Reilly, J.
The people appeal by leave granted a circuit court order affirming a district court’s dismissal, on speedy trial grounds, of a charge of operating a motor vehicle while impaired, third offense, MCL 257.625b; MSA 9.2325(2). We reverse.
Defendant was arrested on January 18, 1990, and charged with the offense. On May 8, 1990, defendant entered a plea of no contest to the impaired-driving charge. However, in June 1990, defendant brought a motion to reduce the charge from impaired driving, third offense, to impaired driving, second offense. Defendant’s motion was apparently unsuccessful, and he moved to withdraw his plea. The motion to withdraw the plea was granted, and trial was set for September 24, 1990. Trial was adjourned twice, once at defendant’s request and once at the people’s request. On November, 19, 1990, the last adjourned date for trial, the people again requested an adjournment. The request was denied, and the charge against defendant was dismissed without prejudice.
Three months later, on February 19, 1991, de[109]*109fendant was again charged with the impaired-driving offense. A pretrial conference was scheduled for May 16, 1991. However, apparently because of a misunderstanding between the prosecutor and defendant’s attorney, defendant was not present. Another pretrial conference was set for July 15, 1991, and on that date trial was scheduled for August 28, 1991. However, trial was apparently adjourned until the court heard defendant’s motion to dismiss, which was scheduled for September 17, 1991. On the date set for the hearing of the motion, the district court raised the issue of the right to a speedy trial. Because neither party had addressed the issue, the hearing was adjourned until November 21, 1991. That hearing was continued until January 6, 1992, and then until January 13, 1992, when the district court found that more than eighteen months had passed since defendant had been arrested and that, therefore, it was presumed that he was prejudiced by the delay. Accordingly, the district court dismissed the charge with prejudice. The circuit court affirmed the dismissal.
In order to determine whether a defendant has been denied his right to a speedy trial, this Court must consider (1) the length of the delay, (2) the reason for the delay, (3) the defendant’s assertion of the right to a speedy trial, and (4) any prejudice to the defendant. Barker v Wingo, 407 US 514, 530; 92 S Ct 2182; 33 L Ed 2d 101 (1972); People v Hill, 402 Mich 272, 283; 262 NW2d 641 (1978); People v Metzler, 193 Mich App 541, 546; 484 NW2d 695 (1992). A delay of more than eighteen months is presumed to be prejudicial and the burden is on the prosecution to prove lack of prejudice to the defendant. Id.; People v Lowenstein, 118 Mich App 475, 487; 325 NW2d 462 (1982). Pursuant to Barker, the presumptively [110]*110prejudicial delay triggers an inquiry into the other factors to be considered in the balancing of the competing interests to determine whether a defendant has been deprived of the right to a speedy trial. People v Rosengren, 159 Mich App 492, 506; 407 NW2d 391 (1987). See also People v Chism, 390 Mich 104, 112; 211 NW2d 193 (1973).
The people argue that we should not consider the period between defendant’s arrest and the initial dismissal without prejudice in calculating the delay in this case. See United States v Atisha, 804 F2d 920 (CA 6, 1986), cert den 479 US 1067 (1987). (The court considered only the constitutionality of the delay between the date the defendant was reindicted and the date he was first brought to trial.) But see United States v Colombo, 852 F2d 19 (CA 1, 1988), where the court distinguished between the situation where a charge is dismissed on the motion of a defendant and the situation where the government voluntarily dismisses charges. In the former situation, only the delay in the prosecution of the second indictment is relevant for Sixth Amendment purposes. In the latter situation, the time elapsed during the pendency of the first charge is not excluded. This issue has not been directly addressed by the appellate courts of this state. Although we prefer the rationale employed in Colombo, we need not decide the issue because we conclude that even considering the time elapsed before the initial dismissal in this case, defendant was not denied a speedy trial.
The delay between defendant’s arrest and the ultimate dismissal of the impaired-driving charge was twenty-four months. However, defendant concedes that he was responsible for five months of the delay during the period between his no-contest plea and the first adjourned trial date. Having reviewed the record, we believe that at least an[111]*111other month and a half of the delay may be attributed to defendant. Although defendant contends that the delay between the dismissal without prejudice and the reinstatement of the charge should be attributed to the prosecution, we believe that the delay should not be attributed to either side because there was no charge pending against defendant during those three months. Rosengren, supra at 506. See also People v Boucher, 131 Mich App 216, 219; 345 NW2d 670 (1983), United States v Loud Hawk, 474 US 302, 310; 106 S Ct 648; 88 L Ed 2d 640 (1986), and United States ex rel Mitchell v Fairman, 750 F2d 806, 808 (CA 7, 1984). Although the dismissal of the charge against defendant was apparently due to the prosecutor’s failure to prepare for trial, there is no indication that the dismissal was the result of any "bad faith” on the part of the prosecutor.
We are aware that in Lowenstein, supra, a panel of this Court, although not directly addressing the issue, apparently considered the period of a dismissal in calculating the length of the delay for speedy-trial. To the extent that Lowenstein conflicts with Rosengren, we choose to follow the approach adopted in Rosengren.
The remaining 14!á-month delay, excluding the approximately one-month delay due to the prosecutor’s failure to be prepared for trial, primarily was due to delays inherent in the court system, i.e., docket congestion, the scheduling of pretrial conferences, adjournment to permit the filing of motions and answers to motions, and so forth. Although these delays are technically attributable to the prosecution, they are given a neutral tint and are assigned only minimal weight in determining whether a defendant was denied a speedy trial. People v Sickles, 162 Mich App 344, 356; 412 NW2d 734 (1987); Rosengren, supra.
[112]*112Furthermore, although defendant demanded a jury trial when the instant charge was brought, he did not pursue the speedy-trial issue until the district court raised the issue on September 17, 1991, twenty months after defendant was originally arrested. Defendant’s failure to assert his right is one of the factors to be considered in determining whether he was denied the right to a speedy trial. People v Collins, 388 Mich 680, 692; 202 NW2d 769 (1972). Defendant’s failure to assert timely his right in this case weighs against a finding that he was denied a speedy trial. Id.; People v Gravedoni, 172 Mich App 195, 199; 431 NW2d 221 (1988).
Lastly, with regard to prejudice to defendant, there are two types of prejudice, prejudice to the person and prejudice to the defense. Collins, supra at 694. Defendant has not alleged that he was incarcerated during the delay between arrest and trial.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Reilly, J.
The people appeal by leave granted a circuit court order affirming a district court’s dismissal, on speedy trial grounds, of a charge of operating a motor vehicle while impaired, third offense, MCL 257.625b; MSA 9.2325(2). We reverse.
Defendant was arrested on January 18, 1990, and charged with the offense. On May 8, 1990, defendant entered a plea of no contest to the impaired-driving charge. However, in June 1990, defendant brought a motion to reduce the charge from impaired driving, third offense, to impaired driving, second offense. Defendant’s motion was apparently unsuccessful, and he moved to withdraw his plea. The motion to withdraw the plea was granted, and trial was set for September 24, 1990. Trial was adjourned twice, once at defendant’s request and once at the people’s request. On November, 19, 1990, the last adjourned date for trial, the people again requested an adjournment. The request was denied, and the charge against defendant was dismissed without prejudice.
Three months later, on February 19, 1991, de[109]*109fendant was again charged with the impaired-driving offense. A pretrial conference was scheduled for May 16, 1991. However, apparently because of a misunderstanding between the prosecutor and defendant’s attorney, defendant was not present. Another pretrial conference was set for July 15, 1991, and on that date trial was scheduled for August 28, 1991. However, trial was apparently adjourned until the court heard defendant’s motion to dismiss, which was scheduled for September 17, 1991. On the date set for the hearing of the motion, the district court raised the issue of the right to a speedy trial. Because neither party had addressed the issue, the hearing was adjourned until November 21, 1991. That hearing was continued until January 6, 1992, and then until January 13, 1992, when the district court found that more than eighteen months had passed since defendant had been arrested and that, therefore, it was presumed that he was prejudiced by the delay. Accordingly, the district court dismissed the charge with prejudice. The circuit court affirmed the dismissal.
In order to determine whether a defendant has been denied his right to a speedy trial, this Court must consider (1) the length of the delay, (2) the reason for the delay, (3) the defendant’s assertion of the right to a speedy trial, and (4) any prejudice to the defendant. Barker v Wingo, 407 US 514, 530; 92 S Ct 2182; 33 L Ed 2d 101 (1972); People v Hill, 402 Mich 272, 283; 262 NW2d 641 (1978); People v Metzler, 193 Mich App 541, 546; 484 NW2d 695 (1992). A delay of more than eighteen months is presumed to be prejudicial and the burden is on the prosecution to prove lack of prejudice to the defendant. Id.; People v Lowenstein, 118 Mich App 475, 487; 325 NW2d 462 (1982). Pursuant to Barker, the presumptively [110]*110prejudicial delay triggers an inquiry into the other factors to be considered in the balancing of the competing interests to determine whether a defendant has been deprived of the right to a speedy trial. People v Rosengren, 159 Mich App 492, 506; 407 NW2d 391 (1987). See also People v Chism, 390 Mich 104, 112; 211 NW2d 193 (1973).
The people argue that we should not consider the period between defendant’s arrest and the initial dismissal without prejudice in calculating the delay in this case. See United States v Atisha, 804 F2d 920 (CA 6, 1986), cert den 479 US 1067 (1987). (The court considered only the constitutionality of the delay between the date the defendant was reindicted and the date he was first brought to trial.) But see United States v Colombo, 852 F2d 19 (CA 1, 1988), where the court distinguished between the situation where a charge is dismissed on the motion of a defendant and the situation where the government voluntarily dismisses charges. In the former situation, only the delay in the prosecution of the second indictment is relevant for Sixth Amendment purposes. In the latter situation, the time elapsed during the pendency of the first charge is not excluded. This issue has not been directly addressed by the appellate courts of this state. Although we prefer the rationale employed in Colombo, we need not decide the issue because we conclude that even considering the time elapsed before the initial dismissal in this case, defendant was not denied a speedy trial.
The delay between defendant’s arrest and the ultimate dismissal of the impaired-driving charge was twenty-four months. However, defendant concedes that he was responsible for five months of the delay during the period between his no-contest plea and the first adjourned trial date. Having reviewed the record, we believe that at least an[111]*111other month and a half of the delay may be attributed to defendant. Although defendant contends that the delay between the dismissal without prejudice and the reinstatement of the charge should be attributed to the prosecution, we believe that the delay should not be attributed to either side because there was no charge pending against defendant during those three months. Rosengren, supra at 506. See also People v Boucher, 131 Mich App 216, 219; 345 NW2d 670 (1983), United States v Loud Hawk, 474 US 302, 310; 106 S Ct 648; 88 L Ed 2d 640 (1986), and United States ex rel Mitchell v Fairman, 750 F2d 806, 808 (CA 7, 1984). Although the dismissal of the charge against defendant was apparently due to the prosecutor’s failure to prepare for trial, there is no indication that the dismissal was the result of any "bad faith” on the part of the prosecutor.
We are aware that in Lowenstein, supra, a panel of this Court, although not directly addressing the issue, apparently considered the period of a dismissal in calculating the length of the delay for speedy-trial. To the extent that Lowenstein conflicts with Rosengren, we choose to follow the approach adopted in Rosengren.
The remaining 14!á-month delay, excluding the approximately one-month delay due to the prosecutor’s failure to be prepared for trial, primarily was due to delays inherent in the court system, i.e., docket congestion, the scheduling of pretrial conferences, adjournment to permit the filing of motions and answers to motions, and so forth. Although these delays are technically attributable to the prosecution, they are given a neutral tint and are assigned only minimal weight in determining whether a defendant was denied a speedy trial. People v Sickles, 162 Mich App 344, 356; 412 NW2d 734 (1987); Rosengren, supra.
[112]*112Furthermore, although defendant demanded a jury trial when the instant charge was brought, he did not pursue the speedy-trial issue until the district court raised the issue on September 17, 1991, twenty months after defendant was originally arrested. Defendant’s failure to assert his right is one of the factors to be considered in determining whether he was denied the right to a speedy trial. People v Collins, 388 Mich 680, 692; 202 NW2d 769 (1972). Defendant’s failure to assert timely his right in this case weighs against a finding that he was denied a speedy trial. Id.; People v Gravedoni, 172 Mich App 195, 199; 431 NW2d 221 (1988).
Lastly, with regard to prejudice to defendant, there are two types of prejudice, prejudice to the person and prejudice to the defense. Collins, supra at 694. Defendant has not alleged that he was incarcerated during the delay between arrest and trial. Therefore, there is no allegation of prejudice to the person. However, defendant has asserted that his defense was harmed by the delay. Defendant argues that the delay would make it difficult for him to ensure that his witnesses would appear at trial and that the witnesses’ memories may fade over time. Specifically, defendant cites the instance of one defense witness who, although subpoenaed, did not appear for trial scheduled on November 19, 1990. Defendant does not explain how the witness’ nonappearance in November 1990 is related to his claim that he was prejudiced by the denial of a speedy trial. The fact that the witness did not appear in November of 1990, only eleven months after defendant’s arrest, indicates to us that the witness was unwilling to appear at any time, rather than that defendant was prejudiced because of the dismissal and reinstatement of the charge. Furthermore, defendant does not [113]*113indicate how this witness or any other witnesses whose memories might have faded would aid in his defense.1
On the basis of our consideration of the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, defendant’s late assertion of his right to a speedy trial, and any prejudice to defendant, we conclude that defendant was not denied his right to a speedy trial.
Reversed and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
Griffin, P.J, concurred.