UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
MICHELDEANGELOU PERFVWAYBELAYOUIX, Plaintiff Civil Action No. 22-1019 (CKK) v. AUBREY GRAHAM-DRAKE, et al., Defendants
MEMORANDUM OPINION (December 1, 2022)
Plaintiff Micheldeangelou Perfvwaybelayouix (“Plaintiff”), proceeding pro se, filed a
Complaint in this case against Defendants Aubrey Graham, Universal Music Group (“UMG”),
Republic Records, and OVO (together, “Defendants”) alleging copyright infringement of his
song “Reach for the Skies.” See Compl. at 1–2. Defendants filed the pending [43] Motion to
Dismiss under Federal Rules of Procedure 12(b)(6) and 8 or, alternatively, for Summary
Judgment under Rule 56. Defendants argue that Plaintiff failed to allege plausibly any required
element of a copyright infringement claim: ownership of a valid copyright, Defendants’ access to
Plaintiff’s song, and substantial similarity between Plaintiff’s song and Defendants’ song. Defs.’
Mot. at 1. Defendants also argue that Plaintiff failed to allege facts to put each Defendant on
notice of the claims levied against them. Id. at 14. Finally, Defendants assert that the Court
should dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint with prejudice in light of Plaintiff’s inappropriate
communications with both Defendants’ counsels and this Court. Id. at 16.
1 Upon consideration of the pleadings, 1 the relevant legal authorities, and the record for
purposes of this motion, the Court finds that while Plaintiff does allege ownership of a valid
copyright, he does not allege facts to show Defendants’ access to Plaintiff’s song nor substantial
similarity. The Court also finds that Plaintiff did not provide sufficient notice to Defendants to
satisfy Rule 8. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s
Complaint in its entirety. The Court DISMISSES Plaintiff’s Complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) and
Rule 8 and, as additional grounds, DISMISSES WITH PREJUDICE Plaintiff’s Complaint as a
sanction for Plaintiff’s repeated misconduct.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Copyright Infringement Lawsuit
For the purposes of the motion before the Court, the Court accepts as true the well-
pleaded allegations in Plaintiff’s Complaint. The Court does “not accept as true, however, the
plaintiff’s legal conclusions or inferences that are unsupported by the facts alleged.” Ralls Corp.
v. Comm. on Foreign Inv. in U.S., 758 F.3d 296, 315 (D.C. Cir. 2014).
On April 12, 2022, Plaintiff filed a three-page Complaint stating that he was “suing for
intentional copyright infringement over the song, ‘Way 2 Sexy’ by Drake featuring Future &
Young Thug.” Compl. at 1. Plaintiff alleges that he had “evident proof of intentional copyright
infringement & will provide evident proof upon hearing.” Id. Plaintiff alleges he had “a
1 The Court’s consideration has focused on the following documents: • Pl.’s Compl. (“Compl.”), ECF No. 1; • Pl.’s Mot. for Ruling (“Pl.’s Mot.), ECF No. 11; • Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss (“Defs.’ Mot.”), ECF No. 43; • Pl.’s Resp. to Mot. to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Resp.”), ECF No. 46; and • Defs.’ Reply to Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss (“Defs.’ Reply”), ECF No. 47. In an exercise of its discretion, the Court finds that holding oral argument in this action would not be of assistance in rendering a decision. See LCvR 7(f).
2 registered form of lyric” and that the song “Way 2 Sexy” “would not be a song created… if not
been for my dealings with its music label.” Id. The dealings to which Plaintiff refers are the
uploading of his song “Reach for the Skies” to the website Spinnup. See id. at 2; Pl.’s Mot. at 2
(describing Spinnup), 4 (screenshot from Spinnup), 5–7 (screenshots of emails between Plaintiff
and Spinnup), 11 (referencing “[t]he service Spinnup of UMG”). Spinnup is an Internet platform
owned by Defendant UMG. See Spinnup, Universal Music Group,
https://www.universalmusic.com/label/spinnup/ (“Spinnup is a fully curated artist discovery and
distribution platform created by Universal Music. Spinnup works with select independent artists
to capture the attention of UMG’s labels and create opportunities for these artists within
Universal Music and beyond.”). As Defendants explain, “[w]hile Spinnup is now available only
to artists via invitation, UMG previously allowed anyone to upload music to the platform.”
Defs.’ Mot. at 2 n.2.
On June 13, 2022, Plaintiff filed a Motion for Ruling, in which Plaintiff provided the
lyrics to “Reach for the Skies” and “Way 2 Sexy” with various words and phrases emphasized in
italics, underline, bold, and different color font. Pl.’s Mot. at 8–10. In this motion, Plaintiff
described alleged comparisons between the two songs’ lyrics. Id. at 10. The Court denied the
Motion for Ruling as it was unable to discern what relief Plaintiff sought other than a “ruling” in
his favor, which was premature at such an early state of litigation. Order, ECF No. 13.
On August 5, 2022, Defendants filed the pending Motion to Dismiss under Federal Rules
of Procedure 12(b)(6) and 8. They also moved for summary judgment under Rule 56, stating
that if the Court considers matters outside the pleadings, the motion must be treated as one for
summary judgment. Defs.’ Mot. at 2 n.1, 9. As for their Motion to Dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6),
Defendants argue that “Plaintiff fails to plausibly allege ownership in a valid copyright, as he
3 fails to identify any copyright registration number associated with his work or to append copies
of any United States Certificates of Copyright Registration.” Defs.’ Mot. at 1. Next, they argue
that “Plaintiff fails to plausibly allege that Defendants had access to his work,” and finally that
“Plaintiff fails to allege any facts supporting a claim of substantial similarity” between the two
songs. Id. Defendants also argue that Plaintiff failed to allege facts to put each Defendant on
notice of the copyright infringement claim made against them, in violation of Rule 8. Id. at 14.
Defendants’ motion is now fully briefed before the Court.
B. Plaintiff’s Communications with Defendant’s Counsels and the Court
Throughout the course of this litigation, Plaintiff has sent numerous inappropriate emails
to Defendants’ counsels. On June 9, 2022, Defendants filed an [8] Emergency Motion for
Protective Order indicating that “Plaintiff sent an email communication that appears to threaten
the undersigned counsel and their families” as well as other threatening emails, including one
suggesting that Defendants’ counsel should be “capture[d]” and “detain[ed].” ECF No. 8, at 1,
3. Defendants asked the Court to order that Plaintiff must “stay more than 100 yards away from
Defendants’ and Defendants’ counsels’ places of business” and “stay more than 100 yards away
from and have no contact with Defendant’s counsel, except at judicially sanctioned events,”
among other requests. Id. at 6. Although the Court found Plaintiff’s emails to be inappropriate
and ill-advised, the Court denied without prejudice Defendants’ [8] Emergency Motion,
concluding that the emails did not justify the sanctions Defendants sought in their motion. Order
at 1–2, ECF No. 10. In its order, the Court reminded Plaintiff of his duty to behave civilly and
respectfully to opposing counsel. Id. at 2. The Court also stated that “[i]n the event that
additional inappropriate communications and/or conduct are brought to the Court’s attention, the
Court may impose sanctions––including, if appropriate, termination of this case.” Id.
4 As exhibits to their Motion to Dismiss, Defendants attached additional emails from
Plaintiff to Defendants’ counsels. ECF No. 43-2. These emails include remarks such as “I could
beat your F*%#ing a*%,” sexually lewd and inappropriate language, and references to
Defendants “getting KILLED metaphorically or realistically” and that Plaintiff “could… slow
roast your defendants alive!”; Plaintiff also calls Defendants’ counsels “illegitimate psycho,”
“you manipulated moronic retard monkey,” and “you sickening virus”. Id. at 1–2, 4.
Plaintiff has also repeatedly attempted to submit communications to this Court, including
ex parte letters addressed directly to Judge Kollar-Kotelly. The Court first denied leave to file
letters from Plaintiff on June 10, 2022. On June 14, 2022, the Court pointed Plaintiff’s attention
to Local Civil Rule 5.1(a), which prohibits “correspondence… directed by [a] part[y]… to a
judge.” Order, ECF No. 13. The Court ordered that “absent extraordinary circumstances,
Plaintiff shall NOT be permitted to file any other documents in this case unless ordered to do so
by the Court.” Id. (emphasis in original). Between that date and July 11, 2022, Plaintiff
submitted approximately twenty additional letters to the Clerk’s Office addressed to the Court.
Order, ECF No. 17. These filings contained inappropriate language and information unrelated to
the matter before the Court. Id. On July 13, 2022, the Court issued an order indicating that
“[t]he Court shall not tolerate further efforts by Plaintiff to disregard this Court’s orders and this
jurisdiction’s local rules. Further attempts to do so may result in sua sponte dismissal of this
case.” Id. (emphasis in original). Despite the Court’s warnings, Plaintiff has sent at least forty-
nine letters to the Court. These letters, most of which are addressed directly to Judge Kollar-
Kotelly, include references to unrelated topics such as Roe v. Wade, COVID-19 and Bill Gates,
and the U.S. government, as well as obscene and angry language. The most recent of these
letters included a sexually lewd photograph and inappropriate language.
5 In Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, Defendants ask that “the Court should exercise its
inherent powers to dismiss the Complaint with prejudice in light of Plaintiff’s repeated,
inappropriate communications with the Court and Defendants’ counsel.” Defs.’ Mot. at 16.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Under Rule 12(b)(6), a party may move to dismiss a complaint on the grounds that it
“fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). “[A]
complaint [does not] suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual
enhancement.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544, 557 (2007)). Rather, a complaint must contain sufficient factual allegations that, if
accepted as true, “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570.
“A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to
draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556
U.S. at 678.
Rule 8(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires a complaint to contain “(1) a
short and plain statement of the grounds for the court’s jurisdiction [and] (2) a short and plain
statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). It
“does not require detailed factual allegations, but it demands more than an unadorned, the-
defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (internal quotation marks
and citation omitted). Rule 8(d) requires that the allegations within a pleading are “simple,
concise, and direct.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d)(1). “Taken together, [those provisions] underscore the
6 emphasis placed on clarity and brevity by the federal pleading rules.” Ciralsky v. CIA, 355 F.3d
661, 669 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
The Rule 8 standard ensures that respondents receive fair notice of the claim being
asserted so that they can prepare a responsive answer and an adequate defense. Brown v.
Califano, 75 F.R.D. 497, 498 (D.D.C. 1977) (Sirica, J.). When a pleading “contains an untidy
assortment of claims that are neither plainly nor concisely stated, nor meaningfully distinguished
from bold conclusions, sharp harangues and personal comments[,]” it does not fulfill the
requirements of Rule 8. Jiggetts v. D.C., 319 F.R.D. 408, 413 (D.D.C. 2017) (KBJ), aff’d sub
nom. Cooper v. D.C., No. 17-7021, 2017 WL 5664737 (D.C. Cir. Nov. 1, 2017). “A confused
and rambling narrative of charges and conclusions… does not comply with the requirements of
Rule 8.” Cheeks v. Fort Myer Constr. Corp., 71 F. Supp. 3d 163, 169 (D.D.C. 2014) (RCL)
(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “Enforcing these rules is largely a matter for the
trial court’s discretion.” Ciralsky, 355 F.3d at 669.
III. DISCUSSION
A. Scope of Plaintiff’s Pleadings
Typically, when deciding a motion to dismiss, “a court does not consider matters outside
the pleadings.” Ward v. D.C. Dep’t of Youth Rehab. Servs., 768 F. Supp. 2d 117, 119 (D.D.C.
2019); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d) (“If, on a motion under Rule 12(b)(6) or 12(c), matters
outside the pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion must be treated
as one for summary judgment under Rule 56.”). However, complaints filed by pro se litigants
are held to less stringent standards than those applied to formal pleadings drafted by lawyers, see
Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972), and the Court of Appeals has ruled that a court must
consider a pro se litigant’s complaint “‘in light of’ all filings,” Brown v. Whole Foods Mkt. Grp.,
7 Inc., 789 F.3d 146, 152 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (quoting Richardson v. U.S., 193 F.3d 545, 548 (D.C.
Cir. 1999)); see also Greenhill v. Spellings, 482 F.3d 569, 572 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (stating that the
Court of Appeals has “permitted courts to consider supplemental material filed by a pro se
litigant in order to clarify the precise claims being urged”). This means that “courts may
consider documents filed after a complaint when evaluating a motion to dismiss.” Weise v. Fed.
Bur. of Investigation, No. 20-cv-2572 (JMC), 2022 WL 13947753, at *2 (D.D.C. Oct. 24, 2022).
Such documents may include those in response to a motion to dismiss. See Brown, 789 F.3d at
152; Fillmore v. AT&T Mobility Servs. LLC, 140 F. Supp. 3d 1, 2 (D.D.C. 2015) (JEB) (“the
Court, as it must in a case brought by a pro se plaintiff, considers the facts as alleged in both the
Complaint and Plaintiff's Opposition to Defendant's Motion to Dismiss.”).
In addition, a court may consider documents “incorporated by reference in the complaint”
or “documents upon which the plaintiff’s complaint necessarily relies even if the document is
produced not by the plaintiff in the complaint.” Ward, 768 F. Supp. 2d at 119 (citing Hinton v.
Corr. Corp. of Am., 624 F. Supp. 2d 45, 46 (D.D.C. 2009) (internal quotation and citation
omitted)). Such document must be “referred to in the complaint and integral to the plaintiff’s
claim.” Banneker Ventures, LLC v. Graham, 798 F.3d 1119, 1133 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (cleaned up).
The Court will consider Plaintiff’s Motion for Ruling, which includes lyrics of the two
songs referenced in Plaintiff’s Complaint, see Pl.’s Mot. at 8–10; Compl. at 1–2, as part of
Plaintiff’s pleadings for the purpose of resolving Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss. The Court will
consider Plaintiff’s Response to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss as part of Plaintiff’s pleadings as
well. The Court will therefore not analyze Defendants’ motion as one for summary judgment
under Rule 56 because the aforementioned documents are not matters outside the pleadings.
8 B. Motion to Dismiss Under Rule 12(b)(6)
Plaintiff’s Complaint alleges a claim of copyright infringement, which Defendants move
to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). To prevail on a claim of copyright
infringement, a plaintiff must prove two elements: “(1) ownership of a valid copyright, and (2)
copying of constituent elements of the work that are original.” Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural
Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 361 (1991).
In its analysis, the Court treats the Defendants collectively, as Plaintiff fails to plead
factual allegations regarding how each named Defendant was specifically involved in infringing
his copyrighted song.2 The Court finds that although Plaintiff alleges facts that satisfy the first
element of a copyright infringement claim, he does not allege facts to satisfy the second element
and therefore fails to demonstrate a plausible copyright infringement claim under Rule 12(b)(6).
1. Copyright Ownership
Plaintiff satisfies the first element of copyright infringement by alleging facts to show
ownership of a valid copyright.
“At the pleading stage, a party alleging copyright infringement need only claim
ownership over the copyrighted work [and] that the party has registered the work in accordance
with statute.” Roe v. Bernabei & Wachtel PLLC, 85 F. Supp. 3d 89, 99 (D.D.C. 2015) (TSC). As
Defendants note, Defs.’ Mot. at 10, filing a certificate of copyright registration is considered an
adequate allegation of a valid copyright registration. 17 U.S.C. § 410(c) (“[T]he certificate of a
registration made before or within five years after first publication of the work shall constitute
prima facie evidence of the validity of the copyright and of the facts stated in the certificate.”);
2 Relatedly, see Section III.C for an analysis of Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8.
9 see also MOB Music Pub. v. Zanzibar on the Waterfront, LLC, 698 F. Supp. 2d 197, 202 (D.D.C.
2010) (EGS). Courts in this circuit have also found that providing a copyright registration
number is sufficient to allege ownership of a valid copyright. See Nichols v. Club for Growth
Action, 300 F. Supp. 3d 46, 51 (D.D.C. 2017) (RMC).
In Plaintiff’s Response to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, Plaintiff wrote that he “take[s]
ownership in the registration number PAu 4-101-997.” Pl.’s Resp. at 3. A search on the United
States Copyright Office website confirms that Plaintiff owns a copyright for a music work titled
“Reach for the Skies” under that registration number, dated August 1, 2021. Public Catalog,
U.S. Copyright Office, https://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&PAGE=First
(type “PAu004101997” into search bar; select “Registration Number” in “Search by” field; select
“Begin Search”). Accordingly, because Plaintiff provided a copyright registration number in his
pleadings, the Court finds that Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged ownership of a valid copyright.
2. Copying Plaintiff’s Work
Plaintiff fails to allege facts demonstrating facial plausibility as to the second element of
a copyright infringement claim: that Defendants copied constituent elements of his work. In the
absence of direct evidence of copying, a plaintiff must allege: “(1) that defendants had access to
the copyrighted work, and (2) the substantial similarity between the protectible material in
plaintiff’s and defendants’ works.” Prunte v. Universal Music Grp., 484 F. Supp. 2d 32, 40–41
(D.D.C. 2007) (PLF). Plaintiff does not satisfy either component.
i. Access to Plaintiff’s Work
First, Plaintiff fails to plead facts that, when accepted as true, show that Defendants had
access to his song. “[I]nfringement is impossible if the defendant has never even been exposed
to the plaintiff’s copyrighted work;” rather, the defendant must have had access to the plaintiff’s
10 work. IMAPizza, LLC v. At Pizza Ltd., 334 F. Supp. 3d 95, 118 (D.D.C. 2018) (TJK). “Access
generally means that an infringer had a reasonable opportunity to hear the plaintiff’s work and,
thus, had the opportunity to copy” it. Buchanan v. Sony Music Ent., No. 18-cv-3028 (KBJ), 2020
WL 2735592, at *4 (D.D.C. May 26, 2020) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). A
plaintiff can show this by either alleging that a particular chain of events was established
between the plaintiff’s work and defendant’s access to that work, or that the plaintiff’s work had
been widely disseminated. Id. at *6. A particular chain of events can be shown where “the
named [d]efendants specifically” received plaintiff’s work. Id. Widespread dissemination
hinges on the work’s degree of commercial success and its distribution through mediums such as
radio. Id. It is “well established that the mere fact that [plaintiff’s] work was posted on the
internet… is insufficient by itself to demonstrate wide dissemination.’ Id. (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted). Finally, “access may not be inferred through mere speculation or
conjecture” and “the plaintiff must allege… circumstances that suggest a reasonable possibility,
not merely a bare possibility, that an alleged infringer had the chance to view the protected
work.” Id. at *4, *6 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Plaintiff alleges that he had “dealings with [Defendants’] music label UMG” and that his
song was “digitally released & distributed by Drake’s label UMG.” Compl. at 1. The
“dealings,” “release[],” and “distribut[ion]” to which Plaintiff refers was his uploading of the
song “Reach for the Skies” to Spinnup. See Pl.’s Mot. at 2, 4, 11. Plaintiff also alleged that “a
lyric sheet were [sic] also presented to the services of Universal Music Group along with the
uploaded music.” Pl.’s Resp. at 4.
Plaintiff’s allegation that he uploaded “Reach for the Skies” with a lyric sheet to Spinnup
is insufficient to show that Defendants had a reasonable opportunity to hear the song. First, the
11 song’s presence on the Spinnup platform does not suffice as a chain of events between Plaintiff
and Defendants’ access to the work. Plaintiff’s asserted facts establish only “the ‘bare
possibility’ that someone at UMB viewed Plaintiff’s Work,” Defs.’ Mot. at 11, not that any of the
named Defendants listened to his song, viewed the lyrics, or otherwise were aware of “Reach for
the Skies.” Second, uploading the song to a public website does not suffice as widespread
dissemination absent any allegations of the song’s commercial success or distribution. Cf.
Buchanan, 2020 WL 2735592, at *6 (finding that plaintiff did not demonstrate defendant’s
access to plaintiff’s work where the “pleading also lacks any allegations with respect to the scope
of that song’s dissemination after it was published online; that is, [plaintiff] does not allege that a
mass of people either purchased [the song] or listened to it.”). Accordingly, the Court finds that
Plaintiff fails to allege facts showing that Defendants had access to his song “Reach for the
Skies” because he does not cite facts to support a reasonable possibility that Defendants had the
opportunity to hear it. This failing alone would be sufficient to grant Defendants’ Motion to
Dismiss.
ii. Substantial Similarity to Plaintiff’s Work
Plaintiff also fails to plead facts that, when accepted as true, show substantial similarity
between his song and Defendants’ song. Plaintiff alleges that he has “shown the remarkable
resemblances in work” and that Defendants “copy the blue-print of my song by saying all the
things exactly the way I have written them exactly and then… using the same lyrical words in
the same places I have used them intentionally even using the beat and functions I have sent to
them entirely.” Pl.’s Resp. at 3. Plaintiff then notes an “uncanny resemblance within song
structure, sentence structure and lyrical significances within rhyme scheme, song presentation,
12 and the order in which each song lyrical work is presented in where, why and for what its
presented.” Id. at 7.
Specifically, Plaintiff presents the lyrics of “Reach for the Skies” and “Way 2 Sexy,”
which the Court takes as true. Id. at 5–6; Pl.’s Mot. at 8–9. In his Motion for Ruling, Plaintiff
compares specific lines at the end of each song, arguing that “the way the artist is moving” is
similar in both.3 Id. at 10. Plaintiff also underlined, italicized, bolded, and used different color
font for various lyrics in each song, but does not explain the significance of this formatting. Id.
at 5–6; Pl.’s Mot. at 8–9. The Court has therefore endeavored to compare the varied emphases
across the two songs. For example, Plaintiff underlined numerous words including “sexy,”
“yeah,” “kickin’,” and “okay” that are present in both his song and Defendants’ song. Id. He
also underlined and placed in orange font the phrase “wa-pow” in his song and “(…whoa)(pow)”
in Defendants’. Id. at 8–10. As another example, Plaintiff emphasized in bold, italicized, and
purple font the words “reckless,” “restless,” and “check this” in his song, and the words
“requests,” “unprotected,” and “electric” in Defendants’ song. Id.
Although the question of substantial similarity often involves fact-finding for a jury,
copyright claims such as the one before this Court can, in certain instances, be resolved as a
matter of law. See Sturdza v. U.A.E., 281 F.3d 1287, 1296 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (“summary judgment
for a copyright defendant remains appropriate if the works are so dissimilar as to protectible
3 Plaintiff’s lyrics are: “to the way I move!(wa-pow) I’m shooting for the stars, how’s my aim!? Its a Big Bang!” Defendants’ lyrics are: “i been kickin’ shit(whoa, whoa)(pow), might need a prosthetic(yeah) I pray to the chopper under my pillow, tooth fairy(woo)”. Plaintiff argues that “clearly here is where the infringement is that of where he speaks on the way he is moving; by prosthetic leg, as he prays to a chopper(gun) under said pillow, being a comparison of Angelou Skywalker shooting for the stars like a chopper(gun) would where one may find articles of a Big Bang(big bang meaning recoil of an a explosion like a gun would or the term for the beginning of the universe) versus a chopper(chopper meaning gun) under a pillow, an article on the tooth fairy.” Pl.’s Mot. at 10. 13 elements that no reasonable jury could find for the plaintiff on the question of substantial
similarity”); Prunty v. Vivendi, 130 F. Supp. 3d 385, 390–91 (D.D.C. 2015) (APM) (at the motion
to dismiss stage, “conclud[ing] that this court is capable of concluding as a matter of law… that
[two songs] are not substantially similar” and holding that “Plaintiff’s copyright infringement
claim therefore is dismissed”). At the motion to dismiss stage, “a district court may only decide
whether works are substantially similar this early in the litigation if (1) both the copyrighted and
allegedly infringing works are in the record and (2) no trier of fact could rationally determine the
[works] to be substantially similar.” Buchanan, 2020 WL 2735592, at *8 (internal quotation
omitted). Regarding (1), the lyrics of both the copyrighted work, “Reach for the Skies,” and the
infringing work, “Way 2 Sexy,” are in the record, as Plaintiff presented them in his pleadings.
See Pl.’s Resp. at 5–6; Pl.’s Mot. at 8–10. In receiving these lyrics––replete with varied
formatting, as mentioned above––the Court has the proper information with which to conduct the
following analysis. As for (2), the Court now engages in an analysis of substantial similarity
with that standard in mind, and that “lack of… any allegation that the works are so strikingly
similar so as to preclude the possibility of independent creation” can be grounds for dismissal.
Buchanan, 2020 WL 2735592, at *8 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Here, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s song lacks substantial similarity to Defendants’ song.
“In determining whether the works are substantially similar, the court must first identify which
parts of the artist’s work, if any, are protectible[,] and second, whether an ordinary observer
could conclude that ‘the defendant[s] unlawfully appropriated the plaintiff’s protectible
expression by taking material of substance and value.’” Scott-Blanton v. Universal City Studios
Prods. LLLP, 539 F. Supp. 2d 191, 197 (D.D.C. 2008) (RMU) (quoting Sturdza, 281 F.3d at
1296).
14 As for the first element of this test, individual words and short phrases are not protectible.
37 C.F.R. § 202.1(a); see also Prunte v. Universal Music Grp., 699 F. Supp. 2d 15, 25 (D.D.C.
2010) (PLF) (stating that “a word or common phrase” in a song is a unprotectible element).
More specifically, “[t]he use of a cliché short phrase in a hip-hop song treating a very common
subject cannot be said to create a distinctive musical effect” to constitute protectible work. Id.
In addition, a common rhyme scheme is not a protectible expression. Id. at 29.
The common short words that Plaintiff emphasizes in both his and Defendants’ songs are
not protectible elements of his work. They are similar to––and in some instances, more
ubiquitous than––other words and phrases that courts have held not to be protectible. For
example, a “phrase five syllables long” about “a person reaching out and asking for help or
counsel from a god;” the phrase “so high;” the words “smoke” and “drink;” the word “king;” and
the phrase “get it poppin’” were held to not be protectible expressions. Prunte, 699 F. Supp. 2d
at 26–27. In another case, the court found that “neither the song title ‘The Keys to the Kingdom’
nor the phrase ‘keys to the kingdom’ is copyrightable material.” Prunty, 130 F. Supp. 3d at 390
(ruling on motion to dismiss). Here, common words like “sexy,” “yeah,” “kickin’,” “okay,”
“action,” “scenes,” “where,” “been,” “today,” “make,” and “hundreds,” among others that
Plaintiff emphasized, are not protectible, nor is a phrase like “wa-pow”. Additionally, to the
extent that Plaintiff was identifying a common rhyme scheme when he emphasized the words
“reckless,” “restless,” and “check this” in his song, and the words “requests,” “unprotected,” and
“electric” in Defendants’ song, that too is not a protectible element of his work. Plaintiff does
not present facts that any other part of “Reach for the Skies”––the beat, song structure, sentence
structure, or anything else––is protectible.
15 Assuming arguendo that Plaintiff had identified protectible elements of his song “Reach
for the Skies,” Plaintiff does not satisfy the second element of substantial similarity, which “rests
on whether the average ‘lay observer would recognize the alleged copy as having been
appropriated from the copyrighted work.’” Whitehead v. CBS/Viacom, Inc., 315 F. Supp. 2d 1, 8
(D.D.C. 2004) (quoting Atkins v. Fischer, 331 F.3d 988, 993 (D.C. Cir. 2003)). This element
depends “on the ‘total concept and feel’ of the works, notwithstanding any differences between
the copyrighted and allegedly infringing work.” Gaines v. D.C., 961 F. Supp. 2d 218, 223
(D.D.C. 2013) (BJR) (citing Whitehead, 315 F. Supp. 2d at 8) (ruling on motion to dismiss).
Altogether, a “random” assortment of “similarities scattered throughout the works… does not
support a finding of substantial similarity where [the] works as a whole are not substantially
similar.” Whitehead v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 53 F. Supp. 2d 38, 50 (D.D.C. (PLF) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted).
Here, the Court finds that the total concept and feel of the two songs have nothing in
common such that no trier of fact could rationally determine them to be substantially similar.
See Buchanan, 2020 WL 2735592, at *8. Plaintiff’s conclusory allegations of “uncanny
resemblance” and that the Defendants were “saying all the things exactly the way I have written
them,” Pl.’s Resp. at 3, 7, does not constitute similarity to state a plausible claim for copyright
infringement. In presenting the lyrics of “Reach for the Skies” and “Way 2 Sexy,” Plaintiff has
cherrypicked random words that appear in both songs. As mentioned above, Plaintiff underlined
words such as “sexy,” “okay,” “action,” “been,” and “hundreds” that are present in both his song
and Defendants’ song. Pl.’s Mot. at 8–9. The longest phrase shared by both songs is “yeah,
yeah.” Id. at 8–10. That both songs use these random, common words––the longest of which is
a repeated two-word phrase––is insufficient to establish similarity. See Prunty, 130 F. Supp. 3d
16 at 390 (ruling on a motion to dismiss, stating that a court may “conclude[] that, other than… [a
certain] phrase… appearing in both songs’ lyrics, they bear little resemblance to one another and
thus are not ‘substantially similar.’”).
In addition, Plaintiff’s cherrypicked words are presented in different contexts in the two
songs. For example, Plaintiff underlines the word “like” in both songs. In his song “Reach for
the Skies,” the word “like” is used as a conjunction: “Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious like how
real it feels… Understand me, health is like a true reflection of reality… Talking like she Nicki
Nicki…Like stars when you shine…”. Id. at 8. In Defendants’ song “Way 2 Sexy,” the word
“like” is primarily used as a verb: “I like it crowded… I like it crowded… Oh, you like the boy?
Well tell me what you like about him…” Id. at 9; but see id. (using “like” as a conjunction in
one instance: “… they look like a switch…”). Elsewhere, Plaintiff underlines the word “scenes”
and “scene” in each song, but the words are used in dissimilar contexts. Plaintiff writes “Couture
vogue magazines, romantic movie scenes,” while Defendants write “Did a 360 windmill when I
left the scene.” Id. at 8–9. Therefore, not only are the alleged similarities just random, common
words scattered throughout each song, but those words are used in different ways, further
establishing a lack of similarity.
The songs also appear to have unrelated subject matters or themes. While Plaintiff’s
“Reach for the Skies” is about Plaintiff “Angelou Skywalker shooting for the stars,” per
Plaintiff’s own description, id. at 10, Defendants’ “Way 2 Sexy” appears to be about the singer’s
sexiness. The Court also finds that the two songs lack similarity with respect to sentence
structure, overall song structure, or anything else. Altogether, an average lay observer would not
recognize Defendants’ song as having copied Plaintiff’s, as the two songs do not have a similar
17 concept and feel, and any similarities are only random words scattered throughout. Plaintiff has
failed to allege facts showing any real similarity.
* * *
In sum, the Court finds that Plaintiff did allege ownership of a valid copyright. However,
Plaintiff failed to allege facts showing that Defendants had access to his song “Reach for the
Skies” nor that there is substantial similarity between “Reach for the Skies” and Defendants’
song “Way 2 Sexy.” Therefore, Plaintiff did not demonstrate the second element of a copyright
infringement claim sufficient to state a claim for relief, and the Court grants Defendants’ Motion
to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint under Rule 12(b)(6).
C. Motion to Dismiss Under Rule 8
Defendants also move to dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 8, arguing that Plaintiff “fails to allege any facts concerning the specific acts allegedly
committed by each Defendant and how each Defendant’s actions constitute copyright
infringement.” Defs.’ Mot. at 13–14 (emphasis in original).
Rule 8 requires that a plaintiff provide each defendant with “fair notice of each claim and
its basis,” Sparrow v. United Air Lines, Inc., 216 F.3d 1111, 1118 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (citation
omitted), so as to allow defendants to prepare an “adequate defense,” Penkoski v. Bowser, 486 F.
Supp. 3d 219, 239 (D.D.C. 2020) (TNM). “[E]ven a pro se complaint is subject to dismissal if
the pleading fails reasonably to inform the adverse party of the asserted cause of action.” Brown,
75 F.R.D. at 498. “[A] plaintiff cannot satisfy the minimum pleading requirements under Rule
8… by lumping all the defendants together in each claim and providing no factual basis to
distinguish their conduct.” Toumazou v. Turkish Republic of N. Cyprus, 71. F. Supp. 3d 7, 21
(D.D.C. 2014) (PLF) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Additionally, a plaintiff
18 must present “some information about the circumstances giving rise to the claims,”
Aktieselskabet AF 21. Nov. 2001 v. Fame Jeans, Inc., 525 F.3d 8, 16 n.4 (D.C. Cir. 2008)
(emphasis in original); see also Brown, 75 F.R.D. at 498 (finding fault where plaintiff did not
allege “with even modest particularity the dates and places of the transactions of which he
complains”), such as facts concerning specific actions taken by defendants, see Iqbal, 556 U.S. at
678 (Rule 8 “demands more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully harmed-me
accusation).
Plaintiff’s Complaint names Aubrey Graham, UMG, Republic Records, and OVO as
Defendants but makes little, if any, distinction in terms of each parties’ role in the alleged
copyright infringement. The only references to any Defendants by name are when Plaintiff
mentions his alleged “dealings with… music label UMG,” that his song was “distributed by
Drake’s label UMG,” and references to “a song released by Drake.” Compl. at 1–2. Plaintiff’s
later pleadings also do not specify each Defendants’ role in the alleged infringement; the only
mentions are referencing UMG’s relationship to Spinnup and noting that UMG is Drake’s “music
distributor & collaborator.” Pl.’s Mot. at 2–3; Pl.’s Resp. at 4. Plaintiff alleges no facts
regarding individual Defendants’ actions giving rise to copyright infringement. Notably, Plaintiff
does not mention Defendants OVO or Republic Records anywhere in his pleadings, providing
those Defendants with absolutely no notice as to the specific allegations against them. In sum,
Plaintiff fails to plead factual allegations regarding how each named Defendant was specifically
involved in infringing on Plaintiff’s song “Reach for the Skies.” For this reason, the Court finds
that Plaintiff fails to satisfy the pleading requirements established by Rule 8, which is additional
grounds for granting Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss.
The Court also notes that while the Complaint lists Drake and OVO as Defendants,
19 Plaintiff does not appear to have attempted service on either of these Defendants; rather,
Plaintiff’s Proof of Service indicates a summons for “Aubrey Graham – Drake, by serving
UMG.” See ECF No. 3; Def.’s Mot. at 4 n.4 (noting that UMG is not authorized to receive
service of process for Drake or OVO).
D. Plaintiff’s Communications
Finally, the Court discusses Plaintiff’s communications with both Defendants’ counsels
and the Court.
To begin, although pro se litigants are held to a more lenient standard than those
represented by counsel, they must nevertheless comply with the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure, Local Rules of Civil Procedure, and court orders. Jarrell v. Tisch, 656 F. Supp. 237,
239 (D.D.C. 1987) (Penn, J.); Garlington v. D.C. Water & Sewer Auth’y, 62 F. Supp. 3d 23, 27
(D.D.C. 2014) (BAH).
Plaintiff has violated these rules and orders myriad times, and the Court has made
Plaintiff aware of his violations and the potential repercussions. The Court notified Plaintiff that
inappropriate communications with Defendants’ counsels could lead to “sanctions––including, if
appropriate, termination of this case,” Order at 2, ECF No. 10, yet Plaintiff continued to send
counsels emails with threatening, obscene, and inappropriate language as well as sexually lewd
references. The Court has also issued numerous orders instructing Plaintiff to stop submitting
letters to the Court, including an order in which the Court warned Plaintiff that “efforts by
Plaintiff to disregard this Court’s orders and this jurisdiction’s local rules… may result in sua
sponte dismissal of this case.” Order, ECF No. 17. Nevertheless, Plaintiff continued to send
frivolous letters to the Court––for a total of nearly fifty letters––that were addressed directly to
Judge Kollar-Kotelly, discussing unrelated topics and filled with inappropriate language.
20 “It is beyond dispute that courts have the inherent power to sanction parties who disobey
judicial orders and engage in bad-faith conduct that violates the integrity of the judicial process.”
Pinson v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 104 F. Supp. 3d 30, 36 (D.D.C. 2015) (RC). And while
“dismissal with prejudice is the exception, not the rule, in federal practice because it ‘operates as
a rejection of plaintiff’s claims on the merits and [ultimately] precludes further litigation of
them,’” Rudder v. Williams, 666 F.3d 790, 794 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (alteration in original (quoting
Belizan v. Hershon, 434 F.3d 579, 583 (D.C. Cir. 2006)), “[i]n rare circumstances, a district court
may use its inherent power to dismiss with prejudice (as a sanction for misconduct),” Caribbean
Broadcasting Sys., Ltd. v. Cable & Wireless P.L.C., 148 F.3d 1080, 1091 (D.C. Cir. 1998).
The Court finds that in disobeying the Court’s orders and engaging in bad faith conduct
by sending both inappropriate emails to Defendants’ counsels and inappropriate letters to Judge
Kollar-Kotelly, Plaintiff’s repeated and blatant misconduct constitutes additional grounds for
dismissal of Plaintiff’s Complaint––significantly, dismissal with prejudice.
IV. CONCLUSION AND ORDER
For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby ORDERED that Defendants’ [43] Motion to
Dismiss is GRANTED and Plaintiff’s Complaint is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE in its
entirety. The Court DISMISSES Plaintiff’s Complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) and Rule 8 and, as
additional grounds, DISMISSES WITH PREJUDICE Plaintiff’s Complaint as a sanction for
Plaintiff’s repeated misconduct. An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
The Clerk of Court is instructed to mail a copy of this Memorandum Opinion and
accompanying Order to Plaintiff's address of record.
Dated: December 1, 2022 /s/ COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY United States District Judge 21