People v. Patterson

2025 IL App (5th) 231348-U

Opinion

NOTICE 2025 IL App (5th) 231348-U NOTICE Decision filed 09/24/25. The This order was filed under text of this decision may be NOS. 5-23-1348, 5-23-1349 cons. Supreme Court Rule 23 and is changed or corrected prior to the filing of a Petition for not precedent except in the

Rehearing or the disposition of IN THE limited circumstances allowed the same. under Rule 23(e)(1). APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIFTH DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Jackson County. ) v. ) Nos. 22-CF-206, 22-CF-208 ) CHARLETON J. PATTERSON, ) Honorable ) Ralph R. Bloodworth III, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE SHOLAR delivered the judgment of the court. Presiding Justice McHaney and Justice Cates concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶1 Held: Defendant’s convictions are reversed for a violation of his statutory speedy-trial rights where the delays attributed to defendant were due to a codefendant’s need for conflict-free counsel.

¶2 In Jackson County case No. 22-CF-206, defendant, Charleton Josh Patterson, was charged

with three counts of aggravated discharge of a firearm, one count of unlawful use of weapons by

a felon, and one count of violation of bail bond. In Jackson County case No. 22-CF-208, defendant

was charged with aggravated unlawful use of a weapon, unlawful use of weapons by a felon, and

obstructing identification. The State successfully joined the cases for trial, and defendant was

convicted of several charges following a jury trial. On direct appeal, defendant raises numerous

arguments. Defendant contends as follows: (1) he was denied his statutory right to a speedy trial;

(2) the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction for aggravated discharge of a firearm;

1 (3) the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction for aggravated unlawful use of a weapon;

(4) the trial court erred by denying his motion to sever the charge of unlawful use of weapons by

a felon; (5) the trial court erred by denying his mid-trial motion to suppress, both on its merits and

as untimely, or alternatively, that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to timely file a motion to

suppress; (6) he was deprived of a fair trial by the State referencing “gangs” during closing

argument; and (7) the trial court improperly collapsed the three step Batson inquiry into a single

step during voir dire. For the following reasons, we find that defendant’s statutory right to a speedy

trial was violated and reverse defendant’s convictions.

¶3 I. BACKGROUND

¶4 This recitation of the facts includes only those necessary to resolve this appeal. We will

recite additional facts in the analysis section as needed to address the specific arguments of the

parties.

¶5 In case No. 5-23-1348 (22-CF-206), defendant was charged with three counts of

aggravated discharge of a firearm (counts 1-3), Class 1 felonies, in violation of section 24-1.2(a)(2)

of the Criminal Code of 2012 (Code) (720 ILCS 5/24-1.2(a)(2) (West 2020)); violation of bail

bond (count 4), a Class 4 felony, in violation of section 32-10(a-5) of the Code (id. § 32-10(a-5));

and unlawful use of weapons by a felon (UUWF) (count 5), a Class 3 felony, in violation of section

24-1.1(a) of the Code (id. § 24-1.1(a)). These charges were the result of an incident that occurred

in downtown Carbondale on April 30, 2022.

¶6 In case No. 5-23-1349 (22-CF-208), defendant was charged with aggravated unlawful use

of a weapon (AUUW) (count 1), a Class 2 felony, in violation of section 24-1.6(a)(1), 3(A-5) of

the Code (id. § 24-1.6(a)(1), 3(A-5)); UUWF (count 2), a Class 3 felony, in violation of section

24-1.1(a) of the Code (id. § 24-1.1(a)); and obstructing identification (count 3), a Class A

2 misdemeanor, in violation of section 31-4.5(a)(3) of the Code (id. § 31-4.5(a)(3)). These charges

were the result of a traffic stop that occurred on May 1, 2022, the day after the incident in

Carbondale.

¶7 On the State’s motion, the cases were tried together, along with the cases involving his

codefendants, Simeon Patterson (Simeon 1) (defendant’s twin brother) and Demarcus Jones

(Jones). In 22-CF-206, the jury found defendant guilty of one count of aggravated discharge (count

1) and UUWF (count 5). 2 In 22-CF-208, the jury found defendant guilty of AUUW (count 1) and

UUWF (count 2). The trial court directed a verdict in favor of defendant as to the obstructing

identification charge.

¶8 In 22-CF-206, the court sentenced defendant to 11 years in prison on the aggravated

discharge offense and 7 years in prison on the UUWF offense. For his convictions in 22-CF-208,

the court sentenced defendant to 7 years in prison on the AUUW charge. The UUWF merged with

the AUUW charge. The sentences were ordered to be served concurrently.

¶9 The evidence at trial demonstrated that in the early morning hours of April 30, 2022, a

large number of people (50-100) gathered in parking lots in downtown Carbondale. The police

responded to a call for shots being fired. Due to the large number of people relative to the number

of police officers, the scene was not secured. On the scene, police recovered a total of 7 .40-caliber

shell casings and 10 9-millimeter shell casings. Police also recovered a cell phone with

notifications appearing to be addressed to defendant. Several identification cards for defendant,

including a current driver’s license, were found inside the cell phone case. Police also recovered a

white ski mask that was rolled up on the bottom and resembled a cap.

1 Because defendant shares a last name with his twin brother, to avoid confusion, this court will refer to Simeon Patterson by his first name. 2 Count 4 was severed prior to trial. The jury found defendant not guilty of counts 2 and 3, both aggravated discharge charges. 3 ¶ 10 The parking lots in question were under video surveillance, and the police reviewed video

footage of the incident. Three suspects were identified from the video, all wearing plain white t-

shirts. One suspect wore a white ball cap, one wore a black ball cap, and one wore a white beanie

style cap. Carbondale Police Lieutenant Jarin Dunnigan testified that he reviewed a Snapchat video

that was sent to the police. The video helped him identify individuals who were present at the time

of the shooting. He also reviewed the parking lot videos which he believed showed the individuals

present in the Snapchat video. The investigation ultimately focused on defendant and his

codefendants, Simeon and Jones.

¶ 11 On May 1, 2022, Jackson County Deputy Nicholas Henderson conducted a traffic stop on

a tan Chevy sedan. Henderson knew that the Carbondale police were looking for Simeon and

Jones. He stopped the vehicle because neither the driver nor the passenger wore seatbelts. The car

stopped at a Circle K gas station. The occupants exited and locked the vehicle. The occupants

started to go inside the gas station when Henderson told them to stop. They complied. Henderson

went to high school with Simeon and thought the driver (later identified as defendant) looked like

Simeon. The passenger, later identified as Jones, fled the scene but was apprehended shortly

thereafter.

¶ 12 After defendant and Jones were taken into custody, the police conducted what they

characterized as an inventory search of the car. Two loaded firearms were recovered: one from

under the driver’s seat, the other from under the passenger seat. Subsequent lab testing tied the

firearms to the scene of the shooting.

¶ 13 Following his arrest, defendant’s bond was set at $750,000 in 22-CF-206 and $100,000 in

22-CF-208. Defendant remained in custody during the pendency of his cases. Attorney Thomas

Moyer of the Jackson County public defender’s office filed an entry of appearance on defendant’s

4 behalf in both cases. Defendant’s preliminary hearing took place on May 17, 2022. At the

conclusion of the hearing, at the request of attorney Moyer, the trial court set the matters for trial

on August 29, 2022. Shortly after the May 17 court date, attorney Moyer apparently discovered a

conflict of interest and another attorney from the Jackson County public defender’s office, Alex

Enyart, was assigned to represent defendant. Enyart appeared with the defendant at a hearing on a

motion to reduce bond on May 31, 2022.

¶ 14 On August 15, 2022, attorney Enyart filed a motion to continue the case. In the motion,

Enyart specifically stated that he was “new to the case” and that he “need[ed] more time to go over

the discovery.” The motion also stated that a Rule 415(c) (Ill. S. Ct. R. 415(c) (eff. Oct. 23, 2020))

had been filed and that “[d]efendant will need time to review his voluminous discovery material if

the Rule 415c motion is granted.” Enyart’s motion to disclose discovery to defendant was granted

that same day. The trial court set Enyart’s motion to continue for a hearing on August 22, 2022.

¶ 15 The State filed a motion for joinder on August 19, 2022. In its motion, the State asked the

trial court to join defendant’s cases with those of his codefendants, Simeon and Jones.

¶ 16 On August 22, 2022, defendant appeared in court with attorney Enyart. Enyart noted that

he filed a motion to continue the case from the August 29 trial date. Enyart explained:

“I will not have enough time to prepare both his discovery for review and prepare for trial if that’s how we are going to proceed. You know, if he wants to go to trial, it will—in my professional opinion, it is not in his best interest at this point while I come up to speed on the case.”

Enyart told the court that he tried to meet with defendant and that defendant left the “video chat

room,” 3 making it difficult to prepare for trial “in terms of working with the defendant.” Enyart

3 Later in the same hearing, defendant disputed that he had left the video chat room. 5 added, “[I]f we are going to go to trial, which I am perfectly ready, willing and able to do, I can’t

without his cooperation in his defense.”

¶ 17 Defendant addressed the trial court and told the judge that he did not give his attorney

permission to file a motion to continue, and that he did not agree to the motion to continue. The

judge noted that Enyart said that he was “ready, willing and able” to go to trial but requested more

time to prepare, and asked defendant if he “want[ed] to proceed to trial as is?” Defendant

responded, “As is, sir.” In response to inquiries from the court, defendant confirmed that he did

not have any questions, that he was ready for trial, and that he wanted to proceed to trial “as is.”

Defendant affirmed that he did not want his 120-day speedy-trial rights violated.

¶ 18 Enyart told the court that he was “advising against this” and that if he had to prepare for

trial the following week, that he would not have time to provide defendant with a copy of the

redacted discovery. Defendant again confirmed that he wanted to go to trial even if his attorney

was not prepared. The hearing concluded without a ruling on Enyart’s motion to continue, saying

that they would “talk some more about it” at the motion hearing scheduled later that week.

¶ 19 Defendant’s cases, as well as his codefendant’s cases, were called for “all pending

motions” on August 25, 2022. First, with regard to Jones, a new attorney, Matt Foster, appeared

on his behalf. Although the record is not clear as to when Foster became Jones’s attorney, he told

the court that the file he received from prior counsel a week and a half earlier did not contain

discovery. Foster explained to the trial court that he was in “an ethical quandary” since he would

have such a short amount of time to prepare for trial, but that Jones insisted on proceeding to trial

and did not want to give up his speedy-trial rights. For this reason, Foster had not filed a motion

to continue the case.

6 ¶ 20 Noting that defendant’s motion to continue was still pending, the trial court asked Enyart

if he had anything to add since the prior hearing. Enyart said that “it would be beneficial to

[defendant] to have more time to prepare” but that he was maintaining a “speedy trial posture.”

¶ 21 Simeon’s attorney, Celeste Korando, had a pending motion for sanctions against the State.

Korando stated that she just learned that one of her juvenile clients was interviewed the prior week

in connection with the case. She also told the trial court that Simeon told her the day before that

yet another one of her clients, Cody Dempsey, had been subpoenaed to testify in the trial. Korando

advised that she was unaware that he gave a statement in regard to this case, because nothing in

the discovery purported to include a statement from this client. She asked the court to sanction the

State by precluding them from calling the two witnesses at trial.

¶ 22 The State responded that it was the defendants’ own actions that put them in this situation,

and that the discovery tendered to the defendants demonstrated that Dempsey was “on the radar”

for the defense. Since Dempsey recently indicated a willingness to cooperate with the State, the

State argued that it was Dempsey that put the defense in that position. Regarding Korando’s

juvenile client, the State explained that the juvenile reached out to the State the week before and

asked to speak to detectives regarding the case.

¶ 23 Without ruling on Korando’s motion for sanctions, the trial court then considered the

State’s motion for joinder. After hearing argument, the court granted the motion over the

objections of all three defendants. The court denied Korando’s motion for sanctions. Given that

this created a conflict of interest for Korando, she sought to withdraw as counsel for Simeon. The

court granted her motion to withdraw. Simeon asked for an attorney to be appointed immediately,

noting that he was ready to go to trial the following Monday.

¶ 24 The trial court stated the following:

7 “Gentlemen, I’ll note all of your demands. That you’re ready for trial, you want to go to trial. You [Simeon] don’t have counsel though. *** Based upon that, I’m inclined to vacate this trial date, reset it over within a short period of time. Any delay to one defendant will be joined as a delay to all defendants.”

The judge then announced, “I’m going to vacate the trial dates.” The judge asked Enyart if he had

anything else for the record. Enyart replied, “Judge, we would object and also based on my client’s

request, I would like to make an oral motion to withdraw the motion to continue.” The judge

responded, “Okay. That will be noted. Certainly.”

¶ 25 Attorneys for both defendant and Jones raised speedy trial concerns, advising the court that

they believed the speedy-trial term would run on “Sunday or Monday.” They asked that their

clients be released on their own recognizance. The State objected to the defendants’ release from

custody. The trial court ruled, “We’ll find that the delay to one Defendant’s a delay to all

Defendants in this situation. We are going to vacate the trial settings.” The court also denied the

“oral motions to recog.”

¶ 26 Following the hearing, that same afternoon, Enyart filed a motion to withdraw as

defendant’s attorney. In the motion, Enyart stated that the State provided him with discovery that

same day, and that the newly tendered discovery listed Jerome Snowden Jr. as a witness. The

motion further stated that Enyart represented Snowden, and that the contemporaneous

representation of Snowden and defendant created a conflict of interest. On August 30, 2022, the

court set the motion for a hearing on September 12. At the same time, the court set all three

defendants’ cases for a status hearing on September 26 and for jury trial on October 3, 2022.

¶ 27 At the outset of the September 12 hearing, Enyart explained that he had a conflict of interest

since he discovered that he was representing Stone, who was shot during the incident that led to

charges against defendant. The court granted Enyart’s motion to withdraw as counsel and

appointed attorney Andrew Wilson to represent defendant. The court kept the October 3, 2022,

8 jury setting and authorized the public defender’s office to turn their file over to Wilson “to get him

up to speed quicker on your case, so that the October 3rd trial date will be meaningful for you in

this case.” When defendant asked whether his “120 days is restarted,” the court told him that the

speedy trial date was tolled until October 3.

¶ 28 Defendant’s new attorney, Andrew Wilson, filed a motion to withdraw as counsel on

September 22, 2022. In the motion, Wilson alleged that representing defendant would place an

unreasonable financial burden on his private practice.

¶ 29 The trial court held a status hearing on September 26, 2022. The court noted Wilson’s

pending motion to withdraw. Simeon’s newest attorney, Kacey Eisenhauer, orally moved to

withdraw as Simeon’s attorney, citing a conflict of interest. The court granted Eisenhauer’s motion

to withdraw. Regarding Wilson’s motion to withdraw, defendant objected to the motion, which

was denied by the court. The court noted the objections of the parties to the matter being continued.

When asked if he had anything else to add, Wilson told the court that he did not have prior

counsel’s file and did not have the opportunity to review the discovery. Later, Wilson also

informed the court that he had “a number of private hired cases” the following week, that he did

not have anyone else to handle those matters. Wilson stated that “could pose an issue with me

proceeding forward with this case.” The court concluded that it had no choice but to vacate the

trial setting, and it did so while again noting defendant’s objections. The court did not set a new

trial date.

¶ 30 The trial court held a status hearing on October 4, 2022. Attorney Daniel Kay was

appointed to represent Simeon. Noting the defendants’ ongoing objections to having their cases

continued, the trial court set the matter for pretrial on October 25, 2022, a case management

9 conference on December 2, 2022, a status hearing on January 9, 2023, and finally a jury trial on

January 17, 2023.

¶ 31 The jury trial commenced on January 17, 2023. On January 30, 2023, the jury found

defendant guilty of one count of aggravated discharge (count 1, 22-CF-206); UUWF (count 5, 22-

CF-206); AUUW (count 1, 22-CF-208); and UUWF (count 2, 22-CF-208).

¶ 32 Defendant filed a motion for a new trial, raising several claims of error. On November 28,

2023, defendant’s motion for a new trial was denied, and the court sentenced defendant as follows:

In 22-CF-206, the court sentenced defendant to 11 years in prison on the aggravated discharge

offense and 7 years in prison on the UUWF offense. In 22-CF-208, the court sentenced defendant

to 7 years in prison on the AUUW charge. The UUWF merged with the AUUW charge. The

sentences were ordered to be served concurrently.

¶ 33 Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal on December 26, 2023.

¶ 34 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 35 Defendant raises several issues on appeal. However, we need only address defendant’s

claim that his speedy-trial rights were violated. Defendant’s argument that his statutory speedy-

trial rights were violated is straightforward: despite defendant consistently telling the trial court

that he wanted to exercise his right to a speedy trial, his matters were twice continued over his

objection due to circumstances beyond his control. These delays caused defendant’s trial to be set

outside the 120-day statutory limit. For these reasons, defendant argues that the trial court abused

its discretion by attributing to him the delay caused by the court’s need to find conflict-free counsel

for Simeon. We agree with defendant that his statutory right to a speedy trial was violated, and we

therefore reverse defendant’s convictions. Since we find this issue dispositive, we address only

10 defendant’s claim that his speedy-trial rights were violated and need not address his remaining

arguments on appeal.

¶ 36 The State argues that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by attributing the delays to

defendant. Specifically, the State points to attorney Enyart’s motion to continue filed on August

15, 2022, and Enyart’s motion to withdraw as defendant’s attorney due to a per se conflict of

interest filed on August 25, 2022, four days before what had been the first scheduled jury trial date.

The State argues that these are actions taken by Enyart that tolled defendant’s speedy-trial term,

and that Enyart’s motion to continue was motivated by counsel’s need for more time to prepare

for trial, and that this need was caused, at least in part, by defendant’s lack of cooperation with

Enyart. We disagree.

¶ 37 Section 103-5(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/103-5(a) (West

2020)) implements a right guaranteed by the federal and Illinois Constitutions (U.S. Const.,

amends. VI, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8). Although the constitutional and statutory provisions

address similar concerns, the rights they establish are not necessarily coextensive. People v.

Bowman, 138 Ill. 2d 131, 136 (1990) (citing People v. Garrett, 136 Ill. 2d 318, 323 (1990); People

v. Richards, 81 Ill. 2d 454, 459 (1980)). The statute is to be liberally construed, and each case is

decided on its own facts. Id. at 136-37 (citing People v. Jones, 104 Ill. 2d 268, 273-74 (1984);

People v. Reimolds, 92 Ill. 2d 101, 106 (1982)). Section 103-5(a) states that every person in

custody for an alleged offense shall be tried within 120 days from the date he is taken into custody

unless delay is occasioned by the defendant. 725 ILCS 5/103-5(a) (West 2020). Every person not

tried in accordance with section 103-5(a) must be discharged from custody and is entitled to have

the charges dismissed. 725 ILCS 103-5(d), 114-1(a)(1) (West 2020); Bowman, 138 Ill. 2d at 137

(citing Richards, 81 Ill. 2d at 459). “For purposes of a speedy-trial question, a delay is charged to

11 the accused where his act in fact causes or contributes to the delay.” Bowman, 138 Ill. 2d at 139-

40 (citing Riemolds, 92 Ill. 2d at 106). When pursuing a motion to dismiss for speedy trial

violation, the defendant has the burden of affirmatively establishing the violation. Bowman, 138

Ill. 2d at 137 (citing Jones, 104 Ill. 2d at 280; Reimolds, 92 Ill. 2d at 106). “The trial court’s

determination as to who is responsible for the delay of trial is entitled to much deference, and

should be sustained in the absence of a clear showing of the trial court’s abuse of discretion.” Id.

(citing Reimolds, 92 Ill. 2d at 107).

¶ 38 The resolution of this matter requires consideration of this court’s decisions in People v.

Roberts, 133 Ill. App. 3d 731 (1985), and People v. Collum, 98 Ill. App. 3d 385 (1981). The right

to a speedy trial is a personal right (People v. Brame, 6 Ill. 2d 412, 413 (1955)), and it cannot be

waived by delays caused by a codefendant (Roberts, 133 Ill. App. 3d at 738). Defendant further

notes that delays for the purpose of finding conflict-free counsel for a defendant are not generally

attributable to the defendant. Collum, 98 Ill. App. 3d at 387.

¶ 39 In Roberts, the defendant’s and his codefendant’s charges were joined, and a single public

defender, Harold Pennock, was appointed to represent both men. Roberts, 133 Ill. App. 3d at 736.

Pennock moved to withdraw as counsel after concluding that although no conflict of interest

existed between the two men, his contract with Marion County covered only conflicts cases. Id.

The trial court granted the motion, and another attorney was appointed to represent both men. Id.

The following day, the second attorney noted a potential conflict of interest between the two men,

and Pennock was again appointed to represent defendant. Id. Thereafter, the codefendant filed a

motion to sever, and despite the State confessing the motion, the trial court denied the motion to

sever. Id.

12 ¶ 40 The State then moved to dismiss the codefendant’s charges, which was also denied by the

court. Id. The State took an interlocutory appeal of the denial of its motion to dismiss the

codefendant, and on its own motion, the court stayed the proceedings for both men. Id. That same

date, the State and the defendant both announced that they were ready for trial. Id. The defendant

later moved for dismissal based upon a speedy-trial violation, which was denied by the trial court.

Id. Following trial, the defendant appealed the trial court’s denial of his motion to dismiss for a

speedy-trial violation. Id.

¶ 41 This court reversed defendant’s conviction, rejecting the State’s argument that the two men

were inseparable for speedy-trial purposes since they were tried jointly. Id. at 737. This court held

that, “[s]ince the right to a speedy trial is a right personal to the accused (People v. Brame (1955),

6 Ill. 2d 412, 413, 128 N.E.2d 911, 912), such right may not be waived because of delays

occasioned by a codefendant for which the accused was not in any way responsible.” Id. at 738.

Addressing the State’s contention that the defendant was partially responsible for the delay that

led to Pennock’s withdrawal, this court rejected that argument, noting that “where *** counsel

withdraws on his own initiative, any resulting delay cannot be charged to defendant.” Id. (citing

Collum, 98 Ill. App. 3d at 387).

¶ 42 In Collum, the defendant was taken into custody and charged on June 10, 1980. Collum,

98 Ill. App. 3d at 385. The public defender was appointed on June 20, 1980, but later filed a motion

to withdraw as counsel on August 11, 1980. Id. The motion to withdraw apparently alleged that

the public defender had a conflict of interest. Id. at 387. On August 29, 1980, the motion to

withdraw was granted, and on September 16, 1980, new counsel was appointed. Id. at 386. Just

prior to trial, defense counsel filed a motion to have the defendant discharged on the basis that 132

days had passed since defendant was taken into custody. Id. That motion was denied. Id.

13 ¶ 43 On appeal, this court noted that this was not a case where the public defender moved to

withdraw (1) “at the direction of defendant”; (2) “under circumstances in which defendant

acquiesced in the court’s statement that the cause was continued on defendant’s motion”;

(3) “followed by defendant’s request that his new counsel be given time to prepare”; or (4) where

“defendant becomes disenchanted with defense counsel and seeks a replacement.” Id. at 387.

Rather, this court noted that this was a situation where the public defender sought leave to

withdraw “on their own initiative.” Id. Because the delay was not caused by the defendant, this

court concluded that the delay could not be attributed to defendant and reversed the trial court. Id.

Although Collum’s pronouncement that a defendant is not responsible for delays caused when

appointed counsel withdraws “on their own initiative” is overly broad, Collum clearly stands for

the proposition that a defendant is not responsible for the delay caused when his appointed counsel

is forced to withdraw due to a conflict of interest.

¶ 44 Based on the facts before us, discussion of the Illinois Supreme Court’s Bowman decision

is also warranted. In Bowman, the defendant’s public defender withdrew due to a conflict of

interest. Bowman, 138 Ill. 2d at 135. An attorney under contract with Rock Island County to handle

conflicts, Fred Kopp, was appointed to represent the defendant. Id. After the matter was set for

trial, Kopp resigned his position as a conflicts defender, and the new conflicts attorney, Alex Jarrin,

was appointed to represent the defendant. Id. Due to the backlog of cases and based upon his

understanding that the defendant knew that this would cause a delay in the trial date, Jarrin

continued the trial without having it set for a specific date. Id. Two months later, the defendant

sent a letter to the chief judge, stating that he did not want a continuance, that he did not know

Jarrin would need more time to prepare for trial, and that he was never told that the continuance

would waive his right to a speedy trial. Id. at 136. Subsequently, yet another attorney, Richard

14 Coppula, entered his appearance on the defendant’s behalf and filed a motion to dismiss the

charges based upon a violation of the defendant’s speedy-trial rights. Id.

¶ 45 The trial court dismissed the charges against the defendant and the appellate court affirmed.

Id. As explained by our supreme court:

“The [appellate] court viewed the defendant as being forced to choose between two compromising positions: he could have gone to trial on November 23, 1987, with unprepared counsel, or he could have waived his right to a speedy trial. The appellate court determined that this was the result of actions taken by the attorneys involved and the County of Rock Island, and was not due to any conduct on defendant’s part. Thus, any decision made by defendant to waive his right to a speedy trial was made under duress.” Id. at 138 (citing People v. Bowman, 180 Ill. App. 3d 755, 758 (1989)).

¶ 46 The Illinois Supreme Court reversed the appellate court, finding that the “defendant failed

to affirmatively establish *** a violation, and that the trial court erred in its application of the law

to the facts.” Id. Noting that the trial court made no factual determination as to whether defendant

approved or acquiesced to the change in attorneys, the Bowman court noted that the defendant did

not object to Jarrin taking over for Kopp, and that both Jarrin and Kopp testified that defendant

agreed to the change. Id. at 139. Accordingly, the Bowman court determined that the defendant

had acquiesced to the delay. Id. at 140.

¶ 47 The court then noted that the “appellate court has repeatedly held that the delay a

continuance causes is properly charged to an accused where his counsel required more time to

prepare for trial.” Id. This is based, in part, on the general rule in Illinois that a client is bound by

the acts or omissions of his lawyer-agent. Id. at 141. Consequently, when a public defender

requests a continuance on behalf of a defendant, the resulting delay is attributable to the defendant

for the purpose of tolling the statutory speedy-trial period. Id. This is true even when the motion

to continue is made in the defendant’s absence. Id. at 142.

15 ¶ 48 Applying these principles to the defendant’s claim, the Bowman court held “that defendant

cannot claim that his action, or lack thereof, did not contribute to the delay caused by Jarrin’s filing

of the motion for a continuance on his behalf.” Id. at 143. Because a “party who does not promptly

repudiate an attorney’s unauthorized act upon receiving knowledge of such an act has effectively

ratified the act,” the court found that the defendant’s “delay in objecting to the allegedly

unauthorized waiver of his speedy-trial right *** was also a factor contributing to the delay the

motion to continue caused.” Id.

¶ 49 The Bowman court also discussed this court’s decisions in Roberts and Collum. Bowman

distinguished Roberts and Collum on the basis that the public defenders in both cases were required

to withdraw as counsel due to a conflict of interest, meaning that the delay in those cases “was not

due to the direct results of the accused’s own actions, such as when the accused himself requests

that the public defender withdraw.” Id. at 144. As the Bowman court noted, “[w]here an attorney

has a conflict of interest with the party he represents, both the attorney and the accused have no

choice. The attorney must withdraw, and the accused must obtain another attorney or have new

counsel appointed.” Id. at 145. By contrast, Bowman’s first attorney, Kopp, voluntarily withdrew

as counsel. Id. Since Bowman did not object to Jarrin’s representation, but rather only objected to

Jarrin’s trial strategy (by the filing of the motion to continue), Roberts was distinguishable. Id. The

Bowman court acknowledged, however, that “the conclusion of the Roberts case is logically

sound.” Id.

¶ 50 Next, the Bowman court addressed the appellate court’s contention that the series of events

placed the defendant in a compromising position: that the defendant could either choose to go to

trial with an unprepared attorney or forgo his right to a speedy trial. Id. at 147. The Bowman court

disagreed. The Bowman court reasoned that the appellate court’s logic placed the defendant in a

16 “no lose” situation: “Had defendant chosen to go to trial on November 23, 1987, and lost, his claim

on appeal might have been ineffective assistance of counsel.” Id. at 148. Recognizing that

situations arise where a defendant cannot exercise both his speedy-trial right and his right to

effective assistance of counsel, the Bowman court noted that a defendant should not be “able to

exploit his constitutional right to a competent attorney and escape all charges through the technical

application of the speedy-trial statute.” Id. (citing United States v. Russo, 550 F. Supp. 1315, 1321

(D.N.J. 1982)). The Bowman court noted that it had previously concluded that “the due process

rights of defendants are not denied when they are forced to choose between the two constitutional

rights of speedy trial and effective assistance of counsel.” Id. at 147 (citing People v. Lewis, 60 Ill.

2d 152, 156-57 (1975); People v. Williams, 59 Ill. 2d 402, 405-06 (1974)).

¶ 51 Turning to the case before us, based on the facts before us, we must conclude that the trial

court abused its discretion in attributing to defendant the delays caused by the court’s need to find

conflict-free counsel for Simeon. We recognize that attorney Enyart filed a motion to continue

defendant’s trial date two weeks prior to the trial date scheduled on August 29, 2022. The State

contends that this created a delay attributable to defendant. We disagree.

¶ 52 At the August 22, 2022, hearing on Enyart’s motion, defendant appeared before the court

and repudiated Enyart’s request to continue the trial date. See Bowman, 138 Ill. 2d at 143.

Notwithstanding the fact that Enyart thought a continuance would be in defendant’s best interests

as it would give Enyart more time to prepare for trial, Enyart stated that he was “perfectly ready,

willing and able” to try the case on August 29, 2022. When the court asked defendant whether he

wanted to proceed to trial “as is,” defendant responded in the affirmative and reiterated that he did

not want his speedy-trial rights violated. In other words, when given his choice of which of his

constitutional rights defendant wanted to exercise—competent counsel or his speedy-trial rights—

17 defendant unequivocally chose his speedy-trial rights. Id. at 147 (“the due process rights of

defendants are not denied when they are forced to choose between the two constitutional rights of

speedy trial and effective assistance of counsel”).

¶ 53 However, the trial court declined to rule on Enyart’s motion to continue, deciding to defer

the ruling until the hearing scheduled later that week on the State’s motion to join the codefendants’

cases for trial. Contrary to the State’s argument, given that Enyart stated that he could be ready for

trial and the defendant’s insistence on exercising his speedy-trial rights, we cannot find that

Enyart’s ungranted motion to continue the case is a delay attributable to defendant. The fact

remains that, at the conclusion of the hearing, the trial remained set on August 29, 2022.

¶ 54 The next hearing in this matter was held three days later, on August 25, 2022. The matter

was set for “all pending motions,” which included the State’s motion to join the codefendants’

cases for trial. Enyart told the trial court that “it would be beneficial to [defendant] to have more

time to prepare” but that he was maintaining “a speedy trial posture.” Despite the fact that the

recent disclosure of new discovery in the matter led to a per se conflict of interest for Simeon’s

attorney, the State chose to move forward with its motion to join the defendants. The trial court

granted this motion over the objection of all three defendants. Because this created a situation in

which Simeon was now without counsel four days prior to trial, and despite the fact that all three

defendants were objecting to a continuance, the court, on its own motion and over the objections,

announced that it was vacating the August 29, 2022, jury trial setting and attributing the delay to

all defendants. The State’s decision to seek to join the defendants’ cases, the trial court’s granting

of that motion, and the court’s decision to delay the trial were all events beyond defendant’s

control. We cannot find that defendant’s own actions, or lack thereof, contributed to this delay.

18 ¶ 55 The State argues that attorney Enyart only withdrew his motion to continue the case after

the trial court continued the case on its own motion. This is factually accurate, but we find it to be

inconsequential. As noted above, defendant repudiated Enyart’s motion to continue, and Enyart

indicated that he was “perfectly ready, willing and able” to try the case on August 29, 2022. The

trial court never ruled on Enyart’s motion, but instead continued defendant’s cases for an entirely

different reason: its need to find conflict-free representation for Simeon. Defendant was not in any

way responsible for the delay created by Simeon’s circumstances. Since, as this court has noted, a

defendant is not responsible for the delay caused by the court’s need to find the defendant conflict-

free counsel (Collum, 98 Ill. App. 3d at 387), it necessarily follows that a defendant is not

responsible for the delay occasioned by the needs of a codefendant, which in this case was the

court’s need to find conflict-free counsel for Simeon. Roberts, 133 Ill. App. 3d at 738. Despite

knowing that its motion to join the defendants could create a situation where the August 29, 2022,

trial setting would need to be continued to find Simeon conflict-free counsel, the State persisted in

pursuing its motion. Had the State not sought to join Simeon with defendant, defendant’s trial

could have, in theory, started on August 29, 2022, on day 120 of defendant’s speedy-trial term.

¶ 56 The State also argues that Enyart’s August 25, 2022, motion to withdraw as counsel also

created a delay that is attributable to defendant. We disagree. First, we note that the August 25,

2022, hearing concluded, and the court continued the cases prior to Enyart’s motion to withdraw

as counsel. Second, Enyart’s motion to withdraw cited a per se conflict of interest that Enyart

discovered based upon the discovery provided to Enyart that very same day. Enyart had no choice

but to withdraw. As noted above, Collum stands for the proposition that a defendant is not

responsible for the delay caused when his appointed counsel is forced to withdraw due to a conflict

of interest.

19 ¶ 57 The State attempts to distinguish Collum, in part, based upon the timing of Enyart’s motion

to withdraw as counsel, noting it was filed four days prior to trial. By contrast, the State notes that

the motion in Collum was filed well in advance of the trial date. This is a distinction without merit,

as nothing in the Collum decision suggests that the timing of the motion to withdraw was integral

to that decision. The State’s attempt to likewise distinguish Roberts fails for the same reason.

¶ 58 In its brief, the State argues that Bowman, People v. Carr, 9 Ill. App. 3d 382 (1972), and

People v. Solis, 207 Ill. App. 3d 357 (1991), all stand for the proposition that “any delay a

continuance causes is properly charged to an accused if his attorney required more time to prepare

for trial, even if not caused by an overt action of a defendant and even if a defendant objects to any

continuance.” This argument ignores Bowman’s discussion that a defendant can be forced to

choose between his right to competent counsel and his right to a speedy trial, as happened in the

case before us. Denying a defendant that choice makes this discussion in Bowman meaningless.

Moreover, this argument also ignores the fact that Enyart’s motion to continue was never granted.

¶ 59 Furthermore, with regard to Bowman, we note that the attorney therein was not required to

withdraw but instead withdrew because he was no longer the conflicts attorney for the county.

Bowman’s new attorney entered his appearance and continued the case (Bowman, 138 Ill. 2d at

135), and the defendant neither objected to the appointment of new counsel nor repudiated the

continuance until nearly two months later. Id. at 143. Using an attorney-agent analysis, the

Bowman court found that the defendant acquiesced in the appointment of new counsel and

effectively ratified the motion to continue by failing to timely object to the continuance. Id. Again,

we note that the Bowman court found the conclusion of Roberts to be “logically sound.” Id. at 145.

For these reasons, Bowman’s analysis is not applicable to the instant case.

20 ¶ 60 Carr was cited with approval in Bowman. Id. at 140-41. In Carr, the defense attorney’s

motion to continue the case was granted notwithstanding the fact that the defendant strenuously

objected to the continuance. Carr, 9 Ill. App. 3d at 383-84. Because the defendant did not discharge

his attorney, the appellate court found the delay was properly attributed to the defendant. Id. at

384. The Carr court noted that if the trial court “had acceded to defendant’s demands, and had

defendant been found guilty, the question would surely have arisen as to whether defendant had

been denied the effective assistance of counsel who had stated that he was not prepared to defend.”

Id. at 384. Carr is distinguishable in that counsel’s motion to continue was granted, whereas in the

instant case, the motion to continue was not ruled upon prior to its being withdrawn. Furthermore,

the attorney in Carr indicated that he needed more time to prepare the case. Id. at 383. By contrast,

in this matter, while Enyart indicated that if defendant wanted to go to trial, it was not, in Enyart’s

opinion, “in [defendant’s] best interest at this point while I come up to speed on the case.” Enyart

also told the court that he was “perfectly ready, willing and able” to try the case.

¶ 61 The Solis court, also relied upon by the State, was critical of Roberts and Collum, stating:

“To the extent that the holdings of Roberts and Collum can be so broadly interpreted that a last-minute conflict of interest requiring the withdrawal of counsel can be brought to the trial court’s attention just before trial so that discharge must be automatically granted, we reject such an interpretation of those cases in light of Bowman [citation].” Solis, 207 Ill. App. 3d at 363.

The facts of Solis are readily distinguishable from the case before this court and from the facts in

Roberts and Collum.

¶ 62 In Solis, defense counsel created a potential conflict of interest shortly before trial by taking

a statement from a witness who repudiated his initial identification of the defendant but then

recanted his repudiation. Id. at 359. As a result, the attorney injected himself into the case as a

potential witness, thereby creating a potential conflict of interest. Id. at 362. When this fact was

21 brought to the trial court’s attention, the attorney moved for a continuance and agreed that the

delay would be attributable to the defendant. Id. at 358-59. New counsel later appeared to represent

defendant, and that attorney continued the case to prepare for trial. Id. at 359. The defendant raised

no objections to the continuances. Id. Accordingly, the Solis court found that the “defendant must

be deemed to have acquiesced to his representation by counsel, their withdrawal, and the resulting

continuances.” Id. at 362. Furthermore, the Solis court found Roberts and Collum “factually

inapposite to the case before us as did our supreme court in Bowman.” Id. at 363.

¶ 63 We understand the State’s concern that the filing of motions to withdraw by counsel shortly

before trial and late in a defendant’s speedy-trial term could lead to abuses. Indeed, that was a

concern of the Bowman court. As noted, the Bowman court expressed concern that a defendant

who fortuitously finds himself with an overburdened attorney who needs more time to prepare his

case for trial could be placed in a no-lose situation wherein the defendant could exploit his

constitutional right to a competent attorney against his right to a speedy trial. Bowman, 138 Ill. 2d

at 148. The solution to this issue is to require the defendant to choose which right he wants to

exercise. Id. In the case before us, defendant clearly and repeatedly expressed his desire to exercise

his right to a speedy trial. Nothing in the record before this court suggests defendant was trying to

take advantage of his “fortuitous” circumstances. Instead, the record supports the notion that

defendant tried, over the course of many hearings, to exercise his right to a speedy trial.

¶ 64 As noted, defendant repeatedly indicated his preference for exercising his speedy-trial

rights. The actions of both the trial court and the State denied defendant that choice through no

fault of his own. The statute, which is to be liberally construed in favor of the defendant (Bowman,

138 Ill. 2d at 136), requires the defendant to be tried within the statutory timeframe of 120 days.

The burden is on the State to ensure that this occurs unless there are delays attributable to the

22 defendant. 725 ILCS 5/103-5(a) (West 2020); People v. Castillo, 372 Ill. App. 3d 11, 16 (2007).

We recognize that defendant faced serious charges, that the discovery was voluminous, that there

were dozens of potential witnesses and that several people were charged as a result of the

occurrence. The statute, however, does not draw distinctions between simple and complex cases

or between less serious charges and the most serious charges. Contra 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h) (2018)

(allowing certain delays to be excluded from a defendant’s speedy-trial period, including situations

where the case is “so unusual or so complex, due to the number of defendants, the nature of the

prosecution, *** that it is unreasonable to expect adequate preparation for pretrial proceedings or

for the trial itself within the time limits” of the statute). Rather, the statute provides that “[e]very

person in custody in this State for an alleged offense shall be tried by the court having jurisdiction

within 120 days from the date he or she was taken into custody unless delay is occasioned by the

defendant[.]” 725 ILCS 5/103-5(a) (West 2020).

¶ 65 In a case such as the one before this court, given the number of witnesses, the number of

people involved in the incident, and the nature of the ongoing investigation, the potential for

conflicted counsel is readily foreseeable. Under such circumstances, it is perhaps unwise to

schedule the initial trial date on day 120 of a defendant’s speedy-trial term. While we understand

that the State is allowed to seek joinder of defendants’ cases under the circumstances that occurred

in these matters, the State’s decision to seek joinder of the defendants’ cases in this matter,

particularly when the motion was filed ten days before trial, was ill-advised in that it caused a

delay that is not attributable to defendant.

¶ 66 The State accurately concedes that, in the absence of attributing any delay to defendant,

there was “no way for trial to be reset within the 120-day speedy-trial term.” For this reason, we

need not address the State’s argument that delay attributable to defendant occurred as a result of

23 the appointment of new counsel, Andrew Wilson. We acknowledge that Wilson had not yet

received the discovery in this matter as of the September 26, 2022, hearing date, and we note that

Wilson expressed concern about having sufficient time to prepare for the October 3, 2022, trial

setting. Ultimately, however, Wilson did not ask for a continuance. The matter was continued from

the October 3, 2022, setting on the court’s motion, again for the appointment of conflict-free

counsel for Simeon, and again over defendant’s objection. Under these circumstances, we find that

Roberts and Collum control, and that there was no delay attributable to defendant in the

continuance from that date. For these reasons, under the facts and circumstances of this case, we

find that the trial court abused its discretion by attributing delay to the defendant caused by the

court’s need to find conflict free counsel for Simeon. For the foregoing reasons, as defendant was

not tried in accordance with section 103-5(a), his charges must be dismissed and he must be

discharged from custody. 725 ILCS 5/103-5(d), 114-1(a)(1) (West 2020). Given our disposition,

we need not address defendant’s remaining claims.

¶ 67 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 68 The judgment and sentence of the circuit court of Jackson County is reversed, the matters

are dismissed, and defendant is ordered to be discharged.

¶ 69 Reversed, dismissed, and defendant discharged.