, one who does not on direct appeal is procedurally defaulted from doing so unless they can demonstrate: (1) cause and prejudice; or (2) actual innocence. See Bousley v. U.S., 523 U.S. 614, 622 (1998) (citations omitted). “‘Cause’ is a legitimate excuse for the default; ‘prejudice’ is actual harm resulting from the alleged constitutional violation.” Magby v. Wawrzaszek, 741 F.2d 240, 244 (9th Cir. 1984). Pham did not challenge the validity of the indictment and/or plea on direct appeal, but instead, argues his claims have not procedurally defaulted because he can demonstrate cause and prejudice, or, in the alternative, the omission in his indictment is a structural error and therefore only requires a showing of cause. Each argument is addressed in turn. 1. Cause Pham can likely demonstrate cause. Rehaif overturned long standing precedent in the Ninth Circuit, and the decision’s constitutional consequences were not “reasonably available to counsel.” Reed v. Ross, 468 U.S. 1, 16 (1984). 2. Prejudice Still, Pham cannot demonstrate prejudice. The Ninth Circuit has found in numerous knowledge-of-status element, there is no reasonable probability that the outcome would have been different. See United States v. Espinoza, 816 F. App'x 82, 84 (9th Cir. 2020) (holding that “the failure of the indictment and plea colloquy to include the element of knowledge of felon status does not require us to vacate [the] conviction…”); United States v. Schmidt, 792 F. App’x 521, 522 (9th Cir. 2020) (“Although [defendant] did not argue below that the government was required to prove [defendant] knew he was a felon, under any standard of review there was overwhelming evidence that [defendant] knew he was a felon when he possessed the firearms at issue in this case.”); United States v. Tuan Ngoc Luong, 965 F.3d 973, 989 (9th Cir. 2020) (finding in the trial context that, “even if the district court had instructed the jury on the knowledge-of-status element, there is no reasonable probability that the jury would have reached a different verdict…”). In other words, the Ninth Circuit has repeatedly found no actual harm resulted from alleged constitutional violations stemming from the decision in Rehaif in cases involving comparable facts to Pham’s Here, Pham admitted to being a previously convicted felon at the time he possessed the weapon. ECF No. 39, at 3. In addition, Pham was on parole for attempted murder at the time of his arrest after serving nine years in prison. The Court is not persuaded the inclusion of the Rehaif element would have changed Pham’s decision to plead guilty or that his plea was involuntary. It seems clear Pham would have known he had been convicted of crimes for which he could be sentenced to more than a year imprisonment. Accordingly, there is no reasonable probability, but for the Rehaif error, that the outcome of the proceeding would have been different. Therefore, because Pham has not demonstrated both cause and prejudice, he procedurally defaulted on his claims challenging the legality of his conviction. D. Structural Error Alternatively, Pham argues the constitutional errors are structural, therefore only requiring a showing of cause. “[C]ertain errors, termed structural errors, might affect substantial rights regardless of their actual impact on an appellant’s trial.” United States v. Marcus, 560 U.S. 258, 263 (2010) (citations omitted). Structural errors go to the very heart of the trial and are not “simply While the Ninth Circuit has not decided whether the knowledge-of-status element in Rehaif presents issues of structural error, numerous other circuits have concluded it does not. See United States v. Nasir, 2020 WL 7041357, at *19, n.30 (3d Cir. Dec. 1, 2020); United States v. Coleman, 961 F.3d 1024, 1030 (8th Cir. 2020); United States v. Payne, 964 F.3d 652, 657 (7th Cir. 2020); United States v. Lavalais, 960 F.3d 180, 187 (5th Cir. 2020); United States v. Trujillo, 960 F.3d 1196, 1207 (10th Cir. 2020). The Court agrees with these circuit courts and concludes that Rehaif likely does not involve the limited class of errors the Supreme Court has deemed structural. E. Certificate of Appealability is Denied To proceed with an appeal of this Order, Pham must receive a certificate of appealability from the Court. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1); FED. R. APP. P. 22; 9TH CIR. R. 22-1; Allen v. Ornoski, 435 F.3d 946, 950-951 (9th Cir. 2006). For the Court to grant a certificate of appealability, the petitioner must make "a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right." 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2); Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 483-84 (2000). And the petitioner bears the burden of demonstrating that the issues are debatable among reasonable jurists; that a court could resolve the issues differently; or that the issues are “adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.” Slack, 529 U.S. at 483-84 (citation omitted). As discussed above, Pham has failed to raise a meritorious challenge to his conviction and sentence pursuant to Ninth Circuit’s decisions following Rehaif. As such, the Court finds that he has failed to demonstrate that reasonable jurists would find the Court’s assessment of his claims debatable or wrong. See Allen, 435 F.3d at 950–51. Therefore, the Court denies Pham a certificate of appealability. /// /// /// /// /// IV. CONCLUSION IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Pham’s motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his } sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (ECF No. 51) is DENIED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that a certificate of appealability is DENIED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of Court ENTER a separate and final Judgment denying Pham’s § 2255 motion. See Kingsbury v. United States, 900 F.3d 1147, 1150 (9th Cir. 2018). DATED this 6th day of January, 2021. . Miho _ LAR . HICKS UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE