People v. Maury

2025 IL App (4th) 220887, 257 N.E.3d 711

• Court: Appellate Court of Illinois
• Decided: February 20, 2025
• Docket: 4-22-0887
• Status: Published

Opinion

2025 IL App (4th) 220887 FILED February 20, 2025 NO. 4-22-0887 Carla Bender 4th District Appellate IN THE APPELLATE COURT Court, IL OF ILLINOIS

FOURTH DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of v. ) Livingston County RAYMOND A. MAURY III, ) No. 18CF162 Defendant-Appellant. ) ) Honorable ) Jennifer Hartmann Bauknecht, ) Judge Presiding

JUSTICE STEIGMANN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Presiding Justice Harris and Justice Cavanagh concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 In June 2018, following a traffic stop, defendant, Raymond A. Maury III, was

charged with (1) unlawful possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance (cocaine), a

Class X felony (720 ILCS 570/401(a)(2)(C) (West 2018)) and (2) possession of heroin, a Class 4

felony (id. § 402(c)). Defendant, pro se and through counsel, filed several motions to suppress the

evidence obtained from the traffic stop, which the trial court denied.

¶2 In May 2022, a jury found defendant guilty of unlawful possession with the intent

to deliver cocaine.

¶3 In July 2022, the trial court conducted an inquiry pursuant to People v. Krankel,

102 Ill. 2d 181 (1984), into defendant’s pro se claims of ineffective assistance of counsel and

declined to appoint defendant new counsel. The court then denied defendant’s posttrial motion and sentenced defendant to 35 years in prison.

¶4 In July 2022, defendant appealed, arguing, among other things, that the trial court

erred by failing to appoint new counsel to investigate and present his claims of ineffective

assistance. In June 2023, this court remanded this case for the appointment of Krankel counsel and

further proceedings on defendant’s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, holding that defense

counsel filed an “untimely third motion to suppress and did not refer to any expert in the proposed

third motion to suppress.” People v. Maury, No. 4-22-0887 (2023) (unpublished summary order

under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23(c)). This court did not consider the merits of defendant’s

other claims on appeal. Id.

¶5 On remand, the trial court appointed new counsel who filed a “Motion to Vacate

Conviction and Appoint Effective Counsel.” In May 2024, the court conducted a hearing on that

motion and denied it in a written order.

¶6 Defendant appeals, arguing (1) the trial court erred by (a) denying his motion to

suppress evidence obtained from an improper traffic stop, (b) sustaining numerous State objections

and limiting defense counsel’s ability to challenge the validity of the traffic stop, (c) denying

defendant’s request to proceed pro se following trial, and (d) considering a factor inherent in the

offense of possession with intent to deliver during sentencing and (2) Krankel counsel provided

ineffective assistance by failing to adequately present defendant’s claims of ineffective assistance

of defense counsel. We disagree and affirm.

¶7 I. BACKGROUND

¶8 A. The Charges

¶9 In June 2018, following a traffic stop, the State charged defendant with

(1) possession with intent to deliver more than 400 grams of a substance containing cocaine, a

-2- Class X felony (720 ILCS 570/401(a)(2)(C) (West 2018)) and (2) possession of heroin, a Class 4

felony (id. § 402(c)). At defendant’s request, the trial court appointed the public defender to

represent him.

¶ 10 B. Pretrial Motions and Proceedings

¶ 11 In September 2018, defendant waived his right to counsel and chose to proceed

pro se. From that time through February 2021, defendant requested and was granted multiple

continuances to obtain pretrial discovery and to prepare pretrial motions.

¶ 12 In August 2019, defendant pro se filed a motion to suppress evidence, arguing that

the traffic stop was impermissibly prolonged to conduct a free-air dog sniff. In February 2021,

when the trial court conducted a hearing on that motion, defendant requested that the public

defender be appointed a second time. The court granted that request and continued the hearing.

¶ 13 In April 2021, defense counsel filed a new motion to suppress, arguing that (1) the

police lacked a reasonable basis to stop defendant’s vehicle and (2) the stop was unreasonably

prolonged to conduct the free-air sniff.

¶ 14 In May 2021, Gary Morris, a private attorney, filed his appearance on defendant’s

behalf, and the trial court vacated the public defender’s appointment. In July 2021, Morris

(1) adopted the motion to suppress filed by the public defender and (2) filed a supplemental motion

to suppress that expanded on the claim that law enforcement officers unreasonably prolonged the

traffic stop.

¶ 15 C. The Motion To Suppress Hearing

¶ 16 Over three days—March 3, April 8, and April 22, 2022—the trial court conducted

a hearing on both the defendant’s motion to suppress evidence and supplemental motion. The

following evidence was presented.

-3- ¶ 17 1. Michael Heffner-Dewitt

¶ 18 Illinois State Police Trooper Michael Heffner-Dewitt testified that on June 1, 2018,

he was assigned with five or six other state troopers to a construction zone project that was ongoing

on Interstate 55 (I-55). He was parked in the median of I-55 and had a dashboard camera that was

pointed at southbound traffic. He explained that whenever he activated the “toggle for the [police

car’s] lights” a video camera began saving the footage that was recorded one minute before the

car’s lights were activated.

¶ 19 Around 1 p.m., Heffner-Dewitt saw defendant commit the traffic infraction of

following too closely to a semitruck, and Heffner-Dewitt conducted a traffic stop. He spoke to

defendant on the side of the road and asked him to sit in his police car, explaining that defendant

was not under arrest but that Heffner-Dewitt “just want[ed] to write [defendant] a warning, check

[his] license and get [him] on the road.” Heffner-Dewitt said that this was normal procedure for

his traffic stops for officer safety, efficiency, and also for providing time for the motorist to gather

documents he or she needs while he types out the warning or ticket. He denied that this was

intended to “stall the stop.” Once defendant was in Heffner-Dewitt’s squad car, he made

conversation with defendant while he typed up a warning ticket. At that time, because he felt that

defendant was acting suspiciously, he messaged Sergeant Steven Ent for backup.

¶ 20 When Ent arrived, he had his canine with him. Heffner-Dewitt did not remember

how long it took for Ent to get to his location. Upon seeing Ent, defendant exited Heffner-Dewitt’s

car and attempted to run toward his car. Heffner-Dewitt gave chase, subdued defendant next to the

door of defendant’s car, and placed him under arrest. Following the arrest, Ent conducted an open-

air dog sniff of defendant’s car.

¶ 21 Morris asked Heffner-Dewitt whether he had reviewed the dashcam footage of the

-4- stop, and Heffner-Dewitt replied affirmatively. Morris then showed Heffner-Dewitt a document,

which Heffner-Dewitt described as an “arrest synopsis for jail” that he had prepared following

defendant’s arrest. He acknowledged that it included a section entitled “probable cause statement.”

Morris noted that the document incorrectly memorialized that the stop occurred at “milepost

marker 96.” Heffner-Dewitt explained that he should have written “197 and a half.” Morris asked

whether the document contained any other errors that should be corrected. The State objected and

asserted that the document was hearsay.

¶ 22 The trial court sustained the objection, stating as follows:

“Yeah. The document itself is hearsay. If, so just for him to—I mean, it’s a

vague question. I don’t even quite know the relevance of that question, so I am

going to sustain the objection to the question. I’m not saying you can’t refer to the

document, but I don’t understand what you mean by any other changes to the

document. It’s a hearsay document.”

¶ 23 Heffner-Dewitt testified that he previously viewed the video of the traffic stop and

the infraction that was on that video, but he noted it had “been a while” since he had viewed it.

Heffner-Dewitt could not remember how soon after the start of the video defendant committed the

traffic infraction.

¶ 24 Morris asked Heffner-Dewitt whether he told defendant that he “was traveling too

close to the semi when he passed [Heffner-Dewitt] on the median.” Heffner-Dewitt initially said

that he would need to watch the video of the stop again and asked whether counsel was referring

to a transcript of his interaction with defendant. Morris said that he did have a transcript of the

video, and at that point, Heffner-Dewitt agreed that he told defendant, “[W]hen you passed me

there on the median and when I came up to you[,] you were maybe a car length behind the semi.”

-5- ¶ 25 Morris attempted to show the transcript to Heffner-Dewitt and the State objected,

in part, because it believed the transcript was hearsay. The trial court sustained the State’s

objection, finding that there was no foundation for the document and that it was hearsay.

¶ 26 Morris played a portion of the video recorded by Heffner-Dewitt’s dashcam. In the

video, Heffner-Dewitt told defendant that the traffic stop was necessary because defendant was

following the semi too closely. Heffner-Dewitt added, “When you passed me there in the median,

and then I came up on ya, you were maybe a car length behind that semi.”

¶ 27 Heffner-Dewitt was not able to explain or describe the distance between

defendant’s car and the semitruck during the hearing on the motion to suppress, but he offered an

opinion that defendant was “too close.” He explained that the relevant statute required cars to

maintain a reasonable distance from each other and, in his opinion, a reasonable distance would

be five to six car lengths, depending on a vehicle’s speed. Heffner-Dewitt testified that he believed

that defendant was following the semi too closely “at the time when I observed him.” Morris asked

the trial court if he could play the dashcam video for Heffner-Dewitt, but the court denied the

request, stating that the video had already been played and “speaks for itself.”

¶ 28 2. Steven Ent

¶ 29 Ent testified that Heffner-Dewitt requested that Ent and his canine respond to the

scene of the traffic stop. He arrived at Heffner-Dewitt’s location “less than ten minutes from the

time that [Heffner-Dewitt] made the stop.” Ent testified that his canine was originally trained by

another police department to be an aggressive alert dog, which meant that the dog would scratch

or paw when he believed contraband was present. Ent explained, “We retrained him as a passive

alert dog which would mean he would sit, lay down or stand and stare.” Morris played a video of

the canine’s alert, and Ent acknowledged that the canine attempted to jump through defendant’s

-6- car’s window. Counsel asked whether the canine’s response was a passive or aggressive response,

and Ent explained that the dog was just trying to “get to the source of the odor.”

¶ 30 3. Troy Hart

¶ 31 Troy Hart testified that he was a civil engineer for the Illinois Department of

Transportation (IDOT) and had been overseeing a road construction project on I-55 from milepost

194 to 205. He testified that the final center line pavement marking on that stretch of road was a

“ten foot stripe and a 30 foot gap.” Morris asked Hart whether he was familiar with the striping

around mile markers 196 and 197 going southbound on I-55 from Chicago to St. Louis on June 1,

2018. Hart answered, “That was outside of my construction limits during that timeframe.” Hart

testified that the area was nearby and that he would travel to that area of I-55 daily in 2018.

¶ 32 On cross-examination, the State asked Hart whether he was “able to testify to

pavement striping dimensions on that specific mile marker of the I-55 project for June 2018.” Hart

said, “No.”

¶ 33 4. Bill Kocher

¶ 34 Bill Kocher testified that he owned Multimedia Services, a business that specialized

in video and audio production. The defense retained him to view videos and illustrate the distance

and number of car lengths between vehicles as they were passing an interstate median. Kocher

also prepared various demonstrative exhibits.

¶ 35 The State objected, questioning whether Kocher was qualified to testify about the

distances between vehicles recorded by Heffner-Dewitt’s in-car cameras. The trial court sustained

the State’s objection to foundation but told the defense that, as long as Kocher explained what he

did to create the demonstrative exhibits, it “[did not] have a problem viewing the demonstrative

exhibits for what they are, which [are] demonstrative exhibits to help [aid] the Court.”

-7- ¶ 36 Kocher testified that he reviewed three videos, a wide-angle video that showed the

entire highway, a dash cam video that recorded the front of Heffner-Dewitt’s police car, and a

video of the interior of Heffner-Dewitt’s car. Kocher placed all three videos on a single screen and

synchronized them, so they were “perfectly in time with each other.”

¶ 37 Morris played the first 26 minutes of an exhibit prepared by Kocher, showing all

three videos on the same screen. The trial court also allowed a second video exhibit to be played

as a demonstrative exhibit. That video, which was edited by Kocher, illustrated the number of car

lengths between vehicles as they passed Heffner-Dewitt’s position in the interstate median. In that

video, Kocher attempted to demonstrate that there were at least nine car lengths between

defendant’s car and the semitruck he was following when he passed Heffner-Dewitt’s police car.

¶ 38 Kocher explained that two of defendant’s exhibits were screen captures taken from

the video recorded by Heffner-Dewitt’s police car as he pursued defendant’s car before the traffic

stop. Kocher noted that there were four white dashes from the interstate’s center line between

defendant’s car and the semitruck. Kocher cited the IDOT marking standard and explained that the

presence of the four white lines indicated that defendant was at least 130 feet behind the semitruck

prior to the traffic stop.

¶ 39 The State objected to Kocher’s testimony about distance, arguing that the defense

neither established that the interstate markings present on the video followed the IDOT standards

nor that anyone measured the pavement markings. Morris responded by arguing that Hart’s

testimony was sufficient to establish that the IDOT pavement marking standard would have been

followed on I-55.

¶ 40 The trial court acknowledged that Hart testified about the standard but ruled that

Kocher could not testify about the distance between defendant’s car and the semitruck because no

-8- one actually measured the interstate pavement markings.

¶ 41 Morris asked Kocher whether he measured the distance between the interstate

pavement center lines, and Kocher explained that he measured the lines on the morning of the

hearing. The State objected on relevancy grounds and explained that the lines would have been

changed when the final pavement markings were placed in December 2020. Morris responded that

the lines might have been refreshed, but “they keep the same standard.” The trial court sustained

the State’s objection. The court allowed Morris to make an offer of proof. According to Kocher,

just before Heffner-Dewitt stopped defendant’s car, he was 130 feet behind the semitruck.

¶ 42 Morris asked Kocher whether he was able to determine the length of defendant’s

car. He responded that he was able to do so based on his review of cars.com and edmunds.com.

The State objected and argued that Kocher failed to measure defendant’s actual car length. The

trial court sustained the objection and ruled that the defense failed to lay a sufficient foundation to

demonstrate that defendant’s car “was the standard vehicle without any changes made to it or

anything like that and whether the comparison that [Kocher] made was to his actual vehicle.”

¶ 43 5. John Finnegan

¶ 44 Morris called John Finnegan, an Illinois State Police telecommunicator. Morris

attempted to question Finnegan about a seven-page computer-aided dispatch (CAD) document

titled “Incident Detailed Report.” Finnegan testified that the document was a record from his office

and memorialized Heffner-Dewitt’s stop of a vehicle at around 1:02 p.m. on June 1, 2018. The

State objected on hearsay grounds, and the trial court sustained that objection. Morris told the court

that he would attempt to demonstrate that the CAD document was a business record. Finnegan

testified that the document did not quite look the same as the documents he prepares in response

to Freedom of Information Act (5 ILCS 140/1 et seq. (West 2022)) requests but that the

-9- document’s contents were consistent with the reports he generates.

¶ 45 Morris asked whether the CAD document showed the nature of the communications

between Heffner-Dewitt and dispatch. The State objected on hearsay grounds, and the trial court

sustained that objection. Morris, again, asked Finnegan about the content of the CAD document,

and the court, again, sustained the State’s hearsay objection.

¶ 46 6. Argument and the Trial Court’s Decision

¶ 47 During arguments, Morris asserted that defendant’s car was “in no way, shape or

form within the distance required to be a violation [for following too closely].” He also argued that

Heffner-Dewitt’s decision to remove defendant from his car and ask him numerous questions was

unnecessary and prolonged the stop.

¶ 48 The State argued that the speed of a vehicle “is integral and very important to

determine whether or not a vehicle is following too closely.” It noted that no evidence was

presented about the speed of defendant’s car during the suppression hearing. The State asserted

that, based on the video, defendant’s car was less than or “right around” two seconds behind the

semitruck and, as a result, a reasonably cautious person could believe that an offense had been

committed.

¶ 49 The trial court denied the motion to suppress and explained as follows:

“But [Heffner-Dewitt] clearly indicated from his position, first of all,

understanding that he is out there on a specific traffic detail looking for these types

of traffic violations going into a construction zone, that he was concerned based

upon the speed of the vehicles as well as the distance between them, he felt that the

Defendant’s vehicle was too close to the semitrailer; and his intention of course as

we all know was to write a warning ticket.

- 10 - He did I think articulate reasonable articulable suspicion or probable cause

to stop the vehicle in the first place. I think the statute clearly allows that discretion

for him. They are coming into a traffic, construction zone. The, perhaps the angles

or views are different when you wide angle and all the work that Mr. Kocher did

which may be relevant to whether or not the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable

doubt but does not obviate the reasonable articulable suspicion that Deputy, or

Master Sergeant Heffner[-]Dewitt had at that time. So, I do think there was

reasonable articulable suspicion to stop the vehicle.”

¶ 50 The trial court also concluded that there was no evidence that the stop was

prolonged and that, if the stop was delayed, it was because defendant attempted to flee the scene.

¶ 51 On the last day of the suppression hearing, the trial court addressed a third motion

to suppress submitted by Morris the night before, asking Morris why the third motion to suppress

was not filed “in the first place.” Morris explained that he was not able to have an expert review

the canine’s records and could not file the motion to suppress until the expert determined that “it

might have been mishandled.” After some discussion, the court summarized:

“Mr. Morris, so basically you had everything that you needed except for the

expert; and you never advised me which I said over and over delaying on the

supplemental motion that you had an expert; and we got that expert; and I gave you

multiple continuances in order to retain that expert; and now all of a sudden you

have a second expert that you are telling me you are trying to retain. That was never

brought to my attention.”

¶ 52 Morris explained that he could not file a third motion to suppress until he had

sufficient evidence that the canine’s alert “was mishandled as far as the arrest.” The State argued

- 11 - that because defendant was taken into custody after he fled, the drugs would have been inevitably

discovered during an inventory search. The trial court denied leave to file the third motion to

suppress.

¶ 53 D. The Jury Trial

¶ 54 In May 2022, the trial court conducted defendant’s jury trial. During the trial, the

State presented evidence showing that defendant had possessed 500.5 grams of a white powder

containing cocaine in his car. Several witnesses testified; among them, Heffner-Dewitt testified

consistently with his testimony at the suppression hearing. Defendant did not testify. The State

played a video of the traffic stop for the jury. Ultimately, the jury found defendant guilty of

unlawful possession with the intent to deliver a controlled substance (cocaine).

¶ 55 E. The Posttrial Proceedings

¶ 56 In July 2022, the trial court conducted a hearing on defendant’s posttrial motion

and sentencing. At the start of the hearing, defendant raised several claims of ineffective assistance

and his desire to proceed pro se. The court conducted a preliminary inquiry into defendant’s pro se

claims of ineffectiveness pursuant to Krankel and concluded that the appointment of new counsel

was not warranted. The court also denied defendant’s request to proceed pro se.

¶ 57 Having denied defendant’s request to proceed pro se, the trial court invited Morris

to argue the motion for a new trial and judgment notwithstanding the verdict. He argued that the

court made several errors regarding the motion to suppress and the State “failed to show a chain

of evidence in the drug evidence” introduced at trial. The court rejected all of defendant’s claims

of error.

¶ 58 The trial court moved on to the sentencing portion of the hearing and noted that it

had received the presentence investigation report (PSI). The court asked if the parties had any

- 12 - objections or modifications to the PSI. The only modification the parties requested regarded a

minor correction to defendant’s criminal history. The court stated that it would take notice of that

correction.

¶ 59 The State argued that “that deterrence, the threat of harm to society as well as the

Defendant’s prior history of delinquency and his lack of potential for rehabilitation *** are strong

factors for the Court to consider.” The State emphasized that defendant had multiple serious prior

convictions, including a 1991 conviction for first degree murder, a 2005 conviction for aggravated

battery, a 2006 conviction for unlawful possession with intent to deliver cannabis, and a 2016

conviction for unlawful delivery of cannabis. The State further pointed out that (1) defendant was

46 years old at the time of the offense and (2) he possessed 500.5 grams of cocaine, which was

100 grams greater than the threshold of 400 grams necessary to convict him of the Class X version

of possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance. Ultimately, the State recommended that

defendant be sentenced to 45 years in prison.

¶ 60 Morris argued that defendant was released from prison for the murder conviction

in 2005 and that the two cannabis convictions should not be given serious weight because Illinois

had since decriminalized cannabis.

¶ 61 The trial court then rendered the following sentence:

“The statute does generally direct the Court to consider probation as the

preferred disposition. In this case, however, the legislature has indicated that this is

such a serious offense that you’re not even eligible for probation. So, the minimum

sentence prescribed is, I think it was 12 years; and the maximum is 50 years so that

tells me that this is a very serious matter. The legislature has directed the Court to

take this into consideration as a very serious matter.

- 13 - There are a number of factors in aggravation in this case. I do agree with

the State that deterrence is a strong, very strong factor in this case, particularly if

it’s true that you were playing some kind of minor league softball. For the life of

me, I don’t know why you would have that potential and be running around with

500 grams of cocaine and delivering back and forth. You’ve got one person to

blame for that, and that’s you. You risked it all. Not, [sic] you can’t blame anybody

else; and you can’t blame Mr. Morris or, you know, the hearings didn’t go how you

wanted, or the witnesses didn’t get called. I think your bigger problem with this

case is the facts. There’s only so much that an attorney can do in a case such as this.

So, deterrence is a very strong factor. It’s one thing if you are a drug addict

and you are trying to deal with your addiction, trying to overcome an addiction.

Here, you are part of the problem not only, but you are contributing and making it

worse and, as the State argued, potentially hitting up to 500 or a thousand people

with the amount of drugs that you had in your possession. So that’s, you know,

that’s pretty serious stuff, at least here in Central Illinois.

***

*** All right. So obviously the Defendant’s prior record is a factor in

aggravation, particularly that you were on probation at the time the offense was

I do also find that there is a threat of harm to the community, particularly

when you are dealing with that amount of a controlled substance.

So, this is definitely a case that the legislature has told the Court, hey, look,

take this matter very seriously. This is the kind of conduct that we simply cannot

- 14 - have going on, and that is something for the Court to look at when I look at the

range. This is not a low end of the range case.

I really don’t think there are very many, actually I don’t think there are any

factors in mitigation that are present in this case. I understand and accept Mr.

Morris’s argument concerning the fact that with the exception of the 1991

conviction out of St. Clair County you are talking about cannabis, which is kind of

a different level than a controlled substance I would say; and I understand that

argument. However, you were on probation for delivery of cannabis when you

elevated to this level, 500 grams of a controlled substance.

So, I just, there just is nothing in [mitigation] that the Court can find. I know,

[defendant], you’ve done everything you can personally and through Counsel to, to

maintain your innocence in this case. You have put up what I would say is one of

the best arguments as far as a motion to suppress is concerned for the basis of the

stop; but the reality is the reality; and you are just not going to be able to put that

off any longer.

I think in this case it is appropriate that you be sentenced to the Department

of Corrections for a period of 35 years. That is at 75% good time, which would be

26 and a quarter years. There’s another one year good conduct credit that you may

qualify for so that’s 25 and a quarter years, and then you have credit for over four

years and about two months. You are probably being at [sic] roughly 21 years in

the Department of Corrections on this case plus the one year six month parole.”

¶ 62 F. The First Appeal

¶ 63 In July 2022, defendant appealed, arguing, among other things, that the trial court

- 15 - erred by failing to appoint new counsel to investigate and present his pro se claims of ineffective

assistance. In June 2023, this court remanded this case for the appointment of Krankel counsel and

further proceedings on defendant’s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, noting that defense

counsel filed an “untimely third motion to suppress and did not refer to any expert in the proposed

third motion to suppress.” Maury, No. 4-22-0887 (2023) (unpublished summary order under

Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23(c)). This court did not consider the merits of defendant’s other

claims raised on appeal. Id.

¶ 64 G. The Proceedings on Remand

¶ 65 On remand, the trial court appointed new counsel (Krankel counsel), who filed a

“Motion to Vacate Conviction and Appoint Effective Counsel.” In that motion, Krankel counsel

argued that Morris provided ineffective assistance by failing to (1) properly make a prima facie

case for suppression or otherwise shift the burden of proof to the State, (2) elicit any evidence

regarding the improper employment of the drug detection animal, and (3) provide authority for his

argument that the canine alert required proof that the animal had been properly trained.

¶ 66 In May 2024, the trial court conducted a hearing on that motion.

¶ 67 Krankel counsel argued that this case came down to whether the trial court would

have granted the motion to suppress with effective counsel. Krankel counsel argued that

(1) reasonable counsel would have formally shifted the burden of production to the State and

(2) had Morris done so here, the State would not have been able justify defendant’s detention and

arrest. Krankel counsel noted that on the second day of the motion to suppress hearing, the officers

had not been subpoenaed, and precedent would not have allowed the State to continue the case to

secure its witnesses once defendant made a prima facie case for suppression. Further, Morris’s

strategy to focus on the specific distance defendant’s car was from the semitruck he was following

- 16 - was irrelevant to whether Heffner-Dewitt had a reasonable suspicion to justify the traffic stop.

¶ 68 The State argued that Morris acted reasonably by not calling defendant as a witness

to shift the burden of production because defense lawyers frequently relied only on the testimony

of the officers who conducted the traffic stop to support motions to suppress. In addition, the State

argued that it would have been able to proceed on the motion to suppress despite the absence of

Illinois State Police witnesses because the officer who made the decision to conduct the traffic

stop, Heffner-Dewitt, was present as a witness. Regarding the dog sniff, the State contended that

there was no evidence to indicate that the dog was unable to reliably alert to the presence of

contraband while performing an open-air sniff.

¶ 69 Krankel counsel responded that (1) Morris’s strategy to provide objective evidence

that defendant’s car was not following the semitruck in front of him too closely, rather than simply

shift the burden to the State, was unreasonable and (2) the motion would have been successful had

Morris shifted the burden to the State.

¶ 70 After hearing the arguments, the trial court took the motion under advisement and

subsequently entered a written order (1) denying the motion and (2) rejecting defendant’s

ineffective assistance claims.

¶ 71 Regarding the first claim, the trial court found as follows:

“This is not a situation where defense counsel failed to call a relevant

witness or cross-examine a witness or completely overlooked relevant and

admissible evidence. He presented several witnesses, all of whom he thoroughly

examined under oath, and tendered multiple exhibits. In fact, trial counsel presented

more evidence to support his argument concerning reasonable articulable suspicion,

than the court usually receives. In the end, the evidence showed that the defendant

- 17 - made a prima facie showing of a warrantless search and seizure; and the State

showed by a preponderance of the evidence that there was reasonable articulable

suspicion for the stop, and that the stop was not unduly prolonged in light of

defendant’s attempt to flee the scene while [Heffner-Dewitt] was writing the

warning ticket and before the free air sniff was conducted. There is nothing

objectively unreasonable about how the evidence was presented in regards to the

motion to suppress, nor in trial counsel’s failure to formally shift the burden of

proof.”

¶ 72 Regarding the allegations related to the dog sniff, the trial court found that both the

public defender who drafted the original motion to suppress and Morris had (1) reviewed “the dash

cam video and K9 Steele’s training and deployment records” and (2) reasonably decided to pursue

the strongest argument for suppression, which was to challenge the basis for the traffic stop. The

court pointed out that Morris “made every reasonable argument he could to show that his client

was not following the vehicle in front of him too closely, even attempting to admit evidence that

he may very well have known was not admissible as expert testimony.” Further, the record

reflected defendant was “a difficult and pushy client,” and any issues regarding the dog sniff were

“flushed out by the defendant long before the public defender or [Morris] got involved in the case.”

The court proposed that the only reason Morris amended the motion to suppress to include a

challenge to the dog sniff was at “defendant’s insistence that he make the argument, [rather] than

[Morris’s feeling that] he had a strong argument in the first place.”

¶ 73 Ultimately, the trial court found that nothing in the record overcame the strong

presumption that Morris’s decisions were the result of reasonable trial strategy and, even assuming

deficient performance for failing to provide evidence to support the dog sniff argument, (1) it was

- 18 - “highly unlikely that defendant could have shown that K9 Steele was not properly trained and/or

did not indicate on the vehicle as trained” and (2) the evidence presented showed that the free-air

sniff took place only after defendant attempted to flee the scene. The court referred the case back

to this court.

¶ 74 In July 2024, this court filed an order recalling the mandate and ordering

supplemental briefing addressing the trial court’s decision denying defendant’s ineffective

assistance claims.

¶ 75 This appeal followed.

¶ 76 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 77 Defendant appeals, arguing (1) the trial court erred by (a) denying his motion to

suppress evidence obtained from an improper traffic stop, (b) sustaining numerous State objections

and limiting defense counsel’s ability to challenge the validity of the traffic stop, (c) denying

defendant’s request to proceed pro se following trial, and (d) considering a factor inherent in the

offense of possession with intent to deliver when imposing sentence and (2) Krankel counsel

provided ineffective assistance by failing to adequately present his claims of ineffective assistance

¶ 78 A. The Motion To Suppress

¶ 79 Defendant first argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress

because the State failed to establish that Heffner-Dewitt had a reasonable articulable suspicion for

the traffic stop that preceded the search of defendant’s car.

¶ 80 1. The Applicable Law and Standard of Review

¶ 81 “A police officer may conduct a brief, investigatory stop of a person where the

officer can point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences

- 19 - from those facts, reasonably warrant the intrusion.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v.

Hackett, 2012 IL 111781, ¶ 20. The officer’s belief does not need to meet the level of suspicion

necessary for probable cause. Id.

¶ 82 “In determining whether a trial court has properly ruled on a motion to suppress,

findings of fact and credibility determinations made by the trial court are accorded great deference

and will be reversed only if they are against the manifest weight of the evidence.” People v. Slater,

228 Ill. 2d 137, 149 (2008). This court reviews de novo the trial court’s decision whether to deny

a motion to suppress. People v. Drain, 2023 IL App (4th) 210355, ¶ 24.

¶ 83 2. This Case

¶ 84 Here, defendant argues that Heffner-Dewitt did not have a reasonable articulable

suspicion to conduct the traffic stop of defendant’s vehicle based on defendant’s following too

closely to a semitruck because Heffner-Dewitt’s dashcam footage shows that defendant was

following the semitruck at a greater distance than testified to by Heffner-Dewitt.

¶ 85 After reviewing the dashcam footage and hearing testimony on the matter, the trial

court found Heffner-Dewitt to be a credible witness. The court correctly recognized that the issue

was not whether defendant was “guilty of following too closely,” but whether Heffner-Dewitt had

a “reasonable articulable suspicion to believe that the traffic law ha[d] been violated.” The court

found that from Heffner-Dewitt’s position in the median of I-55, defendant appeared to have been

following too closely. Although the court noted that “perhaps the angles or views are different” in

the video footage because of the wide-angle lens, the court concluded that the footage did not

refute that Heffner-Dewitt had reasonable suspicion for the traffic stop.

¶ 86 The trial court’s conclusion is supported by the record. According to Heffner-

Dewitt, his car was positioned in the median facing north and defendant’s vehicle was southbound,

- 20 - headed into a construction zone. From his perspective and based on defendant’s speed, he believed

defendant to be following too closely. The infraction occurred before defendant reached the

officer’s position, and he estimated that defendant was a “couple car lengths maybe” behind the

semitruck. Further, the video evidence is consistent with defendant’s vehicle’s being closer to the

semitruck and slowing down as he approached Heffner-Dewitt’s vehicle.

¶ 87 Accordingly, we conclude that (1) the trial court’s findings were not against the

manifest weight of the evidence and (2) the court properly denied the motion to suppress.

¶ 88 B. Forfeited Arguments

¶ 89 Defendant argues that he did not have a reasonable opportunity to challenge

Heffner-Dewitt’s decision to stop his car because the trial court improperly (1) sustained multiple

hearsay objections during the suppression hearing and (2) refused to allow an additional replaying

of the dashcam video. He also argues that the court erred during sentencing by considering a factor

inherent in the offense of possession with the intent to deliver a controlled substance as a factor in

aggravation.

¶ 90 Defendant concedes that he forfeited these issues for review both by failing to

object when these issues arose in the trial court and by failing to raise them in a posttrial motion.

See People v. Johnson, 2024 IL 130191, ¶ 40 (requiring a defendant to object to and raise the

alleged error in a posttrial motion to avoid forfeiture). Nonetheless, he contends that we may

consider his claims regarding the motion to suppress hearing as second-prong plain error and the

sentencing claim for first- and second-prong plain error. Id. ¶ 43. We reject defendant’s claims.

¶ 91 1. Plain Error, Generally

¶ 92 The plain error doctrine allows reviewing courts to review a forfeited error if the

error falls under one of the following two prongs:

- 21 - “(1) when a clear or obvious error occurred and the evidence is so closely balanced

that the error alone threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant,

regardless of the seriousness of the error, or (2) when a clear or obvious error

occurred and the error is so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant’s

trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness

of the evidence.” People v. Moon, 2022 IL 125959, ¶ 20.

¶ 93 The usual first step in a plain error analysis is to determine whether a clear and

obvious error occurred. Johnson, 2024 IL 130191, ¶ 44. That is true because if there is no error,

then there can be no plain error. People v. Tolliver, 2021 IL App (1st) 190129, ¶ 36. “However,

similar to the analytical framework we use to review a claim of ineffective assistance of

counsel [citation], the first step of plain-error analysis is merely a matter of convention,” and we

may begin the analysis in any order. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Bowens, 407

Ill. App. 3d 1094, 1108 (2011). If either prong of the plain error doctrine is not met, then a

defendant’s plain error claim fails. Id.

¶ 94 2. The Evidentiary Rulings

¶ 95 Here, defendant argues that the trial court’s sustaining the following objections

constituted second-prong plain error: (1) the introduction of Heffner-Dewitt’s “verified statement

of arrest,” (2) a question to Heffner-Dewitt about whether any other changes needed to be made to

that document, (3) the use of a transcript of Heffner-Dewitt’s discussion with defendant during the

traffic stop, (4) the use of a seven-page CAD document titled “Incident Detailed Report” to

question Finnegan to establish the traffic stop was unreasonably prolonged, and (5) replaying a

video of the stop for Heffner-Dewitt because he had not watched the entire video for “a while.”

¶ 96 Defendant contends that this case can be likened to People v. Walker, 232 Ill. 2d

- 22 - 113 (2009). However, the rights involved and the actions of the trial court in the present case could

not have been more different than in Walker.

¶ 97 In Walker, defense counsel informed the trial court that counsel was not prepared

for the defendant’s bench trial and requested a continuance. Id. at 117. The court denied the

request, saying, “ ‘It is irrelevant. There isn’t a private attorney in the business who hasn’t tried to

pull something like this.’ ” Id. Counsel explained that she was not initially appointed in the case,

and the court replied, “ ‘I know, but it is a dirty shame.’ ” Id. at 118. The court then proceeded to

the bench trial, at which it found the defendant guilty. Id. The appellate court affirmed, and the

supreme court reversed, explaining, “The result of the [trial] court’s utter failure to exercise

discretion in denying the continuance request was to force defendant to go to trial on double-

murder charges despite defense counsel’s repeated statements that she was unable to proceed

because of lack of preparation.” Id. at 130. Ultimately, the supreme court concluded “this error

was so serious that it demonstrably affected the fairness of defendant’s trial and challenged the

integrity of the judicial process.” Id. at 131.

¶ 98 Here, defendant does not argue that he was substantively denied the ability to put

on a defense at trial, only that during a suppression hearing, he was not allowed to conduct his

examination of the witnesses and present evidence in the specific manner of his choosing. The

record shows that defendant played numerous videos and demonstrative exhibits of the traffic stop

for the trial court and attempted to impeach Heffner-Dewitt using the video exhibits and the

contents of an arrest synopsis he prepared for the jail, among other things. And, although the court

mentioned hearsay as a reason to sustain the State’s various objections, it had other reasons for

doing so. For example, the objection to the verified statement of arrest was sustained on relevancy

grounds. The trial court’s evidentiary rulings were far from the utter failure to exercise the court’s

- 23 - discretion addressed in Walker.

¶ 99 Generally, second-prong plain error has been equated to a very narrow group of

structural errors “that defies harmless error analysis.” People v. Ratliff, 2024 IL 129356, ¶ 37.

Evidentiary errors are subject to harmless error analysis. See People v. Pinkett, 2023 IL 127223,

¶ 39 (“ ‘[E]videntiary error is harmless “where there is no reasonable probability that the jury

would have acquitted the defendant absent the” error.’ ” (Emphasis in original.) (quoting In re

E.H., 224 Ill. 2d 172, 180 (2006), quoting People v. Nevitt, 135 Ill. 2d 423, 447 (1990))).

¶ 100 In sum, defendant does not persuade us that the trial court’s alleged

misunderstanding of hearsay evidence at a suppression hearing had a pervasive effect on the

fairness of the proceeding. Accordingly, we honor defendant’s procedural forfeiture of these

issues. See Tolliver, 2021 IL App (1st) 190129, ¶ 36 (honoring forfeiture if either prong of the

plain error doctrine is not met). We conclude that defendant’s second-prong plain error claim in

this case is completely without merit.

¶ 101 3. The Sentencing Claim

¶ 102 Defendant next argues that the trial court committed first-prong or second-prong

plain error by improperly considering the harm posed by the possession and sale of controlled

substances as a factor in aggravation when it stated as follows:

“I do also find that there is a threat of harm to the community, particularly

when you are dealing with that amount of a controlled substance.

So, this is definitely a case that the legislature has told the Court, hey, look,

take this matter very seriously. This is the kind of conduct that we simply cannot

have going on, and that is something for the Court to look at when I look at the

range. This is not a low end of the range case.”

- 24 - ¶ 103 We disagree.

¶ 104 a. Sentencing, Generally

¶ 105 A trial court has broad discretion in imposing a sentence. People v. Patterson, 217

Ill. 2d 407, 448 (2005). “The trial court must base its sentencing determination on the particular

circumstances of each case, considering such factors as the defendant’s credibility, demeanor,

general moral character, mentality, social environment, habits, and age.” People v. Fern, 189 Ill.

2d 48, 53 (1999). “It is also required to consider statutory factors in mitigation and aggravation;

however, ‘the court need not recite and assign a value to each factor it has considered.’ ” People

v. Pina, 2019 IL App (4th) 170614, ¶ 19 (quoting People v. McGuire, 2017 IL App (4th) 150695,

¶ 38). We presume that a sentencing court considered all relevant factors, including factors in

mitigation. People v. Halerewicz, 2013 IL App (4th) 120388, ¶ 43.

¶ 106 “In determining whether the trial court based the sentence on proper aggravating

and mitigating factors, a court of review should consider the record as a whole, rather than focusing

on a few words or statements by the trial court.” People v. Dowding, 388 Ill. App. 3d 936, 943

(2009). The court, when “announcing its sentencing decision, is not required to refrain from any

mention of the factors that constitute elements of an offense, and the mere reference to the

existence of such a factor is not reversible error.” People v. Brown, 2018 IL App (1st) 160924,

¶ 22. Indeed, although the trial court may not consider a factor implicit in the offense as an

aggravating factor in sentencing, it may consider the nature and circumstances of the offense,

including the nature and extent of each element of the offense committed by the defendant. People

v. Bowen, 2015 IL App (1st) 132046, ¶ 50.

¶ 107 “Sentencing hearings do not occur in a vacuum, and the duty to impose a fair

sentence entails an explanation of the court’s reasoning in the context of the offenses of which a

- 25 - defendant has been convicted.” People v. Sauseda, 2016 IL App (1st) 140134, ¶ 15 (explaining a

trial court’s comments on the nature and circumstances of a defendant’s crime do not necessarily

result in improperly using elements of the offense as factors in aggravation).

¶ 108 b. This Case

¶ 109 Here, defendant was convicted of violating section 401(a)(2)(C) of the Illinois

Controlled Substances Act (720 ILCS 570/401(a)(2)(C) (West 2018)), which is a Class X felony

when the offender possesses more than 400 grams of a controlled substance. The trial court noted

that defendant possessed 500.5 grams of cocaine when he was arrested, 100 grams more than the

minimum amount proscribed by statute. In particular, the court explained that the amount of

cocaine in defendant’s possession had the potential to reach between 500 to 1,000 people in the

community. This court has held that a trial court is statutorily permitted to consider the amount of

cocaine as a relevant sentencing factor, as well as its impact on the community. People v. McGath,

2017 IL App (4th) 150608, ¶ 73 (“[A] trial court may discuss the impact a drug offense has on the

community without subjecting the defendant to double enhancement.”); see 720 ILCS

570/411(2) (West 2018) (referring to “offenses involving unusually large quantities”).

¶ 110 In making this assessment, “the sentencing court compares the conduct in the case

before it against the minimum conduct necessary to commit the offense.” People v. Hibbler, 2019

IL App (4th) 160897, ¶ 67. Here, that minimum conduct is defendant’s possessing 400 grams of

cocaine. Although defendant’s argument might have had some merit had the trial court found that

he possessed that minimum amount of cocaine, defendant possessed 500.5 grams—100 grams

more than that minimum amount. As this court explained in Hibbler, “ ‘ [T]he commission of any

offense, regardless of whether the offense itself deals with harm, can have varying degrees of harm

or threatened harm.’ ” Id. (quoting People v. Saldivar, 113 Ill. 2d 256, 269 (1986)). In the context

- 26 - of possession crimes, a sentencing court does not err by considering the amount of the drug

possessed and the potential harm to the community that amount could cause.

¶ 111 We emphasize that we have rejected this sort of claim in multiple cases in which,

like the present case, the defendant’s conduct exceeded the minimum conduct necessary to commit

the offense. See, e.g., People v. Hood, 2024 IL App (4th) 230102-U, ¶¶ 31-35 (considering the

seriousness of the victim’s injuries that served as the basis for the great bodily harm element in an

aggravated domestic battery case); People v. Shaw-Sodaro, 2023 IL App (4th) 220704, ¶ 70

(considering the age of the victim in an aggravated criminal sexual abuse case); People v. Williams,

2022 IL App (4th) 210526-U, ¶ 38 (considering the location of the shooting in an aggravated

battery with a firearm case).

¶ 112 Because we conclude that the trial court committed no error at defendant’s

sentencing hearing, there was, of course, no clear and obvious error. Accordingly, we honor

defendant’s procedural forfeiture.

¶ 113 C. The Request To Proceed Pro Se

¶ 114 Defendant argues that the trial court erred by denying his request to proceed pro se

following his trial. We disagree.

¶ 115 1. The Applicable Law and Standard of Review

¶ 116 “In order to invoke the right to self-representation[,] a defendant must knowingly

and intelligently waive the right to be represented by counsel. [Citations.] Such waiver must be

clear, unequivocal, and unambiguous.” People v. Rodriguez-Aranda, 2022 IL App (2d) 200715,

¶ 33. However, a trial court may deny a defendant’s request for self-representation when, among

other reasons, a defendant’s lack of civility and decorum would result in an abuse of the dignity

of the courtroom, or when a defendant abuses the right to waive counsel as a tactic to delay or

- 27 - disrupt proceedings. Id.

¶ 117 We review a trial court’s denial of a defendant’s request to represent himself for an

abuse of discretion. People v. Rainey, 2019 IL App (1st) 160187, ¶ 33. A court abuses its discretion

when its ruling is arbitrary and without a logical basis. Id.

¶ 118 2. This Case

¶ 119 In July 2022, the trial court conduced a hearing on defendant’s posttrial motion,

which had been prepared by Morris. At that hearing, defendant told the court that he had concerns

about Morris’s representation, which defendant explained he had set forth in a pro se motion,

which he believed he had filed. In response, the court conducted a Krankel inquiry to ascertain

defendant’s claims, after which it concluded that none of the claims rose to such a level that

necessitated appointing new counsel.

¶ 120 Thereafter, when defendant asked to proceed pro se at the hearing on the posttrial

motion and sentencing, the trial court denied his request, stating that it viewed the request as an

attempt to thwart the administration of justice and to delay the proceedings, noting that the case

had already been continued numerous times at defendant’s request and defendant had spent “1500

plus days in the Livingston County Jail.”

¶ 121 Defendant’s argument on appeal rests primarily on the following response the trial

court gave to defendant when denying his request to proceed pro se:

“All right. I’m not 100% sure that you even have a right to do that at this

stage of the proceeding because you had Mr. Morris represent you throughout the

trial. I understand you requested a continuance. I denied it, and I think ultimately

you decided to go forward with Mr. Morris representing you rather than go pro se

during the trial. And so we are still in that stage; and I do believe, unless anybody

- 28 - wants to bring something else to my attention, but at this point I think that we are

so far into the trial that the Defendant, this is kind of the natural sequence of the

trial; and I don’t think that you have the right at this point to change paths and now

go pro se. You chose to have Mr. Morris represent you for the trial instead of go

pro se, and this is the consequence of the trial and more importantly any post-trial

motions.

So, I don’t think that you have a legal right at this stage of the trial

proceeding to go pro se. I could be mistaken about that. I’m sure the Appellate

Court will clarify that; but I think it would be, it would make no sense to have

somebody else argue the judgment notwithstanding the verdict motion and the

sentencing. That’s still I think part of the underlying trial itself.”

¶ 122 Defendant argues that (1) the trial court had discretion to allow him to proceed

pro se and (2) a finding that defendant was trying to proceed pro se only for the purpose of abuse

or delay of the criminal justice system was erroneous. Defendant contends the record shows that

when he was requesting to proceed pro se, he understood he could not use it as a tactic to delay

the proceedings. Accordingly, he argues the court’s denial of his request to proceed pro se

constituted a structural defect requiring reversal.

¶ 123 The State responds that (1) the trial court did not deny defendant’s request in a

vacuum and (2) the record demonstrates that his eleventh-hour request was reasonably denied

because it was part of a series of disruptive and dilatory conduct similar to the defendant’s conduct

in Rainey. Id. ¶ 61 (“Given defendant’s alternating positions and the eleventh-hour timing of his

request, his third demand for self-representation could be reasonably deemed vacillating and

dilatory.”). The State notes that in Rainey, a defendant’s lack of civility and decorum was a “valid

- 29 - basis for denying his request for self-representation.” Id. ¶ 74.

¶ 124 Here, shortly after the initial trial court proceedings began, the court allowed

defendant to proceed pro se and granted numerous continuances, delaying the proceedings for

several years while he prepared to litigate a motion to suppress. That delay culminated in

defendant’s requesting counsel to be appointed at the beginning of the scheduled hearing on the

motion to suppress, which the court granted. At that time, the trial court warned defendant that it

would “not play[ ] this game again where you decide on the eve of trial or the eve of a hearing that

you want to decide to go by yourself.” Subsequently, Morris appeared as defendant’s third

attorney, replacing the public defender.

¶ 125 The record shows that, throughout the proceedings in this case, there were many

instances in which defendant talked over the trial court or raised his voice at the court. On one

occasion, he was removed from the courtroom because he continued to argue with the court,

despite multiple warnings to stop. At the end of that hearing, the court noted that defendant became

physically aggressive.

¶ 126 At the posttrial hearing, defendant attempted to file multiple motions on his own

behalf, in addition to his claims of ineffective assistance. Defendant told the trial court about his

problems with Morris and that he was waiting for his family to hire another attorney. He also stated

that he wanted to argue his motions pro se.

¶ 127 The trial court asked him multiple times if he wanted to proceed pro se, but

defendant did not directly respond. The court conducted the Krankel inquiry and determined that

new counsel was not warranted. At one point during that hearing, the court threatened to remove

defendant from the courtroom if he continued to be argumentative with the court. Only after being

told multiple times that the court would not consider his pro se motions and would proceed with

- 30 - the sentencing hearing did defendant definitively say that he wanted to proceed pro se. It was at

that point in the proceedings when the court rejected the request.

¶ 128 When placed in context of the entire proceedings, including the posttrial hearing,

defendant’s desire to proceed pro se may have been clear, but it was not unequivocal. See id. ¶ 45

(“A defendant could clearly request self-representation, as here, but the circumstances may reveal

that a defendant has constantly waffled back and forth on the matter, whether inadvertently or

strategically, requesting self-representation every time a legal ruling did not go his way or every

time a trial date approached, only to quickly change his mind upon being required to actually

undertake his defense without a lawyer.”). Defendant’s discussion with the trial court about

wanting new counsel appointed, waiting for his family to hire a new lawyer, and his attempt to

obtain a continuance, when considered in the full context of all of the proceedings in this case,

show that his request to proceed pro se was far from being unequivocal. Accordingly, we conclude

that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying defendant’s request.

¶ 129 Regarding the trial court’s musings about whether defendant had the right to

proceed pro se at sentencing, the full context of the court’s statements shows that its decision was

not based on some misunderstanding of the law. Following the court’s statements, the prosecutor

reminded the court that its denial of defendant’s request was consistent with case law when the

request occurs at “late stages in the case” and a defendant has been “flip-flopping on that issue.”

The court agreed and explained that it believed the request was part of “an ongoing effort on

[defendant’s] part to thwart the administration of justice and unduly delay the[ ] proceedings.”

Accordingly, these isolated statements did not render the court’s ruling an abuse of discretion.

¶ 130 D. Ineffective Assistance of Krankel Counsel

¶ 131 Next, defendant argues that this case should be remanded for a new evidentiary

- 31 - hearing on his posttrial claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel because Krankel counsel

provided ineffective assistance by failing to “present any evidence, [or] argue the substantive merit

of a majority of [defendant’s] Krankel claims”—namely, the claims that Morris was ineffective

for failing to (1) properly challenge the canine alert, (2) properly question Finnegan about the CAD

report and render the report admissible evidence, and (3) call defendant as a witness at the motion

to suppress hearing—and, instead, made a procedural argument that had no likelihood of success.

We disagree.

¶ 132 1. The Applicable Law and Standard of Review

¶ 133 a. The Krankel Procedure, Generally

¶ 134 Pro se posttrial claims alleging ineffective assistance of counsel are governed by

the common-law procedure developed by the supreme court in Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d at 189, and

refined by its progeny, like People v. Roddis, 2020 IL 124352, ¶ 34. “The procedure encourages

the trial court to fully address these claims and thereby narrow the issues to be addressed on

appeal.” Id. Under the supreme court’s procedures, the trial court examines a defendant’s claim by

first conducting some type of inquiry into the underlying factual basis of the defendant’s pro se

ineffective assistance of counsel claim. People v. Ayres, 2017 IL 120071, ¶ 11.

¶ 135 If the trial court determines that “the allegations show possible neglect of the case,

new counsel should be appointed.” Roddis, 2020 IL 124352, ¶ 35. New counsel can then

independently evaluate the defendant’s claims of ineffective assistance and avoid the conflict of

interest trial counsel would have in trying to justify his or her own actions contrary to the

defendant’s position. Id. ¶ 36. New counsel also represents the defendant at the hearing on the

pro se ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Id.

¶ 136 The supreme court has observed that “the purpose of the Krankel procedure is to

- 32 - establish a factual basis of the defendant’s pro se claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, to

create a record, and to limit the issues on appeal.” In re Johnathan T., 2022 IL 127222, ¶ 43.

¶ 137 b. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

¶ 138 A defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is analyzed under the two-

pronged test set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). People v. Veach, 2017 IL

120649, ¶ 29; People v. Cherry, 2016 IL 118728, ¶¶ 24-30 (applying Strickland for a claim of

ineffective assistance of Krankel counsel). “Under the Strickland standard, to prevail on a claim

of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show (1) that his attorney’s representation

fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) that a reasonable probability exists that,

but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” People v. Torres,

2024 IL 129289, ¶ 27. “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine

confidence in the outcome.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Carroll, 2024 IL App

(4th) 231207, ¶ 87.

¶ 139 “A defendant’s failure to satisfy either prong of the Strickland standard precludes

a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel.” Torres, 2024 IL 129289, ¶ 27.

¶ 140 2. This Case

¶ 141 Defendant argues that Krankel counsel provided ineffective assistance because

counsel did not present all of defendant’s nonfrivolous claims of ineffective assistance. In support,

defendant cites (1) People v. Downs, 2017 IL App (2d) 121156-C, ¶ 50 (requiring Krankel counsel

to “to present any nonfrivolous claim to the trial court even where there remains a possibility or

even likelihood that the defendant will not prevail on the claim”) and (2) People v. Kyles, 2020 IL

App (2d) 180087, ¶ 46 (When “it is not clear from the record whether counsel fulfilled her duty to

independently evaluate defendant’s pro se claims, we must conclude that counsel failed to act

- 33 - as Krankel counsel at all. As such, prejudice is presumed under Downs.”).

¶ 142 In response, the State urges this court not to follow the holding in Downs, arguing

that “Downs is poorly reasoned because it represents interference with the constitutionally

protected ability of counsel to make independent decisions.” We agree with the State that Downs

misinterprets the requirements of Krankel counsel, specifically counsel’s discretion to exercise his

or her own legal judgment about which trial strategy to pursue.

¶ 143 a. Downs

¶ 144 In Downs, similar to this case, the defendant argued on appeal that appointed

Krankel counsel had performed deficiently “by abandoning all of defendant’s specific allegations

of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.” Downs, 2017 IL App (2d) 121156-C, ¶ 37. Counsel had

declined to adopt the pro se claims and instead filed a 15-page motion explaining why counsel did

not adopt those claims. Id. ¶ 82. The State argued that no authority required Krankel counsel to

adopt and present all nonfrivolous pro se claims of ineffective assistance and that counsel’s role

was to “ ‘independently evaluate the defendant’s claim.’ ” Id. ¶¶ 44, 82 (quoting People v. Moore,

207 Ill. 2d 68, 78 (2003)).

¶ 145 In addressing this issue, the Second District examined the following language from

the supreme court’s decision in Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 77-78:

“In interpreting Krankel, the following rule developed. New counsel is not

automatically required in every case in which a defendant presents a pro se posttrial

motion alleging ineffective assistance of counsel. Rather, when a defendant

presents a pro se posttrial claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the trial court

should first examine the factual basis of the defendant’s claim. If the trial court

determines that the claim lacks merit or pertains only to matters of trial strategy,

- 34 - then the court need not appoint new counsel and may deny the pro se motion.

However, if the allegations show possible neglect of the case, new counsel should

be appointed. [Citations.] The new counsel would then represent the defendant at

the hearing on the defendant’s pro se claim of ineffective assistance. [Citations.]

The appointed counsel can independently evaluate the defendant’s claim and would

avoid the conflict of interest that trial counsel would experience if trial counsel had

to justify his or her actions contrary to [the] defendant’s position.”

¶ 146 Highlighting the final sentence of this passage, the Second District in Downs

observed the following:

“[T]his passage [from Moore] notes that new counsel would face no conflict of

interest in presenting the defendant’s arguments to the trial court, whereas trial

counsel, in attempting to present those same allegations, would face an

impermissible conflict of interest. The independent evaluation of the defendant’s

allegations must be conducted with an eye toward representing the defendant at the

upcoming second-stage adversarial hearing, and not simply with the goal of

determining whether, in Krankel counsel’s opinion, any of the defendant’s

allegations are substantively meritorious. In other words, properly viewed, Moore

commands that Krankel counsel be an advocate for the defendant, not for the State

or the trial court. Thus, this passage in Moore, contrary to the State’s argument,

does not justify Krankel counsel’s conduct in this case; at best, it simply does not

support Krankel counsel’s conduct, and at worst, it demonstrates that Krankel

counsel’s conduct was wholly unsupported by law.” (Emphasis in original.) Downs,

2017 IL App (2d) 121156-C, ¶ 47.

- 35 - ¶ 147 The Second District, expanding on what being an “advocate for the defendant”

required of Krankel counsel and focusing on the statement in Moore that “[t]he new counsel would

then represent the defendant at the hearing on the defendant’s pro se claim of ineffective

assistance” (Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 78), reasoned that Krankel counsel was required to present all of

those claims with merit at the subsequent evidentiary hearing. Downs, 2017 IL App (2d) 121156-

C, ¶¶ 47-49. The court then defined “merit” by negation, positing that an attorney’s obligation not

to make frivolous arguments represented the limits for which pro se claims he or she must argue.

Id. ¶¶ 49-50 (“[A] nonfrivolous claim will have at least an arguable basis in law or in fact, although

it might turn out to be unsuccessful.”).

¶ 148 The Second District concluded:

“In spite of the uncertainty, counsel’s obligation to represent the defendant requires

him or her to present any nonfrivolous claim to the trial court even where there

remains a possibility or even likelihood that the defendant will not prevail on the

claim. To place this into the context of a Krankel inquiry, Krankel counsel must sift

through the defendant’s pro se allegations to determine if any are nonfrivolous and

then must present those nonfrivolous claims to the trial court during the second-

stage adversarial hearing.” Id. ¶ 50.

¶ 149 Applying that rule to the facts of Downs and using the Strickland framework, the

Second District determined that Krankel counsel’s decision not to present all of the defendant’s

nonfrivolous claims fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, not as required by

Strickland, but by Krankel. Id. ¶ 56; see Kyles, 2020 IL App (2d) 180087, ¶ 46 (in which the

Second District followed its earlier decision in Downs).

¶ 150 b. Our Disagreement With Downs

- 36 - ¶ 151 For the following reasons, we respectfully disagree with the Second District’s

interpretation of Moore and Krankel and, accordingly, will not apply Downs’s interpretation of the

Krankel requirements to the present case.

¶ 152 Neither Moore, nor Krankel, nor any other authority outside of Downs and Kyles

expressly states that Krankel counsel must present all nonfrivolous claims to provide objectively

reasonable performance. Even the Second District acknowledges this point in Downs but states,

without elaboration, “[The requirement that Krankel counsel present all nonfrivolous claims] is

inferable from the requisites of the attorney-client relationship.” Downs, 2017 IL App (2d) 121156-

C, ¶ 83. This unexplained inference, along with the inference allegedly contained in the court’s

discussion of Moore (supra ¶¶ 145-48), is the only authority on which the Second District relied

in forming its conclusion. However, neither “the requisites of the attorney-client relationship” nor

Moore provides any support for that requirement.

¶ 153 Regarding the attorney-client relationship, the Second District does not explain

what aspect of that relationship implies, much less requires that Krankel counsel must present all

nonfrivolous claims at the evidentiary hearing. To the contrary, decades of case law evaluating

claims of ineffective assistance reaffirm the strong presumptions (1) “that defense counsel’s

conduct was within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance and all decisions were

made in the exercise of reasonable professional judgment” and (2) “the challenged action or

inaction may have been the product of sound trial strategy.” Carroll, 2024 IL App (4th) 231207,

¶ 86.

¶ 154 Curiously, in the same passage concluding that the attorney-client relationship

implies that Krankel counsel must present all nonfrivolous claims, the Second District responds to

the State’s assertion that the Strickland standard allows for an attorney to winnow out weaker

- 37 - arguments and focus on stronger arguments with its own assertion that “it is Krankel,

not Strickland, that requires the presentation of all nonfrivolous claims.” Downs, 2017 IL App (2d)

121156-C, ¶ 83. The Downs court points out that “the fact that counsel may winnow the weaker

arguments does not excuse him or her from providing representation on the major meritorious

issue or issues” and asks, “Why should Krankel counsel be held to a lesser standard than any other

attorney?” Id.

¶ 155 However, the more apt question to ask is why Krankel counsel should be held to a

different standard than any other attorney, because a requirement that counsel argue all

nonfrivolous claims is simply not and never has been the standard for objectively reasonable

performance.

¶ 156 Regarding Moore, we completely agree with the Second District’s assessment that

appointed counsel must be an advocate for the defendant, with an eye toward representing the

defendant at the evidentiary hearing. Supra ¶¶ 147-48. Indeed, every defense attorney in a criminal

case has a duty to be a zealous advocate for his or her client. And that duty is present whether

counsel is privately retained, appointed by the court to represent the defendant at trial, or is Krankel

counsel.

¶ 157 However, our agreement with the Second District ends when the Second District

infers that Krankel counsel’s responsibility to represent a defendant at a subsequent evidentiary

hearing requires counsel to present all nonfrivolous claims. We conclude that this inference lacks

any legal authority to support it.

¶ 158 We agree with the following observation by the State:

“Downs’s constraints shackle attorneys from exercising their independent

judgment, skillful advocacy, and experience in how best to represent their clients’

- 38 - interests. Enforcing Downs’s restrictions could actually be detrimental to the

interests of every convicted defendant who hopes to rely on the full panoply of new

counsel’s abilities in how to persuade a court into granting the request for a new

trial.”

¶ 159 Accordingly, we conclude that Downs was wrongly decided and hold that Krankel

counsel’s performance is evaluated under the same standard that applies for all defense attorneys

in criminal cases: Strickland.

¶ 160 We acknowledge that our conclusion prevents defendant’s additional presentation

of his claims in the trial court, but defendant is not without recourse. He does not forfeit

ineffectiveness claims that were not presented at the Krankel hearing. People v. Teen, 2023 IL App

(5th) 190456, ¶ 66. “Accordingly, he may assert such claims on direct appeal or through the Post-

Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2022)).” Id.

¶ 161 Having concluded that Krankel counsel’s decision not to present all of a

defendant’s nonfrivolous claims, on its own, does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel,

we next examine Krankel counsel’s and Morris’s representation under the usual Strickland

standard—namely, “a defendant must show both that counsel’s performance was deficient and that

the deficient performance prejudiced the defendant.” People v. Petrenko, 237 Ill. 2d 490, 496

(2010).

¶ 162 Because we conclude that Krankel counsel’s failure to raise defendant’s specific

claims for ineffective assistance did not prejudice defendant, we discuss only that prong. See

Veach, 2017 IL 120649, ¶ 30 (“A defendant must satisfy both prongs of the Strickland test and a

failure to satisfy any one of the prongs precludes a finding of ineffectiveness.” (Internal quotation

marks omitted.)).

- 39 - ¶ 163 c. Defendant Was Not Prejudiced by Morris’s Allegedly Deficient Representation

¶ 164 Defendant makes three claims for ineffective assistance of counsel—namely,

Morris’s failure to adequately present arguments and evidence regarding (1) the unreasonable

extension of the traffic stop, (2) problems with the free-air dog sniff, and (3) the denial of his

alleged right to testify at the suppression hearing. We address each issue in turn.

¶ 165 i. The Duration of the Traffic Stop

¶ 166 Defendant argues that had Morris argued that the traffic stop was unlawfully

prolonged in order for police officers to conduct an open-air dog sniff of defendant’s car, a

reasonable probability exists that he would have succeeded on his motion to suppress. The core of

his argument is that Heffner-Dewitt engaged in small talk with defendant before reaching

“arguably needed” questions, like “the model year of [defendant’s] SUV.” However, defendant

does not come close to persuading us that an officer’s making small talk while working on a

citation constitutes prolonging the traffic stop. Indeed, the trial court found that there was no

evidence showing the conversation between Heffner-Dewitt during traffic stop was anything other

than “casual conversation while working on the citation, waiting for calls to come back concerning

status of defendant’s license, etc.”

¶ 167 Further, even if the CAD report showed that Heffner-Dewitt radioed for a dog sniff

before conducting the traffic stop, that fact does not show that Heffner-Dewitt acted in any

unlawful manner. See People v. Reedy, 2015 IL App (3d) 130955, ¶ 31 (“[O]fficers do not need

independent reasonable articulable suspicion of drug-related activity in order to perform

a dog sniff pursuant to an ordinary traffic stop.”). Accordingly, given this record, we conclude no

reasonable probability exists that had the issue been argued, the motion to suppress would have

been granted.

- 40 - ¶ 168 ii. The Canine Sniff

¶ 169 Defendant next argues that had Morris adequately challenged the canine alert on

his car, there was a reasonable probability that the trial court would have granted a motion to

suppress on those grounds. We disagree.

¶ 170 Ent testified (1) that he was a trained canine officer, (2) that his canine was trained

to detect drugs, (3) to the canine’s behaviors upon alerting to the presence of drugs, and (4) that

the canine gave a final alert for drugs in accordance with his training and experience with

the canine. Drain, 2023 IL App (4th) 210355, ¶ 58. The only potential indication in the record

supporting a challenge to the dog’s credentials is the fact that the canine alerted aggressively when

it had most recently been trained to alert passively. However, Ent explained that the canine had

been trained to alert both ways and that he understood the aggressive alert to be it responding to

and finding the location of drugs in defendant’s vehicle.

¶ 171 Further, there is no indication that the State would not have responded to a

challenge to the canine’s credentials by introducing the canine’s certification and training records.

Put simply, defendant has not met his burden to show he was prejudiced.

¶ 172 iii. A Defendant’s Right To Testify at a Suppression Hearing

¶ 173 Defendant argues that he had a right to testify at the suppression hearing and was

denied that right when Morris refused to call him as a witness. In support of his argument, he

points out that (1) a criminal defendant has the right to take the witness stand and to testify in his

or her own defense (Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 49 (1987)) and (2) “the procedural due process

constitutionally required in some extrajudicial proceedings includes the right of the affected person

to testify” (id. at 51 n.9 (citing Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254, 269 (1970) (which noted that a

defendant had the right to testify in a case involving the possible termination of welfare benefits))).

- 41 - He contends that “if a person has a constitutional right to testify before his or her welfare benefits

are terminated, *** a defendant has an equivalent right to testify on his own behalf during a

suppression hearing.”

¶ 174 We disagree that Morris’s decision not to call defendant to testify and Krankel

counsel’s decision not to argue the substance of this claim constitutes ineffective assistance. No

Illinois court has addressed whether a defendant represented by counsel has a right to determine

whether he or she testifies at a hearing to suppress evidence obtained from a traffic stop, and we

will not be the first. Indeed, the cases defendant cites are far from on point, and the only case the

State cites that even comes close to this issue is People v. Krueger, 2012 COA 80, a Colorado

appellate court decision that held that a defendant did not have the right to testify at a pretrial

suppression hearing.

¶ 175 In Krueger, the Colorado appellate court explained that (1) “unlike the decision

whether to go to trial, the decision whether to move to suppress evidence is a strategic one for

counsel to make in the exercise of professional discretion” and (2) “the reasons for allowing a

defendant to decide whether he will testify at trial do not apply in the suppression hearing

context.” Id. ¶¶ 24-25. Regarding that second point, the court emphasized that the importance of a

defendant’s being allowed to testify in his own defense centered on whether “his ultimate guilt or

innocence [was] at stake” and most federal courts had concluded that a defendant does not have

the right to testify at a pretrial suppression hearing. Id. ¶¶ 30-31 (collecting cases).

¶ 176 Although we believe the Krueger court’s analysis has merit, we need not definitely

resolve this issue because defendant does not show how he was prejudiced by not testifying at the

hearing on the motion to suppress.

¶ 177 III. CONCLUSION

- 42 - ¶ 178 For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶ 179 Affirmed.

- 43 - People v. Maury, 2025 IL App (4th) 220887

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Livingston County, No. 18- CF-162; the Hon. Jennifer Hartmann Bauknecht, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys James E. Chadd, Catherine K. Hart, and Ryan R. Wilson, of for State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Springfield, for appellant. Appellant:

Attorneys Michael Regnier, State’s Attorney, of Pontiac (Patrick Delfino, for David J. Robinson, and Allison Paige Brooks, of State’s Appellee: Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

- 44 -