2022 IL App (1st) 182542
FIRST DISTRICT SIXTH DIVISION April 15, 2022
No. 1-18-2542
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County. ) v. ) No. 17 CR 8773 ) PRINCE PATTERSON, ) Honorable ) James B. Linn, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE HARRIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Presiding Justice Pierce and Justice Oden Johnson concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant, Prince Patterson, appeals his armed habitual criminal conviction after a bench
trial. On appeal, defendant contends (1) his conviction should be reversed where the State did not
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he possessed a firearm and (2) the cause should be remanded
for further proceedings pursuant to People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181 (1984), where defendant’s
allegation that trial counsel failed to investigate multiple witnesses was sufficient to establish
counsel’s possible neglect of his case. For the following reasons, we affirm.
¶2 I. JURISDICTION
¶3 The trial court sentenced defendant on October 30, 2018. Defendant filed a notice of appeal
that same day. Accordingly, this court has jurisdiction pursuant to article VI, section 6, of the
Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, § 6) and Illinois Supreme Court Rule 603 (eff. Feb.
6, 2013) and Rule 606 (eff. July 1, 2017), governing appeals from a final judgment of conviction
in a criminal case entered below. No. 1-18-2542
¶4 II. BACKGROUND
¶5 Defendant was arrested after police officers observed him standing next to a parked vehicle
and placing a gun through the open window on the driver’s side. He was charged by indictment of
being an armed habitual criminal (count I), unlawful use or possession of a weapon by a felon
(counts II and III), aggravated unlawful use of a weapon (counts IV-VII), and defacing
identification marks of firearms (count VIII).
¶6 At defendant’s bench trial, Officer Patrick Graney testified that on May 26, 2017, he was
one of six officers riding in an unmarked van on North Central Park Avenue in Chicago. A lot of
people were out because it was Memorial Day weekend. Around 10:53 p.m., the van approached a
group of five to six people standing outside a Dodge Charger. Officer Graney, who sat in the
backseat passenger’s side of the van, identified defendant as one of these individuals. Defendant
was standing on the street directly next to the driver’s side of the Charger.
¶7 From his seat in the van, Officer Graney saw defendant remove a two-tone firearm from his
waistband and place it in the driver’s side window, which was one-quarter to halfway down. Officer
Graney was 5 to 10 feet away from defendant at the time, and nothing stood between him and
defendant when he saw defendant put the gun inside the vehicle. Artificial lights on the street also
illuminated the area. He detained defendant, who was placed into custody.
¶8 Officer Graney then observed Officer Catalano 1 approach the Dodge Charger and recover
a Bersa Thunder .380 two-tone firearm from the floor on the driver’s side. He was about 5 to 10
feet away when Officer Catalano recovered the gun. Officer Catalano recovered a second firearm
from under the driver’s seat. He showed the guns to Officer Graney and defendant. Officer Graney
read defendant his Miranda rights approximately 10 minutes after officers arrived on scene. See
1 Officer Catalano testified at trial, but his first name does not appear in the record. 2 No. 1-18-2542
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). Defendant stated that he understood and that the firearms
belonged to him. He said the area was in a bad neighborhood and he wanted to sell the firearms.
¶9 On cross-examination, defense counsel asked Officer Graney how much of the firearm he
could see in defendant’s hand. He responded, “A majority of it to know it was a firearm.” Officer
Graney acknowledged that defendant’s statement was not memorialized in writing or videotaped.
¶ 10 Officer Catalano testified that on May 26, 2017, around 10:54 p.m., he was driving an
unmarked van down North Central Park Avenue. Five other officers were riding with him. Officer
Graney, who was sitting in the back of the van, then said, “[G]et out of the car. That guy just put a
gun through that window and dropped it.” Officer Catalano stopped and exited the van. He saw
defendant standing in the street next to the driver’s side of the Charger. The window was open, and
defendant was within “arm’s reach” of the vehicle.
¶ 11 Officer Catalano testified that he approached the vehicle because Officer Graney saw a gun
and he wanted to ensure the officers’ safety. He explained, “When I got to the window, I could
clearly see a two-tone firearm, the back of the firearm and the grip protruding from underneath the
seat, so I tell the female sitting in the driver’s seat, don’t move. I opened the door and I recovered
that firearm.” The assistant state’s attorney then asked:
“Q. And why do you tell her not to move?
A. For our safety that she doesn’t make a movement toward the gun.
Q. And you are able to recover that firearm?
A. Yes.
Q. After recovering that firearm, what do you do next?
A. I ask her to step out of the vehicle. She steps out of the vehicle and I look back
underneath the seat and that’s when I find another semiautomatic pistol.
Q. And is that under the driver’s seat? 3 No. 1-18-2542
Q. And after recovering those firearms, what do you do with those firearms?
A. I cleared them. There was one round in the chamber of each as well as rounds in
the magazine, so I made those two firearms safe, then I notified the other officers that we—
two guns were recovered.
Q. And how did you notify other officers?
A. I showed them the guns.”
¶ 12 After showing Officer Graney the recovered guns, Officer Catalano observed Officer
Graney Mirandized defendant from a preprinted source. Defendant then stated that “they were his
guns and he was in the area to sell them because it was a dangerous area.” Defendant was placed
into custody. Officer Catalano handed the guns to Officer Metchy, 2 who inventoried them. The
firearms were sent to Illinois State Police crime lab, but defendant’s fingerprints were not recovered
from them.
¶ 13 On cross-examination, Officer Catalano testified that he “ran” the license plate of the
vehicle but did not recall obtaining a Firearm Owners Identification card (FOID card) from the
vehicle. He was shown a FOID card, which he stated had the name “Reginald Robinson” on it.
Officer Catalano had not seen the FOID card before. He acknowledged that he did not see defendant
place a gun in the Dodge Charger. He stated that the door of the Charger was closed but that the
window on the driver’s side was down. He was “quite a bit taller than the vehicle” so he could look
“right down through the window.” Officer Catalano testified that after he recovered the first
firearm, the driver exited the vehicle. Defense counsel continued:
2 Officer Metchy’s first name does not appear in the record. 4 No. 1-18-2542
“Q. So you recovered the firearm while the driver was still sitting in that vehicle,
correct?
Q. So you essentially had to go under her legs to obtain the firearm; is that correct?
A. After opening the door, correct.
Q. And is that when you were able to see then there was a second gun under that
same seat?
A. No.
Q. So you were able to notice the second gun after the driver was outside and you
conducted a further search of the vehicle, correct?
A. Correct.”
¶ 14 The State entered Defendant’s certified statements of conviction in case Nos. 12 CR 02429
and 0123546-01 into evidence and then rested its case-in-chief.
¶ 15 Defendant’s counsel moved for a directed finding. Regarding count VIII, defacing
identification marks on a firearm, he argued that police recovered a 9mm gun under the driver’s
seat of a vehicle that defendant was not found in and that someone else was sitting in that vehicle.
Counsel argued that the evidence did not “show any kind of constructive possession regarding that
particular count and regarding the other counts.” The trial court denied defendant’s motion.
¶ 16 The defense called Shamone Pickens as a witness. She testified that on May 26, 2017, at 11
p.m., she drove to Chicago and North Central Park Avenue in a Dodge Charger owned by her
godfather, Reginald Roberson. 3 She was on her way to see a friend. A white police van passed her,
and she heard the officers in the van talking to people on the street. The van reversed, and four to
3 Roberson is sometimes referred to as “Reginal” or “Robberson” in the record. His FOID card lists his name as “Reginald Roberson.” 5 No. 1-18-2542
six police officers jumped out of the van. Everyone in the street began to run, but the police
“stopped” defendant.
¶ 17 Pickens testified that no one came to her or put a gun in her vehicle. She stated that officers
approached her vehicle, asked her to exit, and then searched it. She told them that the vehicle
belonged to her “goddad.” When asked whether she saw the police take anything from the Dodge
Charger, Pickens answered, “Just the papers.” On cross-examination, Pickens reiterated that police
only took papers from the car and denied they recovered a gun that defendant had put into the car.
Pickens denied that defendant was her boyfriend but admitted having seen him in the neighborhood.
¶ 18 Defendant testified on his own behalf. On May 26, 2017, he lived at 839 North Central Park
Avenue. That night, at 11 p.m., he and his cousin Michael Carter went outside the front of the house
to smoke a cigarette. Many people were out that evening. A white van with tinted windows “rolled
up,” and a passenger of the van asked Carter if they had any “blows.” Carter told him “no, we don’t
sell drugs out here.” The passenger said, “[C]ome on, we not the police, I just want some drugs to
get high.” Carter replied, “[W]e don’t sell drugs right here, not on this block, man, go down there
somewhere.”
¶ 19 Defendant testified that the driver and four passengers then “jumped out of the car and
people got to running.” The police chased them, and the “passenger officer” fell into a puddle of
water. Defendant laughed and took out his phone. He was about to press the record button when
the driver and a passenger grabbed him, threw down his phone, and “put handcuffs on us.” After
putting handcuffs on defendant and many others, the officers took their identification, wrote down
their names, and ran name checks. Defendant saw the officers search the Charger, but he did not
see them recover any guns from the vehicle. He testified that he did not have a gun on him and that
he did not place a gun inside the Charger. After the officer ran their names, they “came back clear.”
6 No. 1-18-2542
Officer Catalano then said that defendant was on parole and “well, take him for having gang contact
as of right now.” Defendant was placed into custody.
¶ 20 Defendant denied telling police that he was in a bad area or that he was trying to sell guns.
He testified that he would not make such a statement because he is a convicted felon and did not
want to take himself away from his children. He knew he was not supposed to possess firearms.
¶ 21 On cross-examination, defendant testified that, when he was in front of his grandmother’s
house that evening, the white van pulled up “down the road,” three houses down. He saw several
police officers get out of the van at that location. After defendant recorded the officer fall, “we
walked just a couple houses over, guys ran past us, guys ran everywhere. They handcuffed everyone
that didn’t run really.” He stated that the police “went into three vehicles” and after they went into
“that vehicle,” he was placed into custody. After defendant testified, the defense rested.
¶ 22 In rebuttal and for purposes of impeachment, the State offered that in 2012, defendant was
convicted of unlawful use of a weapon by a felon and aggravated unlawful use of a weapon. Both
counts were merged, and defendant was sentenced to 10 years’ imprisonment.
¶ 23 In closing, defense counsel argued that the officers’ testimony was not credible. He pointed
out that Officer Graney was the only officer who “supposedly” saw defendant place the firearm
inside the Charger and that Officer Catalano, who was driving the van, did not see it. Counsel
further argued that it was unlikely Officer Catalano could see a gun sticking out from under the
driver’s seat as he approached the vehicle and looked through the window, because “someone is
sitting in the seat.” He continued, “The reason why I bring that up is because I think there was a
search of this vehicle and other vehicles done and yes, firearms were recovered, but I believe this
defendant had nothing to do with that and didn’t put any firearms in the vehicle.” Counsel also
argued that the officers’ testimony that defendant admitted to selling guns in the area was not
credible. 7 No. 1-18-2542
¶ 24 The trial court found defendant guilty of all charges. The court stated:
“The Court has heard the evidence in this case and there are two different versions
of events. The only thing really overlapping is that [defendant] agrees that he was at the
scene where this incident took place.
I listened carefully to the evidence. I do find the police in this case to be far more
credible than [defendant], credible and compelling beyond a reasonable doubt. I don’t find
[defendant] compelling. There will be a finding of guilty as charged.”
The court stated that all counts merged into count I, the armed habitual criminal charge.
¶ 25 Defense counsel filed a motion for a new trial. At the hearing on the motion, counsel argued that
Officer Graney’s testimony that he saw a firearm in defendant’s hand was not credible, nor was Officer
Catalano’s testimony that he could see the gun from under the driver’s seat. Counsel argued that, because
defendant was a convicted felon and because of his experience in the criminal justice system, he would
not have admitted to selling guns in the area. Defendant was aware that making such an admission would
“guarantee him basically a trip to the penitentiary.” The trial court denied the motion, explaining:
“The matters you bring to my attention posttrial are exactly the matters that you brought
to my attention at the time of the trial. Credibility of the officers was a primary issue. There was
a sighting of the gun, a gun recovered, and a statement by your client. I found those to be credible
and compelling beyond a reasonable doubt.”
¶ 26 The trial court then addressed defendant’s pro se posttrial motion alleging ineffective assistance
of counsel. Details of defendant’s motion and the trial court’s preliminary Krankel hearing are set forth
in our examination of defendant’s Krankel issue below. After a preliminary hearing, the trial court denied
the motion. The court subsequently held a sentencing hearing and sentenced defendant under count I to
the minimum sentence of six years’ imprisonment, followed by three years of mandatory supervised
release. 8 No. 1-18-2542
¶ 27 Defendant filed this appeal.
¶ 28 III. ANALYSIS
¶ 29 Defendant first argues that his armed habitual criminal conviction should be reversed because
the evidence at trial did not show, beyond a reasonable doubt, that he possessed a firearm. On a challenge
to the sufficiency of the evidence, we must determine “ ‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of
the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” (Emphasis omitted.) People v. Davison, 233 Ill. 2d 30, 43
(2009) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). It is not the function of this court to
retry defendant. People v. Collins, 214 Ill. 2d 206, 217 (2005). Rather, it is for the trial judge, as the trier
of fact in a bench trial, to determine the credibility of witnesses, weigh the evidence and draw reasonable
inferences therefrom, and resolve any conflicts in the evidence. People v. McDonald, 168 Ill. 2d 420,
448-49 (1995). Defendant’s conviction will be reversed only if the evidence is so unreasonable,
improbable, or unsatisfactory that it creates a reasonable doubt of defendant’s guilt. People v. Smith,
185 Ill. 2d 532, 542 (1999).
¶ 30 To convict defendant of the offense of being an armed habitual criminal, the State must prove,
in pertinent part, that he possessed a firearm after being convicted of two or more enumerated offenses.
See 720 ILCS 5/24-1.7(a) (West 2018). On appeal, defendant challenges only the sufficiency of the
evidence proving his possession of a firearm.
¶ 31 To prove the possession element, the State can show either actual or constructive possession of
a firearm. People v. Jones, 2019 IL App (1st) 170478, ¶ 27. Actual possession is shown by testimony
that defendant had some form of control over the firearm, “such as he had it on his person, tried to
conceal it, or was seen to discard it.” Id. Officer Graney testified that he saw defendant pull a two-tone
9 No. 1-18-2542
firearm from his waistband and place it into the driver’s side window of the Dodge Charger. He then
observed Officer Catalano recover a two-tone Bersa Thunder .380 firearm from the vehicle. This
testimony supports a finding that defendant actually possessed a firearm. See id. ¶ 28 (finding the
credible testimony of police that showed defendant had actual possession of a firearm was sufficient to
prove defendant’s possession of a firearm).
¶ 32 Defendant argues, however, that the officers’ testimony was not credible. He contends that
Officer Catalano could not possibly see the guns under the driver’s seat of the Dodge Charger with
Pickens sitting in the seat. It is also improbable that defendant would have told officers the guns
belonged to him because he is a convicted felon and knew he should not have a firearm. Defendant
asserts that his testimony and Pickens’s testimony, both of which contradicted the officers’ account of
the incident, were more credible. Both testified that defendant was not near the Dodge Charger that
night, nor did he pass a firearm through the driver’s side window of the vehicle.
¶ 33 We disagree. It is the trial court’s responsibility as trier of fact to resolve conflicts in the
testimony, weigh the evidence, and draw reasonable inferences therefrom. People v. Bradford, 2016 IL
118674, ¶ 12. It is well established that the testimony of a single witness, if positive and credible, is
sufficient to convict even if it is contradicted by defendant. People v. Siguenza-Brito, 235 Ill. 2d 213,
228 (2009). “Where the finding of the defendant’s guilt depends on eyewitness testimony, a reviewing
court must decide whether a fact-finder could reasonably accept the testimony as true beyond a
reasonable doubt.” People v. Gray, 2017 IL 120958, ¶ 36. Eyewitness testimony is insufficient “only
where the record evidence compels the conclusion that no reasonable person could accept it beyond a
reasonable doubt.” People v. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d 274, 280 (2004).
10 No. 1-18-2542
¶ 34 The trial court acknowledged that “there are two different versions of events. The only thing
really overlapping is that [defendant] agrees that he was at the scene where this incident took place.”
However, the court found “the police in this case to be far more credible than [defendant], credible and
compelling beyond a reasonable doubt. I don’t find [defendant] compelling.” As factfinder, the trial
court is in a superior position to assess the credibility of witnesses, resolve inconsistencies, determine
the weight to assign the testimony, and draw reasonable inferences therefrom. People v. Jackson, 358
Ill. App. 3d 927, 941 (2005). Although defendant and Pickens presented testimony that contradicted the
officers’ testimony, such testimony does not compel a finding that no reasonable person could accept
Officer Graney’s testimony that defendant possessed a firearm beyond a reasonable doubt. See
Siguenza-Brito, 235 Ill. 2d at 228 (asserting that a conviction will not be reversed simply because the
evidence is contradictory or because defendant claims that the State’s witnesses were not credible).
¶ 35 Defendant also contends that the State failed to prove he possessed a firearm as defined by the
Firearm Owners Identification Card Act (FOID Act) (430 ILCS 65/1.1 (West 2018)). For purposes of
the armed habitual criminal offense, “firearm” is defined by section 1.1 of the FOID Act, which provides
that a firearm is “ ‘any device, by whatever name known, which is designed to expel a projectile or
projectiles by the action of an explosion, expansion of gas or escape of gas.’ ” People v. Wright, 2017
IL 119561, ¶ 71 (quoting 430 ILCS 65/1.1 (West 2010)). The provision specifically excludes items such
as certain pneumatic guns, spring guns, paint ball guns, and BB guns. Id.
¶ 36 Defendant argues that, although Officer Graney said he saw defendant with a two-tone gun, he
did not actually handle the gun and thus could not know whether it was real or a fake. He characterizes
Officer Graney’s testimony as “conclusory” and “vague” and asserts that “[n]othing about Graney’s
testimony establishes that it was an object capable of expelling a projectile and not a facsimile made to
11 No. 1-18-2542
look like a .380 Bersa Thunder.” Additionally, the State did not produce the firearm at trial. Defendant
asserts that detailed evidence of a gun’s characteristics is required in order to prove it was a dangerous
weapon, citing People v. Ross, 229 Ill. 2d 255 (2008).
¶ 37 In Ross, the victim testified that the defendant had pointed a gun at him and then demanded his
wallet. Id. at 258. He described the gun as “ ‘a black, very portable gun’ ” which was small and
“ ‘something you can conceal.’ ” Id. Officers drove the victim to the scene of the crime soon after it
occurred, and the victim saw the defendant and identified him as the offender. Id. As the police
approached the defendant, an officer saw him throw something into a bush. Id. A gun was recovered,
which the officer described as a “ ‘4.5 BB caliber gun with a three inch barrel.’ ” Id.
¶ 38 Our supreme court concluded that this evidence was insufficient to support an inference that the
defendant’s gun was a dangerous weapon. Id. at 277. The court reasoned that the evidence merely
showed that the recovered gun was a small BB gun, and there was no evidence that it was loaded. Id. In
order to show that a gun incapable of firing bullets was a dangerous weapon, the State must present
evidence “(1) that the gun was actually used in a dangerous manner, or (2) that the character of the
weapon was such that it could conceivably be used as a bludgeon.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
Id. at 276. No evidence was presented as to the gun’s weight or composition or that the defendant
brandished it as a weapon. Id. at 277. Therefore, the court found that the evidence at trial precluded a
finding that the gun used by the defendant was a dangerous weapon. Id.
¶ 39 Ross is distinguishable because the question before the supreme court was whether a small BB
gun could be considered a dangerous weapon under the armed robbery statute. See 720 ILCS 5/18-1,
18-2(a) (West 2004). Since there was no evidence the BB gun was loaded, the State had to show it was
actually used in a dangerous manner or was of a weight and composition, such as metal, that it could be
12 No. 1-18-2542
used as a bludgeon. However, no such evidence was presented at trial. Ross, 229 Ill. 2d at 276-77. Here,
there was testimony that defendant possessed a dangerous weapon. Officer Graney testified that he saw
defendant place a two-tone .380-caliber Bersa Thunder gun in the driver’s side window of the Dodge
Charger, and Officer Catalano testified that he recovered a two-tone firearm from under the driver’s
seat, which contained “rounds” that he “cleared” to make it “safe.” The pertinent question is whether
the officers’ testimony was sufficient to support a finding that defendant possessed a firearm as defined
by the FOID Act, even though the gun itself was never produced at trial. On this issue, we find People
v. McLaurin, 2020 IL 124563, instructive.
¶ 40 In McLaurin, police sergeant Nicheloe Fraction observed the defendant leave a building holding
a silver handgun. Id. ¶ 4. She was 50 feet away and had an unobstructed view of the defendant. Id. The
defendant entered a van, and the vehicle drove away. Fraction never lost sight of the van, and after
driving for about 1½ blocks, the van was stopped by police. Id. ¶ 5. After the defendant exited the
vehicle, Fraction identified him as the person she saw carrying the handgun into the rear passenger side
of the van. Id. Shortly thereafter, she was asked to identify a handgun recovered by police at the scene.
Fraction testified that the recovered gun was “ ‘the same color [and] size of the handgun I saw the
gentleman enter the van with.’ ” Id. She further testified that she was familiar with handguns, having
worked with them during her 12 years as a police officer. Id.
¶ 41 Officer Jesse Rodriguez testified that he was one of the officers who stopped the van. Id. ¶ 7.
They ordered the three men inside to exit the vehicle, and the defendant exited through double doors
that opened in the middle of the van on the passenger side. Id. Faction confirmed that they had stopped
the correct vehicle, and she described the gun as a “ ‘chrome gun.’ ” Id. The officers patted down the
men but did not find a gun. Id. ¶ 8. While he stood outside the driver’s side of the van, Rodriguez looked
13 No. 1-18-2542
underneath the vehicle and saw a 9-millimeter chrome handgun on the ground. Id. The gun was located
under the middle of the van near the passenger side. Id. The gun was loaded, so Rodriguez removed the
magazine and bullet from the chamber. Id. Although the weapon was inventoried, it was never offered
into evidence at trial. Id.
¶ 42 The trial court found the defendant guilty of all charges but merged all counts into the armed
habitual criminal offense. Id. ¶¶ 14, 16. In so finding, the court noted that Fraction’s testimony that the
defendant possessed a gun was credible and unimpeached. Id. ¶¶ 14-15. The appellate court reversed,
finding that Fraction’s testimony that she observed the defendant carrying a gun, standing alone, was
insufficient to show that he possessed a firearm as defined by the FOID Act. Id. ¶ 17.
¶ 43 In reversing the appellate court, the supreme court reasoned that eyewitness testimony alone can
prove a defendant’s criminal possession of a firearm. Id. ¶ 31. The court specifically pointed to
Fraction’s testimony that she saw the defendant “ ‘in plain daylight’ ” walk near her vehicle carrying a
firearm, and it noted that she was familiar with firearms as a police officer. Id. ¶ 36. The court also
referred to Rodriguez’s testimony that police stopped a van, which Fraction confirmed was the van she
saw the defendant enter. After the occupants exited the vehicle, Rodriguez looked under the van and
saw a gun that matched the color and description given by Fraction. Rodriguez testified that the gun he
recovered was loaded. Id. ¶ 37.
¶ 44 The court acknowledged that the testimonial evidence was not overwhelming, where the State
did not produce the firearm at trial. Id. ¶ 32. However, “regardless of the nature of the evidence,” the
standard of review for insufficiency of the evidence claims is whether, after viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the State, “ ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of
the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” (Emphasis in original.) Id. ¶ 22 (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at
14 No. 1-18-2542
319). Viewed in this light, the officers’ testimony “was not so unreasonable, improbable, or
unsatisfactory that no rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant
possessed a firearm as defined by the FOID Act.” Id. ¶ 38.
¶ 45 The facts of this case are more similar to McLaurin than Ross. Officer Graney testified that he
was about 5 to 10 feet from defendant when he saw defendant place a two-tone firearm in the driver’s
side window of the Dodge Charger. Nothing obstructed his view of defendant, and he could see the
“majority” of the gun so he knew it was a firearm. Soon after, Officer Graney observed Officer Catalano
recover a two-tone Bersa Thunder .380 firearm and a second firearm from under the driver’s seat of the
Dodge Charger. Although Officer Graney did not testify about his experience and training with guns,
the trial court could reasonably infer that, as a police officer, he had knowledge of guns. His testimony
identifying a specific type of handgun supports that inference.
¶ 46 Officer Catalano confirmed that he recovered a loaded two-tone firearm from the vehicle and
showed the gun to Officer Graney. On cross-examination, defense counsel questioned Officer Catalano
on whether he could see the gun from outside the Dodge Charger. He responded that the window on the
driver’s side was down and he was “quite a bit taller than the vehicle,” so he could look “right down
through the window.” He saw the firearm between Pickens’s legs under the seat. After she got out of
the car, he searched the vehicle and recovered a second firearm.
¶ 47 The trial court below found the officers’ testimony compelling and credible. Our supreme court
has determined that the credible testimony of officers can support a finding that defendant possessed a
firearm as defined by the FOID Act. McLaurin, 2020 IL 124563, ¶ 35. Viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the State, as we must, we cannot say it compels the conclusion that no reasonable
person could accept the trial court’s judgment beyond a reasonable doubt.
15 No. 1-18-2542
¶ 48 Defendant next contends that the evidence was insufficient to prove he committed the unlawful
use or possession of a weapon offenses (counts II-VII), or to show he defaced the identification marks
on the firearms (count VIII). As the State points out, the trial court merged these counts into count I, the
armed habitual criminal charge. Therefore, the court did not impose sentences on the offenses set forth
in the remaining counts.
¶ 49 In a criminal case, the trial court’s final judgment is the sentence, and if no sentenced is imposed,
“an appeal cannot be entertained.” People v. Caballero, 102 Ill. 2d 23, 51 (1984). A reviewing court
may have occasion to consider defendant’s claims regarding unsentenced convictions where the greater
conviction is vacated, so that a nonfinal, unsentenced conviction can be reinstated. See People v. Dixon,
91 Ill. 2d 346, 353-54 (1982). However, we have not reversed defendant’s armed habitual criminal
conviction. As such, defendant’s unsentenced convictions for offenses in counts II through VIII are not
properly before this court, and we cannot consider his claims on those convictions. People v. Neely,
2013 IL App (1st) 120043, ¶ 15.
¶ 50 Defendant’s final contention is that this court should remand the matter for a full Krankel hearing
and appointment of counsel, where his allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel were sufficient to
establish possible neglect of his case. When a defendant raises a pro se claim of ineffective assistance
of counsel, the trial court must conduct a preliminary inquiry into the claim to determine any potential
merit. People v. Roddis, 2020 IL 124352, ¶ 35. The court should first examine the factual basis of
defendant’s claim, and if it determines his claim lacks merit or only involves matters of trial strategy,
the court may deny defendant’s motion without appointing new counsel. Id. The trial court is “most
familiar with the proceedings at issue” and thus is most effective in distinguishing patently frivolous
16 No. 1-18-2542
claims from those showing possible neglect. Id. ¶ 56. Therefore, the trial court can consider the merits
of defendant’s claim in their entirety when determining whether to appoint new counsel. Id. ¶ 61.
¶ 51 Whether the trial court conducted a proper preliminary Krankel inquiry presents a legal question
subject to de novo review. Id. ¶ 33. “However, if the trial court has properly conducted a Krankel inquiry
and has reached a determination on the merits of the defendant’s Krankel motion, we will reverse only
if the trial court’s action was manifestly erroneous.” People v. Jackson, 2020 IL 124112, ¶ 98.
“Manifestly erroneous means arbitrary, unreasonable and not based on the evidence.” People v. Wells,
182 Ill. 2d 471, 481 (1998).
¶ 52 The following facts form the basis of defendant’s claim on appeal. Prior to his indictment,
defendant was represented by a private attorney. On June 27, 2017, a public defender was
appointed, and while defendant was represented by the public defender, the parties completed
discovery. However, on October 26, 2017, defendant’s private counsel filed an appearance on
behalf of defendant. Counsel subsequently informed the court that he would like to obtain squad
car or body camera video footage from the night of defendant’s arrest. The trial court granted a
continuance so that counsel could determine whether such videos existed. On March 26, 2018,
defense counsel told the court that the Chicago Police Department indicated it had no videos
relating to the incident. Counsel also informed the court that he was attempting to locate two
witnesses, one of whom was the owner of the vehicle and had a valid FOID card.
¶ 53 On the next court date, defense counsel informed the court that he was attempting to locate
Denzel Tyree, a person listed on the police report. He could not locate the individual on his own
and planned to hire a private investigator. When the court asked counsel what Denzel might testify
to at trial, counsel stated:
17 No. 1-18-2542
“He can indicate that the defendant, who is alleged to have put a firearm inside a vehicle,
he’ll contribute that he was there along with multiple other individuals, that they were all
stopped, searched, and released. And then eventually, after the search took place, the
officers then went to a van where there’s a female—”
¶ 54 The trial court responded, “That’s enough. I’ll give you another continuance to try to find him.”
On May 18, 2018, defense counsel’s answer to discovery listed only Shamone Pickens as a potential
defense witness.
¶ 55 After his bench trial, defendant filed a pro se motion of ineffective assistance of counsel. In the
motion, defendant alleged that his counsel failed to (1) file a motion to suppress defendant’s statement
that the guns belonged to him; (2) subpoena witnesses Denzel Tyree, Mark Carter, Jimmy Bender,
Michael Carter, Brittany Maddison, Cory Rodgers, Davin Rodgers, and “Nathaniel”; (3) subpoena
camera footage from police cameras located on the corner of Chicago Avenue and Central Park Avenue;
(4) subpoena camera footage from the Harrison and Kedzie police station; (5) subpoena the police radio
dispatch prior to the time the police said they witnessed defendant place the gun in the Charger;
(6) subpoena dash camera footage from the police vehicle that transported defendant and others to the
police station; (7) object to the State’s request for a continuance to subpoena Officer Catalano for trial;
(8) visit defendant or consult with him regarding trial strategy; (9) make necessary objections during
trial; (10) make due process arguments; and (11) subpoena Denzel Tyree’s police report.
¶ 56 The trial court conducted a preliminary Krankel hearing on defendant’s motion. On appeal,
defendant challenges only the trial court’s determination on his claim that defense counsel failed to
investigate witnesses, in particular Denzel Tyree, Michael Carter, and Reginald Roberson. Therefore,
we consider only that issue here.
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¶ 57 Regarding defendant’s claim that his trial counsel failed to subpoena Denzel Tyree, Michael
Carter, Mark Carter, Jimmy Bender, Brittany Madison, Corey Rodgers, Diamond Rogers, and
“Nathaniel” to testify at trial, the trial court questioned defendant:
Q. Is there anything else that your lawyer did wrong or didn’t do?
A. I repeatedly asked him to call my witnesses that was out there. He—he said he did an
investigation, but my witnesses said didn’t nobody ever come and contact them. They been—
Q. Who are your witnesses?
A. Mark Carter, Denzel Tyree, Jimmy Bender, Nathaniel, Michael Carter—he is resting
in peace now He is no longer with us—Brittany Madison, Corey Rogers, Diamond Rogers. You
know, they all—
Q. They were all out there?
A. Yes. They all live at the same address, the phone numbers the same, and everything.
Q. What would they have said if they were in court?
A. If they would have come to court, they would have testified that I was in front of 839
North Central Park where I live at. I never told the police anything about a confession, about no
gun being mine. And they would explain better about what happened that night. And Denzel—
Tyree Denzel is one of the guys that was arrested with me. He wasn’t charged with a gun. He
was charged with obstruction or something like that. He been willing to come to court from day
one to testify because when we was at the police station, he got into it with the police again. You
know, it’s like all of my—all of my witnesses that say they was coming to court said didn’t
nobody ever contact them especially Tyree Denzel.”
¶ 58 The trial court then asked for counsel’s response. Counsel stated that he had Denzel’s arrest
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report but that it contained nothing relevant to defendant’s case. Regarding defendant’s claim that
counsel failed to subpoena Denzel Tyree, Michael Carter, and the other witnesses, counsel stated:
“Additionally, I tried to locate Mr. Denzel myself. I personally went to the address where
he is located on here. He was unavailable. I had talked to [defendant’s] friends and family,
indicated that if they know anybody who was a witness, to please let me know. The individual
who hired me to represent [defendant] knows some of these individuals. I asked him for help,
too, if he knows any of these individuals’ names.
During the time—the pendency of this case, there are—before trial, there were probably
about seven court appearances or so which I appeared before your Honor on this matter. And
each time I appeared in court, I had lengthy discussions with [defendant] in the back discussing
the case and going over the situations. And at no point in time could he ever give me any specific
names other than Tyree Denzel, Michael Carter, who had passed—and I knew I couldn’t use
him as a witness obviously; he had passed—and there was one other individual by the name of
Roberson whose information was found in the vehicle and who was the owner of the vehicle.
But based on testimony that he could say and defendant’s strategy, there was no reason to call
Roberson as a witness.
These other individuals that [defendant] has brought up, their names I have never heard
them before. If I would have heard them, I certainly would have investigated them.
I called the [d]efense witness, Shamone—I forget her last name—and had her testify. So
it wasn’t as if I wasn’t provided information from the defendant as I called witnesses; that I
would not have sought or tried to locate.
These witnesses that [defendant] now comes up and has names for, I continually asked
20 No. 1-18-2542
him for who they were and he said he didn’t know them. He only knew the two people he listed,
and these were other people out on the street and he didn’t know who they were. And now he
wants to put in his motion that he gives specificity and he can delineate their specific names and
where they were and have communication with them when I continually asked for help regarding
that point. I cannot do anything regarding that aspect. If there were witnesses known to me, I
certainly would have investigated and called them, but those were not provided.”
¶ 59 After the hearing, the trial court stated that it did not believe grounds for relief existed where
defendant’s Krankel claims were “without merit,” and it denied the motion. The court, however, took
defendant’s motion under advisement to read the trial transcripts again. On the next court date, defendant
argued that his trial counsel failed to object to a continuance allowing the State to obtain a transcript of
Officer Graney’s testimony, which could have been used to influence Officer Catalano’s testimony. The
trial court treated defendant’s claim as a motion to reconsider its denial of defendant’s Krankel claim.
The court denied the motion.
¶ 60 The record shows that the trial court questioned defense counsel and also gave defendant an
opportunity to discuss his dissatisfaction with defense counsel’s representation at trial. The court even
took the matter under advisement in order to read through the trial transcripts again. An adequate inquiry
consists of “some interchange between the trial court and trial counsel regarding the facts and
circumstances surrounding the allegedly ineffective representation,” and “[a] brief discussion between
the trial court and the defendant.” People v. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d 68, 78 (2003). We find that the trial court
conducted an adequate inquiry into defendant’s pro se allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel.
¶ 61 We also find that the trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion, after adequate inquiry, was not
manifestly erroneous. In considering defendant’s allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel, the
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trial court can base its evaluation “on its knowledge of defense counsel’s performance at trial” (id. at
79) and assess the sufficiency of defendant’s allegations in light of the entire record (People v. Holliday,
313 Ill. App. 3d 1046, 1049 (2000)).
¶ 62 Defendant contends that his pro se claims of ineffective assistance of counsel showed possible
neglect where counsel failed to investigate essential witnesses in his case. He points out that counsel
mentioned both Denzel and Roberson in pretrial hearings but failed to fully investigate either witness.
¶ 63 However, at the preliminary Krankel hearing, defense counsel testified, “I tried to locate Mr.
Denzel myself. I personally went to the address where he is located on here. He was unavailable. I had
talked to [defendant’s] friends and family, indicated that if they know anybody who was a witness, to
please let me know.” He also testified that he “had lengthy discussions with [defendant]” about his case
when they were in court and “at no point in time could he ever give me any specific names other than
Tyree Denzel, Michael Carter, who had passed.” Counsel stated, “I knew I couldn’t use [Carter] as a
witness obviously; he had passed.” Counsel cannot be faulted for failing to investigate unavailable
witnesses. People v. Williams, 147 Ill. 2d 173, 247 (1991).
¶ 64 Regarding Roberson, defendant stated in his motion that if “called to be a witness [Roberson]
would have testified [that] he doesn’t know me, that he is the owner of the vehicle, and everything that
was in the vehicle.” At the Krankel hearing, defense counsel testified that “there was one other
individual by the name of Roberson whose information was found in the vehicle and who was the owner
of the vehicle. But based on testimony that he could say and defendant’s strategy, there was no reason
to call Roberson as a witness.”
¶ 65 The decision regarding whether to call a certain witness is a “matter[ ] of trial strategy, reserved
to the discretion of trial counsel.” People v. Enis, 194 Ill. 2d 361, 378 (2000). Deciding which theory of
22 No. 1-18-2542
defense to pursue is also trial strategy. People v. Morris, 2013 IL App (1st) 110413, ¶ 74. Under
established law, a strong presumption exists that these decisions “reflect sound trial strategy, rather than
incompetence.” Enis, 194 Ill. 2d at 378. Thus, trial counsel is generally immune from ineffective
assistance of counsel claims regarding such decisions. Id. Defendant can overcome this presumption,
however, if he shows that trial counsel’s decisions were “so irrational and unreasonable that no
reasonably effective defense attorney, facing similar circumstances, would pursue such a strategy.”
People v. Jones, 2012 IL App (2d) 110346, ¶ 82.
¶ 66 At trial, the defense’s strategy was to deny that defendant possessed a firearm at all on May 26,
2017, and to deny that he was near the Dodge Charger when the police drove by. Pickens and defendant
testified accordingly. In closing argument, defense counsel pointed out that Officer Graney was the only
officer who “supposedly” saw defendant place the firearm inside the Charger, and Officer Catalano,
who was driving the van, did not see it. Counsel further argued that it was unlikely Officer Catalano
could see a gun sticking out from under the driver’s seat as he approached the vehicle and looked through
the window, because “someone is sitting in the seat.” He continued, “The reason why I bring that up is
because I think there was a search of this vehicle and other vehicles done and yes, firearms were
recovered, but I believe this defendant had nothing to do with that and didn’t put any firearms in the
vehicle.” In other words, the defense’s theory was that, even if firearms were found in the Dodge
Charger, defendant “had nothing to do with [it]” because he never possessed any firearm that night.
Therefore, defense counsel saw no reason to call Roberson, the owner of the vehicle, as a witness. Given
the evidence at trial, counsel’s decision not to call Roberson as a witness was not so irrational that no
reasonably effective defense attorney would have pursued such a strategy under similar circumstances.
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¶ 67 Furthermore, the fact that Roberson may have owned the firearms found in his vehicle would
not preclude a finding that defendant had actual possession of a recovered firearm. Actual possession
refers to defendant’s physical control over the firearm. Jones, 2019 IL App (1st) 170478, ¶ 27. There is
no requirement that defendant own the firearm he is charged with possessing. Thus, defendant could
have had actual possession of the firearm without owning it, as evidenced by Officer Graney’s testimony
that he saw defendant pull the firearm out of his waistband and pass it through the window of the Dodge
Charger. As such, Roberson’s mere ownership of the firearm would not have been relevant to the issue
of defendant’s actual possession of the firearm.
¶ 68 The failure of counsel to interview witnesses may indicate incompetence when the witnesses are
known to counsel and their testimony may be exonerating. People v. Williams, 147 Ill. 2d 173, 245
(1991). However, attorney incompetence is not indicated where defendant can point to no potentially
favorable testimony the witness might have offered. Id. Given the defense’s strategy and the evidence
in this case, Roberson’s testimony that he owned “everything in the vehicle” would not have been
exonerating or favorable to the defense.
¶ 69 The trial court considered defendant’s claims, heard testimony, re-read the trial transcripts, and
concluded that defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claims were without merit. After reviewing
the record, we find that the trial court’s determination was not arbitrary, unreasonable, or not based on
the evidence.
¶ 70 IV. CONCLUSION
¶ 71 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.
¶ 72 Affirmed.
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Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 17-CR-8773; the Hon. James B. Linn, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys James E. Chadd, Thomas A. Lilien, and Drew A. Wallenstein, of for State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Elgin, for appellant. Appellant:
Attorneys Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Enrique for Abraham, Brian K. Hodes, and Leslie Billings, Assistant State’s Appellee: Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.