2015 IL App (4th) 130889 FILED August 4, 2015 Carla Bender NO. 4-13-0889 4th District Appellate Court, IL IN THE APPELLATE COURT
OF ILLINOIS
FOURTH DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of v. ) Livingston County DARYLL G. STUTZMAN, ) No. 12CF17 Defendant-Appellant. ) ) ) Honorable ) Jennifer H. Bauknecht, ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE STEIGMANN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Holder White and Appleton concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 In June 2013, defendant, Daryll G. Stutzman, pleaded guilty pursuant to a negoti-
ated guilty plea agreement to (1) reckless homicide (720 ILCS 5/9-3(a) (West 2010)) and (2) ag-
gravated driving under the influence (aggravated DUI) (625 ILCS 5/11-501(d)(1)(F) (West
2010)). In August 2013, the trial court imposed concurrent sentences of three years for each of-
fense.
¶2 Defendant appeals, arguing that (1) his convictions violated the one-act, one-
crime doctrine; and (2) the trial court abused its discretion by failing to find extraordinary cir-
cumstances existed to impose a sentence of probation. Because we agree with defendant's first
argument, we vacate his conviction for reckless homicide and remand with directions.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 A. The State's Charges ¶5 In January 2012, the State charged defendant with (1) reckless homicide (count I),
(2) aggravated DUI (count II), and (3) two counts of DUI (625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(1) (West
2010)) (counts III and IV).
¶6 In count I, the State alleged the following:
"[D]efendant, on or about *** September 11, 2011, *** while act-
ing in a reckless manner, performed acts likely to cause death of,
or great bodily harm to, some individual in that he operated *** a
yellow, 2000 Jeep Wrangler *** at a time when his blood-alcohol
content was above .08, with an unrestrained, intoxicated front seat
passenger in a vehicle with detached doors, and turned *** at a
speed which was greater than was reasonable and proper with re-
gard to existing conditions, causing Lisa Loyer to fall from the ve-
hicle, thereby causing [her] death[.]"
¶7 In count II, the State alleged the following:
"[D]efendant on or about *** September 11, 2011, *** drove a
motor vehicle, a yellow 2000 Jeep Wrangler, *** while the alcohol
concentration in such person's blood or breath was .08 or more ***
was involved in a motor vehicle accident that resulted in the death
of Lisa Loyer[.]"
¶8 B. Defendant's Guilty Plea Hearing
¶9 At a June 2013 hearing, defendant pleaded guilty to counts I and II. In exchange
for defendant's guilty plea, the State dismissed the remaining counts but did not make any sen-
tencing recommendations. After appropriately admonishing defendant in accordance with Illi-
-2- nois Supreme Court Rule 402 (eff. July 1, 2012), the trial court considered the State's factual ba-
sis and the parties' stipulation that Loyer was unrestrained at the time of the accident. Thereafter,
the court (1) accepted defendant's guilty plea and (2) ordered the probation office to prepare a
presentence investigation report (PSI).
¶ 10 C. Defendant's Sentencing Hearing
¶ 11 1. The Evidence Presented
¶ 12 At defendant's August 2013 sentencing hearing, the trial court considered (1) a
drug and alcohol evaluation report provided by the Illinois Department of Human Services; and
(2) defendant's PSI, which provided a section entitled, "Circumstances of Offense," that was sub-
stantially similar to the factual basis the State provided at defendant's June 2013 guilty plea hear-
ing. The evidence presented at defendant's sentencing hearing showed the following.
¶ 13 On the evening of September 11, 2011, defendant, a corrections officer at Dwight
Correctional Center, was at Banger's Bar, a business that he co-owned. One of defendant's pa-
trons that night was Loyer, a fellow corrections officer. Sometime prior to 11 p.m., defendant
observed that Loyer's alcohol consumption had rendered her unable to drive. Defendant asked
Loyer for her car keys, intending to drive her home. After Loyer complied, defendant assisted
Loyer to her Jeep—which did not have a driver or passenger door. While driving Loyer home,
defendant attempted a left turn. As he did so, Loyer fell out of the Jeep, struck her head on the
roadway, and later died from her injuries.
¶ 14 Responding Illinois State trooper Matthew Frizzell noticed a "moderate" odor of
alcohol coming from defendant's breath. Defendant admitted that he had been drinking "every
now and then over the course of [three to four] hours" while bartending, but he refused to submit
to a Breathalyzer test or have his blood drawn. Defendant also claimed that the half-full bottle of
-3- "Mike's Hard Lemonade" another trooper found upright on the driver's side floorboard of the
Jeep must have been Loyer's. Because of the serious nature of Loyer's injuries, Frizzell had de-
fendant's blood drawn involuntarily. Testing later revealed that defendant's blood-alcohol con-
tent (BAC) was 0.124. Responding to a tip provided by a retired police officer, police later
viewed the surveillance tapes of a local convenience store, which showed that just prior to the
accident, defendant bought a bottle of Mike's Hard Lemonade and returned to Loyer's Jeep.
¶ 15 Five character witnesses called on defendant's behalf—defendant's supervisor at
Dwight Correctional Center, a correctional center coworker, a family friend, Loyer's twin sister,
and Loyer' mother—testified generally about defendant's exceptional work ethic, willingness to
assist others, and overwhelming remorse over Loyer's death. Loyer's twin sister and mother add-
ed that they held no animosity toward defendant because Loyer's death was a tragic accident.
¶ 16 2. Closing Arguments
¶ 17 The parties' closing arguments concentrated on section 11-501(d)(2)(G) of the
Illinois Vehicle Code (625 ILCS 5/11-501(d)(2)(G) (West 2010)), which allows the trial court to
impose a term of probation for an aggravated DUI conviction if "extraordinary circumstances
exist." The State argued that extraordinary circumstances did not exist and asked the court to
impose a six-year prison sentence. Defendant requested that the court impose a probationary
term, emphasizing (1) his exemplary performance as a corrections officer and (2) the level of
empathy and understanding exhibited by Loyer's family as factors that constituted such extraor-
dinary circumstances.
¶ 18 3. The Trial Court's Judgment
¶ 19 After a short recess, the trial court found as follows:
"[The court] certainly recognize[s] that [defendant is] a great
-4- neighbor, a very strong, hard worker. You're a good person. A
bad thing happened. But in [the court's] mind when [the court is]
thinking of extraordinary mitigating circumstances, *** there was
another option that night; and the other option was take the keys
from [Loyer] and call both of you a ride home.
***
And [the court] understand[s] the victim's position. [The
court] understand[s] the family's position. [The court is] glad that
[defendant has] that support. But when [the court] consider[s] pro-
tection of the public and the message that it sends to the public,
*** unfortunately we have a lot of good people in this community
that makes mistakes. It happens. They make mistakes.
*** Does that rise to the level of extraordinary mitigating
circumstances? [The court does not] think so. [The court does
not] know what would. But in [the court's] mind, this does not.
Had the legislature intended a situation like this to be probation el-
igible[, the court] think[s] there would be a way to do that; but here
[the court does] not believe that the circumstances rise to the level
of *** extraordinary, mitigating circumstances.
*** Even though the incident is different than a lot of
DUI's, it’s the same as every DUI. [Defendant] made a decision to
drive when [he] shouldn't have; and unfortunately nobody can take
it back; and [the court] know[s] that you want to take it back; but
-5- you can't; and [the court's] job is now to punish you for that; and
[the court has] taken into consideration everything that [the court
has] heard; but [the court does] think that under this circumstance
these are not extraordinary mitigating circumstances."
Thereafter, the court imposed concurrent sentences of three years on both counts.
¶ 20 This appeal followed.
¶ 21 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 22 A. Defendant's Convictions
¶ 23 Defendant argues that his convictions violated the one-act, one-crime doctrine.
Specifically, defendant contends that this court should vacate his reckless homicide conviction
because it was based on the same physical act as his aggravated DUI conviction. We agree.
¶ 24 1. The One-Act, One-Crime Doctrine
¶ 25 In People v. King, 66 Ill. 2d 551, 566, 363 N.E.2d 838, 844-45 (1977), the su-
preme court articulated the one-act, one-crime doctrine, as follows:
"Prejudice results to the defendant only in those instances
where more than one offense is carved from the same physical act.
Prejudice, with regard to multiple acts, exists only when the de-
fendant is convicted of more than one offense, some of which are,
by definition, lesser included offenses. Multiple convictions and
concurrent sentences should be permitted in all other cases where a
defendant has committed several acts, despite the interrelationship
of those acts. 'Act,' when used in this sense, is intended to mean
any overt or outward manifestation which will support a different
-6- offense. We hold, therefore, that when more than one offense aris-
es from a series of incidental or closely related acts and the offens-
es are not, by definition, lesser included offenses, convictions with
concurrent sentences can be entered."
Under King, "[m]ultiple convictions are improper if they are based on precisely the same physi-
cal act." People v. Rodriguez, 169 Ill. 2d 183, 186, 661 N.E.2d 305, 306 (1996). Whether mul-
tiple convictions violate the one-act, one-crime doctrine presents a question of law that we re-
view de novo. People v. Shines, 2015 IL App (1st) 121070, ¶ 44.
¶ 26 2. The Plain-Error Doctrine
¶ 27 Defendant acknowledges the forfeiture of his one-act, one-crime claim by failing
to properly preserve it for our review, but he nonetheless urges this court to excuse his forfeiture
and consider his claim under the plain-error doctrine.
¶ 28 "To preserve a claim for review, a defendant must both object at trial and include
the alleged error in a written posttrial motion." People v. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 598, 611, 939
N.E.2d 403, 412 (2010). Failure to do so results in the forfeiture of that claim on appeal. Id. at
612, 939 N.E.2d at 412. A defendant can avoid the harsh consequences of forfeiture under the
plain-error doctrine. Id. at 613, 939 N.E.2d at 413.
¶ 29 The plain-error doctrine permits a reviewing court to reach a forfeited error affect-
ing substantial rights in the following two circumstances: "(1) a clear or obvious error occurred
and the evidence is so closely balanced that the error alone threatened to tip the scales of justice
against the defendant, regardless of the seriousness of the error, or (2) a clear or obvious error
occurred and that error is so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant's trial and chal-
lenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence."
-7- v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565, 870 N.E.2d 403, 410-11 (2007).
¶ 30 As a matter of convention, reviewing courts typically undertake plain-error analy-
sis by first determining whether error occurred at all. People v. Sargent, 239 Ill. 2d 166, 189,
940 N.E.2d 1045, 1059 (2010). See also People v. Bowens, 407 Ill. App. 3d 1094, 1108, 943
N.E.2d 1249, 1264 (2011) (where this court held that "the usual first step in plain-error analysis
is to determine whether any error occurred"). "If error is found, the court then proceeds to con-
sider whether either of the [aforementioned] two prongs of the plain-error doctrine have been
satisfied." Sargent, 239 Ill. 2d at 189-90, 940 N.E.2d at 1059. In this case, " 'an alleged one-act,
one-crime violation and the potential for a surplus conviction and sentence affects the integrity of
the judicial process, thus satisfying the second prong of the plain[-]error rule.' " People v. Artis,
232 Ill. 2d 156, 167-68, 902 N.E.2d 677, 684 (2009) (quoting People v. Harvey, 211 Ill. 2d 368,
389, 813 N.E.2d 181, 194 (2004)). Therefore, we will consider defendant's claim under the
plain-error doctrine.
¶ 31 3. Defendant's One-Act, One-Crime Claim
¶ 32 Defendant asserts that this court should vacate his reckless homicide conviction
because it was based on the same physical act as his aggravated DUI conviction—namely, that at
the moment of Loyer's death he drove while intoxicated.
¶ 33 In support of that assertion, defendant relies on People v. Latto, 304 Ill. App. 3d
791, 710 N.E.2d 72 (1999). In Latto, the defendant was driving southbound when his car
crossed the center lane of traffic and struck a car travelling northbound. Id. at 794, 710 N.E.2d at
75. The impact seriously injured the driver and killed the passenger of the northbound car. Id. at
793, 710 N.E.2d at 75. Shortly after the accident, the responding officer noticed that the defend-
ant's behavior indicated impairment. Id. at 795, 710 N.E.2d at 76. Subsequent testing revealed
-8- that the defendant had a 0.074 BAC and traces of the narcotic pain reliever Vicodin in his sys-
tem. Id. Following a bench trial, the trial court found defendant guilty of two counts of (1) reck-
less homicide and (2) aggravated DUI. Id. at 794, 710 N.E.2d at 75. The court then sentenced
defendant to a single five-year term for reckless homicide and three concurrent nine-year terms
of imprisonment on his remaining convictions. Id.
¶ 34 On appeal, the appellate court concluded that the trial court's sentence did not
conform to the one-act, one-crime doctrine announced in King. Specifically, the appellate court
stated, as follows:
"Here, it is apparent that count II [(reckless homicide)], al-
leging defendant drove his vehicle 'while under the influence of al-
cohol to a degree which rendered him incapable of safely driving'
causing the death of [the passenger], and count VII [(aggravated
DUI)], alleging defendant drove his vehicle 'while under the influ-
ence of alcohol, and he was involved in a motor vehicle accident
that resulted in great bodily harm to [the passenger],' were based
on the same acts: defendant's operation of his vehicle which result-
ed in [the passenger's] death. Accordingly, only one conviction
and sentence should stand." Id. at 806-07, 710 N.E.2d at 83-84.
Thereafter, the court vacated the defendant's conviction and sentence on count VII (aggravated
DUI), finding that it was the less serious offense. See Artis, 232 Ill. 2d at 170, 902 N.E.2d at 686
("[U]nder the one-act, one-crime doctrine, sentence should be imposed on the more serious of-
fense and the less serious offense should be vacated.").
¶ 35 The State attempts to distinguish Latto by claiming that defendant misstates the
-9- trial court's ruling in that case. Specifically, the State posits that the Latto court dismissed the
defendant's aggravated DUI conviction as a lesser included offense of his reckless homicide con-
viction. We do not agree with the State's characterization.
¶ 36 In Latto, the appellate court's ruling was clearly based on what it considered a vio-
lation of the one-act, one-crime doctrine. Latto, 304 Ill. App. 3d at 806-07, 710 N.E.2d at 83-84.
After making that determination, the Latto court stated, alternatively, that "[e]ven were we to de-
termine that the convictions for counts II and VII were based upon multiple acts, [the] defend-
ant's conviction for aggravated DUI *** must be vacated as a lesser-included offence of reckless
homicide." Id. at 807, 710 N.E.2d at 84.
¶ 37 As already noted, under King, the definition of an "act" is "any overt or outward
manifestation which will support a different offense." King, 66 Ill. 2d at 566, 363 N.E.2d at 844-
45. The State responds that defendant's convictions were not based on the same physical act, but
instead, were based on two separate acts. In this regard, the State contends that "the aggravated
[DUI] conviction was based upon defendant's act of driving while intoxicated, while the reckless
homicide conviction was based on his intoxication and the additional act of defendant 'turn[ing]
*** at a speed which was greater than was reasonable and proper with regard to existing condi-
tions.' " Simply stated, the State posits that the act of driving a car while intoxicated is a separate
and distinct act from turning a car at an excessive speed while intoxicated. We are not persuad-
ed.
¶ 38 In this case, which we find analogous to Latto, we begin our analysis by noting
that the offenses of aggravated DUI and reckless homicide the State charged against defendant
pertained to Loyer's death on the night of September 11, 2011. Because causing the death of an-
other was an indispensable element of defendant's convictions for aggravated DUI and reckless
- 10 - homicide, both offenses were completed at the exact same moment in time—namely, when
Loyer died.
¶ 39 Narrowing our focus to the precise moment preceding that death, the only "overt
or outward manifestation" that occurred was defendant's indefensible act of driving Loyer's yel-
low 2000 Jeep Wrangler recklessly and while intoxicated. It cannot be said that defendant com-
mitted two separate acts to cause Loyer's death. That sole physical act—that is, driving in such a
manner that would cause death—constituted the basis for the State's charges and defendant's re-
sulting convictions for aggravated DUI and reckless homicide, which we agree violated the clear
intent of the one-act, one-crime doctrine. Accordingly, we vacate defendant's conviction and
sentence for reckless homicide, which is the less serious offense, and remand with directions that
the trial court correct defendant's sentencing order.
¶ 40 In so concluding, we clarify the following misperception defendant apparently has
regarding a reviewing court's ability to reduce a sentence imposed by a trial court. Citing Illinois
Supreme Court Rule 615(b)(4) (eff. Jan. 1, 1967), defendant argues in the alternative that "[i]f
this court should disagree with [defendant's one-act, one-crime] argument, then his three year
sentence for count I should also be reduced to probation" due to his lack of criminal history and
the extraordinary circumstances surrounding Loyer's death. However, "this court has no authori-
ty under *** Rule 615(b) [citation] to reduce a sentence of imprisonment to a sentence of proba-
tion." People v. Bruer, 335 Ill. App. 3d 422, 428, 780 N.E.2d 1128, 1132 (2002) (citing People
v. Bolyard, 61 Ill. 2d 583, 588, 338 N.E.2d 168, 170 (1975) ("Rule 615 does not grant a review-
ing court the authority to reduce a sentence of imprisonment to a sentence of probation.")).
¶ 41 B. Defendant's Sentence
¶ 42 Defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to find ex-
- 11 - traordinary circumstances existed to impose a sentence of probation. We disagree.
¶ 43 A conviction for aggravated DUI is a Class 2 felony for which a trial court can
impose a prison sentence of not less than 3 years but not more than 14 years, "unless the court
determines that extraordinary circumstances exist and require probation." 625 ILCS 5/11-
501(d)(2)(G) (West 2010). "The plain language of the statute creates the presumption that a
convicted defendant shall serve a term of imprisonment." People v. Hambrick, 2012 IL App (3d)
110113, ¶ 21, 973 N.E.2d 1060.
¶ 44 "A trial court is given great deference when making sentencing decisions, and if a
sentence falls within the statutory guidelines, it will not be disturbed on review unless the court
abused its discretion and the sentence is manifestly disproportionate to the nature of the case."
People v. Grace, 365 Ill. App. 3d 508, 512, 849 N.E.2d 1090, 1093-94 (2006). Absent an abuse
of discretion, a trial court's sentence will not be disturbed on appeal merely because this court
might have weighed the mitigating and aggravating factors differently. Id. at 512, 849 N.E.2d at
1094.
¶ 45 Defendant directs our attention to the (1) "circumstances surrounding" Loyer's
death and (2) his character as a "hard-working member of society" as proof that extraordinary
circumstances existed in this case to warrant a sentence of probation. However, the trial court
properly considered those factors during defendant's August 2013 sentencing hearing, noting that
those factors did not constitute extraordinary circumstances.
¶ 46 In this case, the trial court sentenced defendant to a three-year term of imprison-
ment for aggravated DUI based, in part, on its assessment that Loyer's death was entirely pre-
ventable in that defendant could have called for a cab instead of making a conscious decision to
drive Loyer home while he was intoxicated. Despite defendant's claim to the contrary, we agree
- 12 - with the court's keen assessment that the circumstances surrounding Loyer's death began as most
DUI cases begin—that is, with a person's knowing decision to drive drunk. In this regard, we
reaffirm the following long-held stance of this court:
"Illinois law does not prohibit drinking and driving; it pro-
hibits drinking and driving drunk. There is a big difference be-
tween these two, and Illinois drivers are expected to understand
that difference and conduct themselves accordingly. Thus, we
agree with the trial court and the legislature that those who drive
drunk must be on notice that, absent extraordinary circumstances,
the penalty for depriving a person of her life as a result of drunk
driving will be imprisonment.
In so concluding, we acknowledge that defendant, in the af-
termath of this terrible case, expressed his sincere sorrow and
heartfelt regret for what has transpired as a result of his conduct.
Nonetheless, this sorrow and regret come too late. In this regard,
we reiterate our comments from People v. Martin, 289 Ill. App. 3d
367, 376-77, 682 N.E.2d 460, 466 (1997), in which this court stat-
ed the following:
'DUI is not only deterrable, it is one of the most
deterrable offenses because of the drinking re-
quired—and the time this drinking requires—before
the drinker becomes drunk. Typically, the potential
DUI defendant—sip by sip, swallow by swallow,
- 13 - drink by drink—becomes intoxicated with the full
understanding and expectation that, at some point,
he will get behind the steering wheel, drive drunk,
and perhaps kill someone.' " (Emphasis in original.)
People v. Winningham, 391 Ill. App. 3d 476, 486, 909
N.E.2d 363, 372 (2009).
¶ 47 Essentially, defendant requests that this court reweigh the aggravating and miti-
gating factors the trial court considered and substitute our judgment for that of the court. Given
our highly deferential standard of review, however, we decline to do so. Instead, we conclude
that the court's imposition of a statutory minimum prison sentence of three years for defendant's
aggravated DUI conviction was (1) not an abuse of its discretion and (2) entirely reasonable.
¶ 48 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 49 For the reasons stated, we (1) affirm defendant's conviction and sentence on his
aggravated DUI conviction, (2) vacate his conviction and sentence on his reckless homicide con-
viction, and (3) remand to the trial court with directions to correct defendant's sentencing order.
¶ 50 Affirmed in part and vacated in part; cause remanded with directions.
- 14 -