Landon, J.:
The corporation known as the Broadway Surface Railroad Company was organized under chapter 252, Laws of 1884. The corporation thus derived its charter mediately from the legislature, and as effectively as if it had been conferred immediately by a special act. The legislature which gave its consent could annex such conditions as it thought proper, provided it did not exceed legislative power. It had all legislative power not denied to it by the National or State Constitutions. It had the power to annul and dissolve the corporation and repeal its charter, irrespective of the State Constitution, if it had reserved the power. (Dartmouth College Case, 4 Wheat., 518.) The legislature had reserved the power in various ways, and, among others, in the precise form here exercised, namely, direct action upon the corporation and charter themselves.
Chapter 252 of the Laws of 1884 subjected the charter of this corporation to section 8 of chapter 18, title 3, of the first part of the Revised Statutes. That section provides that “the charter of every corporation that shall hereafter be granted by the legislature shall be subject to alteration, suspension and repeal in the discretion of the legislature.” The corporation itself was also made subject to section 48 of chapter 140 of the Laws of 1850. This section provides that “the legislature may at any time annul or dissolve any corporation formed under this act.” The act of 1884 also provided for its own alteration and repeal, but since the legislative power was not exercised in this form, this provision, as also section 1, article 8 of the State Constitution, providing that general laws and special acts relative to corporations “ may be altered from time to time or repealed,” need not be further considered than as [525]*525indicating the policy of the State to keep this and every other corporation under legislative control. Under the Constitution the legislature cannot abdicate this power, unless its permission given to corporations to make contracts which the National Constitution will preserve — of which hereafter — may be said to be pro tanto an abdication. The power of dissolution and repeal existing, the manner in which it may exercise this power can only be challenged by denying that it is legislative power. This denial has been substantially made in this case. As an academic question we might concede that the legislative power of repeal has reference to laws, and not to the creatures organized or formed under the laws; but this corporation cannot urge such an objection, since it took its existence subject to the condition that the legislature might exercise its legislative power in the form and manner here employed. We conclude that chapter 268 of the Laws of 1886 is constitutional, and that thereby the Broadway Surface Railroad Company was “ dissolved and annulled and its charter repealed.”
We assume that the Court of Appeals has decided that this action is properly brought. (People v. O'Brien, 103 N. Y., 657.) In order to determine the,rightsbof the respective parties to this action, it is necessary to determine of what estate the Broadway Surface Company died siezed and possessed. To determine this we must ascertain by what tenure it held its property and franchises, and this requires us to examine not only its original tenure, but also whether such original tenure was augmented or qualified by its contract relations with other parties.
The repealing act by its terms limits its destructive force to the corporation and its charter. Its language is: “The corporation * * * is hereby annulled and dissolved, and its charter is hereby repealed.” Both corporation and charter were annihilated co-instantaneously. Although two phrases are used in the act, one dissolving the corporation, and the other repealing the charter, each phrase is a sentence of death. While alive the corporation had its charter and all its property and franchises. Whatever power of alteration or forfeiture the legislature possessed, was never exercised during the life of the corporation. It died therefore in the fullness of its rights and acquisitions. Of course when the corporation was dissolved, its physical power to operate this railroad was destroyed; [526]*526the dead have no powers. Its franchise to be a corporation was ' destroyed; liberty to live cannot survive death. When the corporation was organized it was given life and endowed with faculties and •powers to act and acquire in defined lines of business. By the exercise of its powers it could acquire property rights. But it was empty handed. What it obtained afterwards in the line of its proper business was its acquisition, not part of itself, but as distinct from it as the owner is from the thing owned.
It died full handed, and its dead hands dropped their holdings charged with every lien and burden lawfully created, into the living hands appointed by law to receive them. The owner was taken away; the property owned was left. This property consisted of two kinds, corporeal and incorporeal. The corporeal was the railroad upon Broadway, already constructed in pursuance of the grant of that right and interest in the soil of the surface of the street, sufficient to enable the company to make the construction thereon. If that grant, standing alone, was of sufficient quantity to enable the company to maintain the railroad upon the street, then the grant of the interest in the soil granted both the right to construct and maintain. The construction was an executed act, the maintenance an act for the future. No law could defeat acts already accomplished, but could, it is conceivable, defeat the performance of contemplated future acts, if the power to defeat them inhered in the title granted to the company. But to maintain a railroad upon a public street would be a nuisance unless authorized by law. (Fanning v. Osborne, 102 N. Y., 441.) The right to maintain this constructed railroad was therefore a franchise. So, also, was the right to operate it.
By what tenure were these two kinds of property held by the railroad company at the date of its dissolution ? At common law only for life, although since a corporation aggregate was deemed immortal the grant of real estate was equivalent to a fee, and, therefore, the law allowed it to be one. (2 Blk. Com , 109.) If a corporation had granted over its possessions to another before dissolution, they did not revert to the donor. (1 Rol., 816; Bac. Ab. Corp. J.) The franchises of a corporation, however, were the gift to it of a part of the sovereign’s privileges, made upon considerations of personal trust and confidence and given by favor, [527]*527and hence ended upon its civil death. The basis of the doctrine of the life tenure of a .franchise is the favor of the sovereign and personal trust and confidence in the incorporators. That a corporation may take its corporeal property by title absolute is not questioned by counsel, and is settled by authority. (Yates v. Van De Bogert, 56 N. Y., 526; Nicoll v. N. Y. and Erie R. R. Co., 12 id., 121.)
Chapter 252, Laws of 1881, the statute under which this corporation was organized, conferred powers and privileges, among others as follows: “ To hold, purchase and convey such real and personal estate as the purposes of the corporation shall require, not exceeding the amount limited in its charter.” (Pt. 1, chap. 18, tit. 3, § 1, R. S.) Also, “to purchase, hold and use all such real estate and other property as -may be necessary for the construction and maintenance of its railroad and the stations and other accommodations necessary to accomplish the objects of its incorporation.” (Chap. 140, Laws 1850, § 28, sub. 3.) Also, “to mortgage their corporate property and franchises to secure the payment of any debt,” etc. (Id., sub. 10, as amended by chapter 133, Laws of 1880.) Also to “ construct, maintain, operate, use and extend a railroad or branches on the surface of the soil” of Broadway, between designated termini, upon obtaining performance of certain conditions precedent, hereafter to be noticed. (Chap. 252, Laws, 1884, § 3.)
The term of its existence was to be one thousand years. The franchises of a corporation, which form part of its life and body, must, of course, be held upon a life tenure. The franchise to construct, maintain and operate this railroad was an acquisition subsequent to the creation of the corporation. We may grant that, upon the creation of the corporation, it was endowed with the power to construct, maintain and operate this or any other street surface railroad, provided it should first obtain the right to do so. The power was a physical or personal attribute or capacity, like any man’s power, honestly to get what he lawfully may; but no right to the franchise was obtained until it was acquired as the fruits of the exercise of the power to get it. This corporation did exercise its powers, of acquisition, and did create and acquire this railroad, and therewith and as elements or qualities of this property, and so inseparable from it that they constitute its chief value, [528]*528acquired its usable and usufructuary capabilities or properties. The particular franchises acquired came with the acquisition of this particular property. The distinction between the franchises which are strictly the personal attributes of the corporation, and the franchises which pertain to the uses to which its railroad property is fitted, is well recognized. (See cases, hereafter cited, as to the assignability of such franchises.) The distinction is just. What sort of a government would that be which, after inducing its subjects to create a railroad, should then forbid its use ?
The common law rule that the tenure of such a franchise is for the life of the corporation has been materially changed by our statutes, and in the case of street surface railroads by article 3, section 18, of the State Constitution. The rule, as we believe it to be, is, that to the extent that the Constitution and statutes have permitted the property franchises to be acquired by purchase instead of solely from the bounty of the State, the tenui’e depends upon the contract of purchase; and to the extent that the corporation has, under statutes authorizing it to do so, entered into contracts binding the projserty franchise, to that extent, the personal quality of the franchises has be.en changed into an assignable quality, and the life tenure into a tenure adequate to uphold such contracts. It may be conceded that to the extent that the property franchises have not been acquired or bound by contract, the common law tenure prevails.
The grant to this corporation of the interest in the surface of the soil of Broadway sufficient for the exercise of the right to construct, maintain and operate a railroad thereon, and also of the right itself, was initiated and completed in accordance with the provisions of chapter 252, Laws of 1884. This act was passed to carry into effect, among other conditions, the conditions provided by section 18, article 3, of the Constitution, adopted in 1875. This section provided that “ no law shall authorize the construction or operation of a street railroad except upon the condition that the consent of the owners of one-half in value of the property bounded on, and the consent- also of the local authorities having the control of that portion of a street or highway upon which it is proposed to construct or operate such railroad, be first obtained.” Prior to the adoption of this provision of the Constitution it had been settled [529]*529by tbe adjudications of the courts that the title to the land of the bed of the street was vested in the city in trust for the people of the State; that the adjoining owners had certain easements therein, but that the State had the right to authorize the construction of a railroad thereon without providing compensation either to the city or adjoining owners unless the owners would suffer some special injury. (The People v. Kerr, 27 N. Y., 188; Kellinger v. Forty-second St., etc., R. R. Co., 50 id., 206; Milhau v. Sharp, 27 id., 611.)
The constitutional provision of 1875, above referred to, placed important restraints upon the power of the legislature to authorize the construction of railroads upon the streets, and imposed conditions to enable the city and property owners to protect their own interests against the improvidence of the State, or the rapacity of the railroad company. The grant of the franchise originates with' the State as before, but power of the State to complete its grant, so as to vest it in the possession and enjoyment of the grantee, is made dependent upon the consent of the city and of the property owners; until this consent be given the grant is only inchoate, a mere tender upon conditions, and the conditions may never be performed by the city and property owners, or the grant be accepted by the grantee. The city and the property owners are thus brought in as parties whose consent is necessary. Some of the terms which the ciiy may impose, as the price of its consent, are prescribed in chapter 252, Laws 1884. Section 7 provides that: “ The local authorities of any incorporated city or village, to whom application under the provisions of this act may be made for consent to the construction, maintenance, use, operation or extension of a street surface railroad upon any street, * * may, at their option, provide for the sale of, and sell at public auction the franchise, subject to all the provisions of this act.” Thus the legislature expressly makes the franchise purchasable property. It may be observed that a franchise, purchasable in the first instance at public auction, is obtainable upon other considerations than the gracious favor of the sovereign and special personal confidence and trust in the grantee, which form the basis of a tenure for life.
The State, therefore, may not vest its grant of the franchise in the grantee except in pursuance of the terms of such contract conditions [530]*530as the city and grantee enter into, and to which the State has pledged its consent in advance. The interest in the land on the surface of the street, and the franchise to construct, maintain and operate the railroad thereon, all pass together to the grantee, upon the completed execution of the grant by all the grantors, and its acceptance by the grantee. The contract between the city and 'the grantee,, to which the State.is also a consenting party, is thus authorized by the State Constitution, and the National Constitution forbids the State to impair its obligations. (U. S. Const., art. 1, § 10.) The consent of the property owners may also be based upon contract equally inviolable.
It follows that the tenure of the grant of the interest in the real estate of the street and of the franchise, must be adequate to uphold the contracts upon which the consents were obtained, and also be of the extent expressed in such contracts. It is objected that such construction practically defeats the intention of the legislature in dissolving the corporation. That intention must, of course, be controlled by the' constitutional protection of contract obligations. Neither public nor private interests are supposed to be promoted by the destruction of valuable property, and no persofa or corporation can be deprived of vested rights in property except upon due process of law. When the Constitution made the vesting of this franchise dependent upon the execution of a contract between the city and the company, it allowed the franchise to become the subject-matter of the contract, and the consideration upon which it was entered into; and since the subject-matter and consideration cannot be withdrawn from the obligations of the contract without impairing those obligations, the Constitution places it beyond the power of the State, without the consent of both city and company, to withdraw this franchise. Its reserved power was limited to the destruction of the powers it gave to the company as a part of its life .and being, and to the regulation' of those powers and the property rights the company acquired by their exercise, and did not extend to the destruction of such rights.
The power of the legislature to resume, by right of eminent domain for public purposes, such property rights, upon making just compensation, may also be conceded. (Sixth Av. R. R. Co. v. Kerr, 72 N. Y., 330.) If the State also retains the power to impair [531]*531its own contract with the company in its part of the grant, it does not reserve the power to impair the contract of the city and company, and since in this case one contract cannot be impaired without impairing the other, neither can be. (Commonwealth v. Essex Co., 13 Gray, 239.) Plainly property rights acquired by the corporation by the exercise of its corporate powers are vested rights, and'the contract with parties other than the State, whereby they were lawfully secured, are within the protection of the National Constitution.
The consent of the city was given by its common council to the Broadway Surface Railroad Company upon the agreement of the company, secrrred by an adequate bond, to pay the city $40,000 per year by way of rent, also three per cent upon its earnings for the first five years and five per cent per year thereafter, and to do and perform certain other things burdensome to the company and beneficial to the city, The consent was “to construct, maintain, operate and use a street surface railroad for public use in the conveyance of persons in cam ” on Broadway, between designated termini. This consent was formally accepted by the company. No term of time is expressed in the consent. Por five years three per cent per year of the earnings must be paid, and five per cent per year thereafter, thus indicating an indefinite length of time after five years. The consent is given upon condition that the provisions of chapter 252, Laws of 1884,* shall be complied with, and also upon the condition that if the company should fail to pay the percentages, the provisions of the act providing for a forfeiture of the franchise upon judgment in a suit to be brought by the attorney general should be applicable. This consent and acceptance constitute a contract.
Prior to the adoption of the constitutional amendment of 1875, the effect of such a contract, substantially, as was here entered into between the company and the city, provided there were the constitutional and legislative power to make it, had been frequently discussed-by the courts, and the substance and effect of the decisions were, that thereby a grant, both of an irrevocable property interest in the street and of the franchise to construct, maintain and operate the railroad and take tolls thereon, would be made. (Milhau v. Sharp, 27 N. Y., 611; The Mayor, etc., v. The Second Ave. R. R. [532]*532Co., 32 id., 261; Davis v. The Mayor, etc., 14 id., 506, 532; The People v. Sturtevant, 9 id., 263, 273; The Brooklyn Central R. R. Co. v. The Brooklyn City R. R. Co., 32 Barb., 358, 364; State of New York v. The Mayor, etc., 3 Duer, 119.) The real estate and franchise granted would be property subject to condemnation for public use (Sixth Ave. R. R. Co. v. Kerr, 72 N. Y., 330), not personal merely to the railroad company, but assignable (The People v. Brooklyn, F. and C. I. R. Co., 89 N. Y., 75; Metz v. Buffalo, Corry and P. R. R. Co., 58 id., 61; New Orleans R. R. Co. v. Delamore, 114 U. S., 501; Morgan v. Louisiana, 93 id., 217; R. R. Co. v. James, 6 Wall., 750; Memphis R. R. Co. v. Comrs., 112 U. S., 609; Greenwood v. Freight Co., 105 id., 13 Covington DrawBridge Co. v. Shepherd, 21 How. [U. S.] 112; Hall v. Sullivan R. R. Co., 21 Law. Rep., 138); and, independently of the constitutional provision qf 1875, binding upon the State so far as the interest in real estate is concerned. (Beekman v. S. and S. R. R. Co., 3 Paige, 45, 72; Danolds v. State, 89 N. Y., 36; Fletcher v. Peck, 6 Cranch, 87.)
The Constitution of 1875 having authorized both grant of real estate and franchise, both became bound by the terms and tenure of the grant; 'and, as was said in Milhau v. Sharp, perpetually bound, “ because there is no limitation in point of time to the continuance of the franchise, and no direct power is reserved to the corporation (city) to terminate it,” except, we may add, with reference to the present case, the right of forfeiture upon the happening of the condition subsecpient,-namely, the non-payment of the annual rents or dues, or the non-performance of the conditions prescribed by chapter 252, Laws of 1884, and by the contract, none of which defaults have occurred. It was contemplated by all the parties to the grant that the company should hold its property and the franchises granted with it so long as it should continue to perform its contract and statutory obligations, subject also to further statutory regulations; and such is the tenure by which, at its dissolution, the company did hold them.
Independently of the peculiar features of a grant of property franchise to street surface railroads impressed upon the grant by the constitutional provision of 1875, such franchises, as the cases above cited, touching their assignability, show, have the same assignability [533]*533as the franchises of other railroad companies. This proceeds from the act authorizing the incorporation, and the statute referred to therein, already quoted, authorizing the company to mortgage its franchises. The statute which authorizes the mortgage of the franchises imports a tenure adequate to uphold the mortgage. Under this statutory authority this railroad and its franchises were mortgaged for large sums of money. Upon default in payment of the mortgage, the franchises and property could be sold. Several acts provide methods to enable the purchaser to take the proper steps to enjoy the property and franchises thus sold and purchased. (Chap. 282, Laws 1854; chap. 444, Laws 1857; chap. 469, Laws 1873; chap. 710, Laws 1873; chap. 430, Laws 1874; chap. 446, Laws 1876; chap. 113, Laws 1880.) They may not be strictly applicable to a street surface railroad, but they indicate the policy of the State to be, to make railroad property and franchises as available in the hands of the purchaser, as in the hands of the first holder, and to give them that assignable quality, so essential to private enterprise and the usefulness of railroads. Even if the purchaser cannot himself use the franchise he may hold it until he finds a purchaser endowed with the capacity of using it, as was done in the case of The People v. Brooklyn, Flatbush and Coney Island Railroad Company (89 N. Y., 75).
The fifteenth section of chapter 252, Laws 1884, expressly .provides for the lease or transfer, by one street railroad company to another duly authorized, of tne right to run upon, or use any portion of the street railroad tracks. This implies the assignability of the franchise, to the extent necessary to uphold such lease or transfer.
Section 48 of chapter 140, Laws of 1850, which, as we have seen, is the only statute which in terms authorizes the legislature “ to annul or dissolve any incorporation formed under ” the act, as distinguished from by the act itself, has this saving clause : “ But such dissolution shall not take away or impair any remedy given against any such corporation, its stockholders or iofficers, for any liability which shall have been previously incurred.” Thus, this act permits the incorporation (i. e., the associating together of the elements whose union completes the corporation), to be dissolved and annulled, but saves remedies. If the remedy is to enforce the contract which [534]*534binds the property franchise, such franchise must survive and be preserved.
We are cited by counsel to many authorites, in which the effect of a repeal or amendment of the statute under which the corporation was formed has been considered. We concede that the corporation takes both -property and property franchises subject to proper legislative regulation. The liability to such regulation is in effect written in the charter to the extent of the power reserved. (People ex rel. Kimball v. The B. and A. R. R. Co., 70 N. Y., 569.) When the liability ripens into an actuality, theoretically and logically no wrong has been done to the corporation, or any one dealing with it, for all dealt subject to the hazard, and consenting to abide its consequence. (Penn. College Cases, 13 Wall., 190.) Thus, where lands are granted upon condition of forfeiture upon condition subsequent, the vice of this liability taints the title and may destroy it. A nmrtgage upon such a title abides the fate of the title. (Silliman v. F. O. and C. R. R. Co., 27 Gratt., 119.) In the case at bar the statute which authorized the mortgages removed the vice of a life tenure.
In the Sinking Fund Cases (99 U. S., 700), Chief Justice Waite says (p. 721) : “Whatever rules congress might have prescribed in the original charter for the government of the corporation in the administration of its affairs, it retained the power to establish by amendment. In so doing it cannot undo what has already been done; and it cannot unmake contracts that have already been made, but it may provide for what shall be done in the future, and may direct what preparation shall be made for the due performance of contracts already entered into. It might originally have prohibited the borrowing of money on mortgage, or it might have said that no bonded debt should be created without ample provision by sinking fund to meet it at maturity. Not having done so at first it cannot now, by direct legislation, yacate mortgages already made under the powers originally granted, nor release debts already contracted.”
In New Orleans, etc., Railroad v. Delamore (114 U. S., 501) the court said. (p. 510): “Where there has been a judicial sale of railroad property under a mortgage authorized by law covering its franchises, it is now well settled that the franchises necessary to the use and enjoyment of the railroad passed to the purchasers.”
[535]*535It is urged by the learned counsel for the people that the force of this decision is broken, so far as the case at bar is concerned, by the fact that tbe franchise had yet twenty-one years to run, and was, by the laws of the State, assignable and the mortgagor company was still alive. The material fact, however, was that the mortgage was authorized by law. That fact eliminated the personal quality and personal tennre to the extent necessary to uphold the mortgage. The courts, impressed by a sense of the unnecessary evils which may by possibility flow from this exercise of reserved legislative power, say that it has its limits. (Sinking Fund Cases, 99 U. S., 700; Holyoke Co. v. Lyman, 15 Wall., 500; Miller v. The State, Id., 478; Shields v. Ohio, 95 U. S, 319; Commonwealth v. Essex Co., 13 Gray, 239.) And these cases agree that vested rights cannot be impaired.
The case of Greenwood v. The Freight Company (105 U. S., 13) is much relied upon by the attorney-general. It arose under the law of Massachusetts, which authorized the amendment, alteration or repeal of an act of incorporation at the pleasure of the legislature. The court said : “ What is the effect of the repeal of a charter of a corporation like this ? * ' * * If the corporation be a bank, with power to lend money and to issue circulating notes, it can make no new loan nor issue any new notes designed to circulate as money. If the essence of the grant of the charter be to operate a railroad, and to use the streets of the city for that purpose, it can no longer so use the streets of the city, and no longer exercise the franchise of running a railroad in the city. In short, whatever power is dependent solely upon the grant of the charter, and which could not be exercised by unincorporated private persons under the general laws of the State, is abrogated by the repeal of the law which granted these special rights. Personal and real property acquired by the corporation during its lawful existence, rights of contract or dioses in action so acquired, and which do not 'in their nature depend upon the general powers conferred by the charter, are not destroyed by such a repeal.”
Had the case arisen in New York instead of Massachusetts the court would probably, under the authority of People v. The Brooklyn, Flatbush and Coney Island Railway Company (89 N. Y., 75), have conformed its language to our law, which allows unincorpor[536]*536ated private persons to bold such franchises until they can organize or sell to an incorporated company qualified to exercise them. So qualified, the case supports the views here presented. Erie and New England Railroad Company v. Casey (26 Penn. St., 287) is also cited by the attorney-general. In that case a railroad charter had been repealed, and the court used the following language in regard to the right to run the cars and take tolls therefor: “ When the lands were taken to build it on they were taken for the public use, otherwise they could not have been taken at all. It is true the plaintiffs had a right to take tolls from all who traveled or carried freight on it, according to certain rates fixed in the charter, but that was a mere Lanchise, a privilege derived entirely from the charter, and it was gone when the charter was repealed. The State may grant to a corporation or to an individual the franchise of taking tolls on any highway, opened or to be opened, whether it be a railroad or river, canal or bridge^ turnpike or common road. When the franchise ceases by its own limitation, by forfeiture or repeal, the highway is thrown back on the hands of the State, and it becomes her duty, as a sovereign guardian of the public rights and interests, to take care of it. She may renew the franchise, give 'it to some other person, exercise it herself or declare the highway open and free to all the people.” We understand that the common law rule which we have considered above prevailed in Pennsylvania. The rule is correctly stated according to the common law. Besides the charter contained the provision that the State, upon abuse or misuse of its privileges by the company, might resume them.
We need not continue this part of the examination further. It follows from what we have said that, upon the dissolution of the corporation, the railroad and the franchise to maintain, construct and operate it were not destroyed or impaired, but passed as a legal estate, charged with the mortgages and burdens legally placed thereon, to the directors of the Broadway Surface Railroad Company, as trustees of the creditors and stockholders of the company. (I R. S., m. p. 600, § 9.) The act (chap. 310, Laws of 1886) provided for transferring this trust from the directors to the receiver.; The Revised Statutes (sec. 9), above cited, places such trust in the-directors unless “other persons shall be appointed by the legisla[537]*537ture or by some court of competent authority.” -Chapter 310, Laws of 1886, was passed seven days after the repealing act. Under its provisions the receiver was regularly appointed by a court of competent authority, and we are not advised of any motion to vacate the appointment. The substitution of one trustee for another, where the trustees have no beneficial interest and are merely representatives of creditors and stockholders, does not affect any vested rights of the real parties in interest, but simply changes the agents through whom such vested rights are to be protected and administered There is no doubt that the legislature intended chapter 310 to apply to this case. We think the receiver took the place of the directors, and holds in their stead by a valid title.
The property of the Broadway Surface Railroad Company and lranchise to construct, maintain, operate and use it, if the foregoing views are correct, are now vested in the receiver, subject to the_ mortgages, contracts and conditions by which the same were; bound at the instant of the dissolution of the company. Since none of these were impaired in their lien upon the property and franchise, it follows that they are as valid against the receiver as they were against the company. If the company could not defend against the mortgages, the receiver cannot. If the company could not defend against the traffic contracts, the receiver cannot. If the company acquired the benefit of the contracts and orders, whereby the consents of the city and property owners were vested in the company, the same benefit is vested in the receiver for the benefit of the stockholders and creditors. No legislation could validly impose upon or vest in the receiver the right or power to divest this estate of any of its rights or property and bestow them, or any of them, upon the city or State, except upon just compensation. The statute (chap. 271, Laws of 1886), so far as it provides for the sale of the consents of the city and property owners, is, therefore, void.
With respect to the traffic contracts, they cannot be declared void in this action. None of the parties assert their invalidity except the city, the people and the receiver. The act for the disposal of the consents being declared unconstitutional, the city practically passes out of the case until some default shall be made by the receiver in paying the rent or performing the conditions of the contract. The people do not bring an action to set aside an [538]*538alienation, of property made by one or more officers of a corporation contrary to a provision of law, or for a purpose foreign to the lawful business and objects of the corporation. (Code Civ. Pro., § 1781, sub. 5.) Such an action implies the existence of the corporation, and is for the benefit of its stockholders. Nor is it brought to compel the operating companies to answer by what right they .are exercising the franchise to operate the Broadway Surface Railroad. Such an action would be triable by jury. (Code Civ. Pro., § 1950.) But the action is brought to wind up the affairs of the dissolved corporation. The rights of the parties are to be determined by the law by which they were vested, and without any substantial prejudice from any subsequent change of the remedies by which they are to be enforced. (McCracken v. Hayward, 2 How. [U. S.] 608, 612; Poindexter v. Greenhow, 114 U. S., 270.)
The people are the parties plaintiff, whereby the real parties in interest are brought into court. The receiver in the contest with the operating companies stands in the place of the Broadway Surface Railroad Company. If the latter company had sought the aid of a court of equity to set aside the traffic contracts as ultra vires, or irregularly executed, several defenses would have been open to the traffic companies. (Whitney Arms Co. v. Barlow, 63 N. Y., 62; Greenpoint Sugar Co. v. Whitin, 69 id., 328; Bissell v. The Michigan S. and N. I. R. R. Cos., 22 id., 258.)
It is probable that a tender of the restoration of benefits received from, and a rescission of the obligations entered into by, the traffic companies for the benefit of the Broadway Surface Company, would have been a condition precedent to any substantial relief. We are not advised by the comp-amt that it is desired upon sucii terms. If the views we have presented are correct the only persons to be benefited by setting aside the traffic contracts are the stockholders, and we do not understand them to ask it, or the people to ask it in their behalf. The real purpose of setting aside such contracts is understood to have been for the benefit of the city upon the resale of the consents.
We do not pass upon the question whether the act (chap, 218, Laws of 1839) was repealed by chapter 252, Laws of 1884, so far as street surface railroad companies are concerned, or whether under [539]*539any other acts the traffic contracts were authorized. We do not think the parties are in a position to raise the question in this action. We therefore, in this respect, affirm the judgment of the court below without prejudice, if the attorney general so desire it, to any other action which he may be advised to institute to test the question.
Some of the sections of the winding up act (chap. 310, Laws of 1886) are unconstitutional. Section 5, after requiring the receiver to publish a notice to creditors to present their claims and demands against the dissolved corporation, proceeds: “Such receiver is hereby authorized to examine, on oath, any of such creditors or claimants, or other witnesses, as to any and all matters pertaining to any claim or demand, or evidence of indebtedness, so presented.”
The evidence is to be filed by him, and the act then makes it the duty of the court or judge to examine the list of claims, “together with such evidence as the receiver shall have taken, and to reject all claims, demands and evidences of indebtedness which were not legally incurred or created by said corporation, or which were in excess of its powers, or which are for any reason shown to be illegal, and no claim or demand shall be allowed for any greater amount than the money value of the consideration therefor, unless the said court or judge shall find and decide from the evidence taken by and before the receiver ” that the claimant was a bona fide holder for value before the dissolution of the corporation. This makes the receiver the judicial officer to take the testimony, and does not permit any evidence to be taken by any disinterested officer, it does not permit the judge to decide according to the very right of the matter, but instructs him to decide so as to promote a scheme of spoliation. The legislature can prescribe modes of procedure and define the rights of parties within constitutional limits with respect to future transactions. It can change remedies and procedure with respect to past transactions so long as it does hot impair vested rights. No man shall be deprived of his property without due process of law. When the transactions have already occurred by which rights and property are vested, any legislative attempt to divest them by closing the ear of the court to all evidence except such as a party, possibly biased and adverse, may permit to be [540]*540beard, and by directing in advance the decision the court shall thereupon render, is condemned alike by the Constitution and by every sentiment of justice. We concur with the trial court in holding these provisions unconstitutional.
The judgment is in all things affirmed, with costs against the plaintiff in favor of the respondents who have not also appealed, but without prejudice to any action the attorney-general may bring respecting the traffic contracts.
Bockes, J., concurred in the conclusion; Learned, P. J., concurred, except as stated in opinion below.