2014 IL App (3d) 130275
Opinion filed July 1, 2014 _____________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
THIRD DISTRICT
A.D., 2014
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ILLINOIS, ) of the 12th Judicial Circuit, ) Will County, Illinois. Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) Appeal No. 3-13-0275 v. ) Circuit No. 06-CF-652 ) PETER A. VENTSIAS, ) The Honorable ) Richard C. Schoenstedt, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding. ____________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE CARTER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Presiding Justice Lytton and Justice McDade concurred in the judgment and opinion. _____________________________________________________________________________
OPINION
¶1 After a jury trial, defendant, Peter A. Ventsias, was convicted of predatory criminal
sexual assault of a child (720 ILCS 5/12-14.1(a)(1) (West 2006)). Prior to sentencing, he filed a
motion to dismiss the charge, alleging a double jeopardy violation. The trial court denied the
motion, and defendant filed an interlocutory appeal to challenge that ruling. We affirm the trial
court's judgment.
¶2 FACTS
¶3 In March 2006, defendant was arrested and charged with one count of predatory criminal
sexual assault of a child (the predatory charge), a Class X felony, and one count of aggravated criminal sexual abuse (the abuse charge), a Class 2 felony (720 ILCS 5/12-16(c)(1)(i) (West
2006)), for allegedly sexually molesting eight-year-old G.L. A jury trial was held in December
2007 and defendant was found guilty of the predatory charge and not guilty of the abuse charge.
Defendant was subsequently sentenced to 11 years' imprisonment. Defendant appealed, and this
court reversed defendant's conviction on the predatory charge because of an issue of juror bias
and remanded the case for a new trial on that charge. People v. Ventsias, No. 3-08-0209 (2009)
(unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23).
¶4 In January 2012, while the case was on remand and prior to a second trial, the State and
the defense informed the trial court at a pretrial hearing that they had entered into a plea
agreement wherein defendant would plead guilty to the abuse charge of which he had previously
been acquitted and the State would nol-pros the predatory charge.1 As part of the parties' plea
agreement, a sentencing hearing would be scheduled and it was anticipated that the parties would
reach an agreement as to the sentence, as well. In taking defendant's plea of guilty, the trial court
thoroughly admonished defendant. Defendant was given all of the admonishments provided for
in Illinois Supreme Court Rule 402 (eff. July 1, 1997). In addition, based upon the unique
circumstances of the plea, defendant was thoroughly admonished that double jeopardy barred
reprosecution of defendant on the abuse charge because of the prior acquittal and that the only
way that the State could reinstate the charge was if defendant consented to the State doing so.
Defendant acknowledged that he understood all of the admonishments and that he was
consenting to the State reinstating the abuse charge. After the admonishments had concluded, 1 A motion by the State to nol-pros a particular criminal charge or case is comparable to a motion to
dismiss. See People v. Daniels, 187 Ill. 2d 301, 312 (1999); People v. Watson, 394 Ill. 177, 179-80 (1946). It is a
formal declaration by the prosecuting attorney that he is unwilling to prosecute the particular charge or case in
question. Id.
2 the trial court accepted defendant's plea of guilty on the abuse charge and the predatory charge
was nol-prossed pursuant to the plea agreement.2 The case was scheduled for a sentencing
hearing to take place a few months later.
¶5 At some point shortly thereafter, in a conversation that took place off the record, the trial
court mentioned to the attorneys involved that it had concerns over whether defendant could
properly plead guilty to a charge of which he had previously been acquitted. About a week after
the plea hearing, the State filed a motion to update the charges. In the motion, the State alleged
that at the time of the plea, the parties intended for defendant to plead guilty to a Class 2 felony
aggravated criminal sexual abuse charge and that they mistakenly believed that the prior abuse
charge could be reinstated. The State asked the trial court to vacate the plea and to "allow a
proper plea be entered instanter to the desired class 2 felony keeping the same sentencing date in
the future." When the motion came up for hearing, defense counsel informed the trial court that
defendant no longer wanted to enter a plea of guilty, that defendant wanted a trial, and that the
parties were asking by agreement to vacate the prior minutes and the previous plea of guilty.
Without providing defendant with any type of admonishments, the trial court vacated the prior
plea and reinstated the prior predatory charge.3 The trial court indicated on the record that the
predatory charge was being reinstated on the motion of the defense and asked defense counsel if
2 The trial court record does not clearly indicate whether the nolle prosequi was actually entered before or
after the plea was accepted. There is no mention of the nolle prosequi being entered in the transcript of the
proceeding, although it was mentioned by the prosecutor as one of the terms of the plea agreement when the trial
court was informed of the plea. The trial court docket sheet lists the entry of the guilty plea first, the nolle prosequi
second, and the entry of a judgment of conviction third. There is no dispute, however, that both the acceptance of
the plea and the nolle prosequi took place at the same plea hearing. 3 At times during the hearing, the trial court indicated that it was vacating the prior plea on its own motion.
3 he had any objection to that. Defense counsel responded that he did not. The trial court inquired
of defense counsel if defendant understood what was going on, and defense counsel responded
affirmatively.
¶6 A second jury trial took place on the predatory charge in July and August 2012 at
conclusion of which defendant was again found guilty. Prior to sentencing, defendant hired a
new attorney. The new attorney filed a motion to dismiss the predatory charge based upon a
double jeopardy violation.4 The trial court denied the motion after a hearing. As provided for in
Illinois Supreme Court Rule 604(f) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013), defendant filed the instant interlocutory
appeal to challenge the trial court's ruling.
¶7 ANALYSIS
¶8 Defendant argues on appeal that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the
predatory charge based upon a violation of double jeopardy. Defendant asserts that jeopardy
attached to the predatory charge at the plea hearing because the nolle prosequi of that charge was
not entered until after defendant's plea of guilty on the reinstated abuse charge had been
accepted. Thus, defendant contends that the nolle prosequi had the same effect as an acquittal
and that he could not be prosecuted further on the predatory charge. As part of that assertion,
defendant claims that his waiver of his double jeopardy rights on the abuse charge was valid
under the law and was supported by public policy and that his plea of guilty to that charge should
not have been vacated by the trial court. In the alternative, defendant asserts that even if his plea
to the abuse charge was invalid, reinstatement of the predatory charge and retrial of defendant on
4 Despite the statutory requirement (see 725 ILCS 5/114-1(a), (b) (West 2012)), defendant did not file his
motion to dismiss the charge prior to the second trial. No issue has been raised, however, as to whether the motion
to dismiss was timely filed.
4 that charge were barred under the circumstances of this case because defendant was never
admonished when the guilty plea was vacated that the predatory charge would be reinstated. For
all of the reasons set forth, defendant asks that we reverse the trial court's denial of his motion to
dismiss the predatory charge, that we vacate the finding of guilty on the predatory charge, that
we reinstate defendant's plea of guilty to the abuse charge, and that we remand the case with
directions to the trial court to sentence defendant on the abuse charge.
¶9 The State argues that the trial court's ruling was proper and should be upheld. The State
asserts that jeopardy did not attach to the predatory charge at the time of the plea hearing because
defendant did not enter a plea of guilty to that charge. Thus, the State contends that it was not
barred from prosecuting defendant further on the predatory charge. The State also asserts that
because defendant's plea to the reinstated abuse charge was invalid, the trial court was required
to vacate the plea and to reinstate the predatory charge, which had been nol-prossed pursuant to
the plea agreement. In support of that assertion, the State contends that a defendant who has
been acquitted of a charge after a trial cannot validly waive his double jeopardy rights as to that
charge to allow the charge to be reinstated, even if the defendant does so as part of a counseled
guilty plea in which a higher level of offense is being dismissed. As for defendant's claim
regarding admonishments, the State asserts that the admonishments cited by defendant were not
required in this case because the vacation of the plea was not being done on defendant's motion
but, rather, on motion of the State. The State disputes defendant's public policy assertion and
contends that public policy would not allow a person to plead guilty to a charge of which he had
previously been acquitted. For all the reasons cited, the State asks that we affirm the trial court's
denial of defendant's motion to dismiss the predatory charge on double jeopardy grounds.
5 ¶ 10 In general, a trial court's ruling on a motion to dismiss a charge on double jeopardy
grounds will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. People v. Griffith, 404 Ill.
App. 3d 1072, 1079 (2010). However, when neither the facts nor the credibility of the witnesses
is at issue in the appellate court's review of the trial court's ruling on the motion, such as in the
present case, the question becomes one of law and the standard of review on appeal is de novo.
See id.
¶ 11 "The double jeopardy clause of the fifth amendment to the United States Constitution,
made applicable to the states through the fourteenth amendment, provides that no person shall 'be
subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.' U.S. Const., amends. V,
XIV." People v. Bellmyer, 199 Ill. 2d 529, 536-37 (2002). Similar protection is provided by the
Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 10) and by Illinois statute (720 ILCS 5/3-4(a)
(West 2012)). Bellmyer, 199 Ill. 2d at 537. The prohibition against double jeopardy stems from
an intent to promote fairness and finality in legal proceedings. Daniels, 187 Ill. 2d at 309. "The
cornerstone of the double jeopardy clause is 'that the State with all its resources and power
should not be allowed to make repeated attempts to convict an individual for an alleged offense,
thereby subjecting him to embarrassment, expense and ordeal and compelling him to live in a
continuing state of anxiety and insecurity, as well as enhancing the possibility that even though
innocent he may be found guilty.' " People v. Williams, 188 Ill. 2d 293, 307 (1999) (quoting
Green v. United States, 355 U.S. 184, 187-88 (1957)). The protection provided by the double
jeopardy clause has been put into effect through rules that specify when jeopardy attaches and
that prohibit a subsequent prosecution in certain situations that would violate the double jeopardy
clause. See People v. Knaff, 196 Ill. 2d 460, 468 (2001). The rules with regard to double
jeopardy, however, should not be applied in a mechanical nature, especially if the situation is
6 such that the interests the rules seek to protect are not endangered and a mechanical application
would frustrate society's interest in enforcing its criminal laws. See id. at 468-69.
¶ 12 The double jeopardy clause protects against three distinct abuses: (1) a second
prosecution for the same offense after acquittal; (2) a second prosecution for the same offense
after conviction; and (3) multiple punishments for the same offense. People v. Henry, 204 Ill. 2d
267, 283 (2003). Only the first protection is involved in the instant case. To determine whether
a retrial or other subsequent proceeding would violate a defendant's double jeopardy rights, a
reviewing court must decide whether the defendant was placed in jeopardy during the first
proceeding and, if so, whether the defendant can nevertheless be subjected to a retrial or other
subsequent proceeding. See Bellmyer, 199 Ill. 2d at 537. The first step in that analysis is to
determine the point in the initial proceeding when jeopardy attached. Id. at 538. The law in that
regard is well established. In a jury trial, jeopardy attaches when the jury is impaneled and
sworn; in a bench trial, jeopardy attaches when the first witness is sworn and the court begins to
hear evidence; and in a guilty plea proceeding, jeopardy attaches when the guilty plea is accepted
by the trial court but only attaches to those offenses to which the defendant pleads guilty.
Watson, 394 Ill. at 180-83; People v. McCutcheon, 68 Ill. 2d 101, 106-08 (1977); Daniels, 187
Ill. 2d at 310-13; People v. Cabrera, 402 Ill. App. 3d 440, 447-48 (2010). As for a motion by the
State to nol-pros a charge, if the motion is allowed and entered before jeopardy has attached to
the charge, the nolle prosequi does not operate as an acquittal, and a subsequent prosecution for
the same offense can legally proceed. Id. If, on the other hand, a motion to nol-pros is allowed
and entered after jeopardy has attached to the charge, the nolle prosequi has the same effect as an
acquittal, and the State may not pursue that charge in a subsequent proceeding. Id.
7 ¶ 13 Regardless of the context, the protection against double jeopardy only applies if there has
been some event that terminates the original jeopardy. See Cabrera, 402 Ill. App. 3d at 449.
Under the concept of continuing jeopardy, reprosecution is not barred by the double jeopardy
clause in certain circumstances where the criminal proceeding against a defendant has not run its
full course. Id. For example, double jeopardy does not prevent a retrial when a defendant's
conviction is reversed on appeal, unless the reversal is because of insufficient evidence; nor does
double jeopardy prohibit a retrial when the initial trial was ended as the result of a properly
declared mistrial. Id. By the same token, double jeopardy does not bar subsequent prosecution
of a charge to which a defendant's plea of guilty was accepted, if the plea proceeding is later
terminated for a proper reason, such as if the plea is properly vacated. See id. However, if a plea
proceeding is terminated improperly after jeopardy has already attached, a subsequent
prosecution on the charge to which defendant originally pled guilty will be prohibited by the
double jeopardy clause, the same as if a jury or bench trial was terminated improperly. Id.
¶ 14 In the instant case, after having reviewed the law in this area and the unique facts
involved, we find that the trial court properly denied defendant's motion to dismiss the predatory
charge on double jeopardy grounds. Simply put, jeopardy did not attach to the predatory charge
at the time of the plea hearing because defendant did not enter a plea of guilty to that charge.
See Watson, 394 Ill. at 180-83; McCutcheon, 68 Ill. 2d at 106-08; Daniels, 187 Ill. 2d at 310-13;
Cabrera, 402 Ill. App. 3d at 447-48. Rather, the charge was nol-prossed on motion of the State
during the same hearing as part of the plea agreement. Although there have been some unclear
statements in the law on this point, we believe that the precedent of our supreme court is fairly
well settled that jeopardy would not have attached to the predatory charge at the time of the plea
8 hearing under the circumstances of the present case. See id. We, therefore, reject defendant's
argument on this issue.
¶ 15 In reaching that conclusion, we note that even if jeopardy had attached to the predatory
charge at the plea hearing, we still would have to find that the subsequent prosecution on that
charge did not violate defendant's double jeopardy rights because the plea proceeding was
properly terminated by the trial court when the trial court and the parties realized that defendant
could not enter a valid plea of guilty on a charge of which he had already been acquitted. See
Cabrera, 402 Ill. App. 3d at 447-49; People v. Caban, 318 Ill. App. 3d 1082, 1089-90 (2001)
(double jeopardy did not bar a subsequent trial where defendant's plea of guilty to the charge in
question was vacated on the State's motion because the agreed sentence did not comply with the
statutory guidelines). Defendant's assertion to the contrary is based upon the faulty premise that
at the plea hearing, he made a valid waiver of his double jeopardy rights as to the abuse charge,
even though he had previously been acquitted of that charge after a jury trial. Although double
jeopardy rights may be waived in some circumstances, they may not be waived under the
circumstances of the present case in which the State is constitutionally prohibited from
prosecuting defendant or from haling defendant into court on the charge in question. See
Blackledge v. Perry, 417 U.S. 21, 29-31 (1974) (in a case involving a due process claim that was
similar to a claim of double jeopardy, the United States Supreme Court held that defendant did
not waive his due process claim by pleading guilty to a felony charge, which was brought in
response to defendant's appeal of his conviction on a similar misdemeanor charge involving the
same incident, because the defendant's right in that particular instance was the right not to be
haled into court at all on the felony charge and the very initiation of further proceedings against
the defendant violated due process of law); Menna v. New York, 423 U.S. 61, 62-63 (1975) (in a
9 case in which the defendant was charged with, and pled guilty to, a criminal offense for refusing
to testify before a grand jury after he had already been found in contempt and had already served
a 30-day jail sentence for the same incident, the United States Supreme Court reversed the state
appellate court's ruling that the defendant had waived his double jeopardy rights by pleading
guilty to the criminal charge and remanded the case to the appellate court for a determination as
to the merits of the defendant's double jeopardy claim, stating that "[w]here the State is
precluded by the United States Constitution from haling a defendant into court on a charge,
federal law requires that a conviction on that charge be set aside even if the conviction was
entered pursuant to a counseled plea of guilty"); United States v. Broce, 488 U.S. 563, 574-76
(1989) (in a case in which a defendant who pled guilty to two conspiracies later sought to have
the sentences set aside, alleging that there was only a single conspiracy, the United States
Supreme Court noted that although double jeopardy claims in a criminal case were generally
waived when a defendant pled guilty, there was an exception to that rule that applied in
situations where the State could not hale the defendant into court or constitutionally prosecute
the defendant on the charge in question). Thus, the waiver of defendant's double jeopardy rights
in the present case was invalid and the trial court properly vacated defendant's guilty plea on the
State's motion and properly reinstated the predatory charge. See id.
¶ 16 We recognize the practical application of defendant's public policy argument—that a
defendant should be allowed to waive his double jeopardy protection as part of a plea agreement
if it is in his benefit to do so, as long as the waiver is knowingly and voluntarily made. However,
we cannot ignore the strong indication in the decisions of the United States Supreme Court that
in this particular situation—where a defendant has been previously acquitted of a charge—the
protection against double jeopardy is so fundamental to the integrity of our justice system that it
10 cannot be waived by a defendant, even as the result of a counseled guilty plea. See id; Martinez
v. Illinois, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 134 S. Ct. 2070, 2077 (2014) (in a case in which the State
respectfully refused to participate in defendant's jury trial after its motion to continue the trial
was denied, the United States Supreme Court held that the State could not appeal the grant of a
directed verdict of not guilty for defendant and stated that "the State knew, or should have
known, that an acquittal forever bars the retrial of the defendant when it occurs after jeopardy
has attached"). In line with that same precedent, we also do not believe that the State has the
ability to reinstate the charge under the circumstances of the present case. See Blackledge, 417
U.S. at 29-31; Menna, 423 U.S. at 62-63; Broce, 488 U.S. at 574-76.
¶ 17 As for defendant's assertion in the alternative—that the vacation of the plea and the
subsequent trial on the predatory charge were improper because defendant was not admonished
at the time the plea was vacated that the predatory charge would be reinstated—we find that
assertion to be misplaced. The admonishments to which defendant refers apply in a situation
where a plea is vacated on defendant's own motion. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 605(b) (eff. Oct. 1, 2001).
That rule has no application under the facts of the present case, where the plea was vacated on
the motion of State or on the motion of the trial court itself. Regardless of any admonishments
or whether defendant agreed, the plea in the instant case was going to be vacated by the trial
court because the plea was constitutionally impermissible. See Blackledge, 417 U.S. at 29-31;
Menna, 423 U.S. at 62-63; Broce, 488 U.S. at 574-76.
¶ 18 CONCLUSION
¶ 19 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Will County.
¶ 20 Affirmed.