People v. Croom

• Court: Appellate Court of Illinois
• Decided: June 4, 2026
• Docket: 4-25-0661
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

2026 IL App (4th) 250661-U FILED NOTICE This Order was filed under June 4, 2026 Supreme Court Rule 23 and is NO. 4-25-0661 Carla Bender not precedent except in the 4th District Appellate limited circumstances allowed IN THE APPELLATE COURT Court, IL under Rule 23(e)(1). OF ILLINOIS

FOURTH DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of v. ) Winnebago County STEPHEN MICHAEL CROOM II, ) No. 21CF1767 Defendant-Appellant. ) ) Honorable ) Debra D. Schafer, ) Judge Presiding.

JUSTICE GRISCHOW delivered the judgment of the court. Justices DeArmond and Harris concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶1 Held: The appellate court (1) reversed defendant’s conviction for criminal sexual assault based on digital anal penetration because there was insufficient evidence of force or threat of force and vacated the associated sentence and (2) affirmed defendant’s remaining two convictions for criminal sexual assault, concluding the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting propensity evidence, defendant failed to show prejudice resulting from any deficiencies in Krankel counsel’s representation (see People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181 (1984)), and defendant failed to show the court committed a clear and obvious error in sentencing.

¶2 Defendant, Stephen Michael Croom II, was convicted after a jury trial of three

counts of criminal sexual assault (720 ILCS 5/11-1.20(a)(1) (West 2018)). The trial court

sentenced defendant to 12 years in prison on each count, to be served consecutively. Defendant

appeals, arguing (1) the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of criminal

sexual assault based on digital penetration; (2) the court improperly admitted propensity

evidence; (3) defendant was denied the effective assistance of counsel appointed pursuant to People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181 (1984); and (4) the court committed error at sentencing when

it failed to consider a statutory mitigating factor. We reverse defendant’s conviction and vacate

his sentence on the digital penetration count but otherwise affirm.

¶3 I. BACKGROUND

¶4 Defendant was indicted on four counts of criminal sexual assault (720 ILCS

5/11-1.20(a)(1) (West 2018)), each alleging defendant committed a different form of sexual

penetration of the victim, M.B., by force or threat of force. Count I alleged defendant put his sex

organ in the sex organ of M.B. Count II alleged defendant put his sex organ in the anus of M.B.

Count III alleged defendant put his mouth on the sex organ of M.B. Count IV alleged defendant

digitally penetrated the anus of M.B.

¶5 Prior to trial, the State filed a motion in limine to admit evidence of separate acts

of sexual conduct as evidence of propensity under section 115-7.3(a)(1) of the Code of Criminal

Procedure of 1963 (Procedure Code) (725 ILCS 5/115-7.3(a)(1) (West 2022)). The State sought

to introduce evidence from a separately charged case, an alleged sexual encounter between

defendant and T.T. The State also sought to introduce evidence of a sexual assault conviction

from Wisconsin. After a hearing, the trial court ruled that the sexual encounter with T.T. was

admissible. However, the court ruled the entire encounter with T.T., specifically, the allegations

of physical violence by defendant, was not admissible unless the defense opened the door.

Thereafter, defendant filed an answer to the State’s motion for disclosure, stating defendant was

going to raise the affirmative defense of consent to not only the charged offense but also to the

allegations of T.T. In response to the affirmative defense of consent, the State sought to revisit

the motion in limine. The State argued, as defendant raised the defense of consent, his entire

relationship with T.T. was relevant. Defendant’s trial counsel agreed the entire encounter was

-2- relevant and stated he had no problem with the State delving into the entire encounter. In its oral

ruling, the court informed the State that, as defendant was asserting all sexual activity with T.T.

was consensual, the State could delve into the entire interaction with T.T., including the acts of

physical violence, during its case in chief. The court required a limiting instruction, which could

be read before or after T.T.’s testimony, based on defendant’s preference. The court’s written

ruling stated its prior ruling on the motion in limine was modified, so “if evidence of consensual

sexual contact between the defendant and T.T. [was] presented at trial in the above captioned

case, evidence of the physical altercation between T.T. and the defendant the night before the

events charged in the indictment would be admissible.”

¶6 At trial, which took place in September 2022, M.B. testified she met defendant on

a dating website on December 7, 2018. M.B. identified defendant in court. M.B. was living in

Janesville, Wisconsin, and defendant invited M.B. to a party in Rockford, Illinois. Defendant

drove to Janesville and picked up M.B. M.B. admitted she had smoked some methamphetamine

earlier in the day, prior to meeting defendant. She also admitted she was on probation in

Wisconsin on a charge of possession of methamphetamine for an incident that occurred about

three months after the incident with defendant. She testified she and defendant smoked marijuana

together. Upon arriving in Rockford, defendant and M.B. stopped at a liquor store, where

defendant bought some wine and M.B. bought a sports drink. After the liquor store, rather than

going to the party, they returned to defendant’s apartment. M.B. testified she sat on the couch

with defendant, and she drank a glass of wine. Defendant gave her a back rub and massaged her

thighs. It made M.B. a little uncomfortable, because she did not know him very well.

¶7 M.B. told defendant she was hungry, and he made her a chicken potpie. She ate

the potpie in defendant’s bedroom. After she was done eating, defendant turned off the lights.

-3- M.B. testified she was a little scared and a little dizzy, so she went into the bathroom to splash

some water on her face. After leaving the bathroom, M.B. could not find the light switch to turn

the lights back on, and she sat next to defendant on his bed at his request. The room was warm,

so M.B. took off her sweater and pants and put on one of defendant’s tank tops. Defendant

started to massage her thighs and her rear and told M.B. to lie down. M.B. initially did not want

to lie down, but she was tired, so she did. Defendant took off M.B.’s underwear and started

performing oral sex on M.B. M.B. said “that was fine,” but then defendant penetrated her anus

with his finger, which was painful. M.B. told defendant to stop, but he did not stop either action.

M.B. stated she started screaming in pain. Defendant then “flipped” her over onto her stomach

and penetrated her anus with his penis. M.B. testified she continued to scream at defendant to

stop, but he did not stop. Defendant prevented M.B. from disengaging and turning onto her back.

After M.B. was able to turn over onto her back, defendant penetrated her vagina with his penis

and ejaculated in her vagina. Afterward, defendant wiped M.B. off with a washcloth. Defendant

asked if M.B. thought he had raped her, and she responded “no” because she was “afraid of what

he would do if [she] said yes.” Defendant told M.B. he would take her home in the morning, but

M.B. called an Uber while defendant was sleeping. M.B. did not immediately contact law

enforcement, but she went to the hospital several days later. M.B identified a photograph she

took of a large bruise on her back, which she testified was caused by defendant holding her down

while on her stomach.

¶8 Prior to the testimony of the propensity witness, T.T., the jury was given a

limiting instruction. The jury was instructed that the evidence of defendant’s encounter with T.T

was relevant on the issue of defendant’s propensity to commit criminal sexual assault and it was

for the jury to determine whether defendant was involved and the weight to be given to the

-4- evidence. T.T. testified she met defendant on a dating website in late March 2021. On March 28,

2021, defendant sent an Uber to pick T.T. up from her home in Waukegan, Illinois, and bring her

to his apartment in Rockford. When she arrived, defendant’s young son was present. T.T. stayed

overnight at defendant’s apartment, and she and defendant had consensual sex. The next day,

they dropped defendant’s son off with his mother and went to the mall. Later, back at

defendant’s apartment, T.T. and defendant got into an argument. During the argument, defendant

put his hands on her neck and choked her. An hour or two later, they went to bed, and T.T. could

not recall but believed they again engaged in consensual sex. The following day, she and

defendant went to hang out with three other couples at the home of one of defendant’s friends. At

the friend’s home, T.T. kissed one of the other girls. When defendant and T.T. later returned to

defendant’s apartment, defendant put his hands on her neck and “thrash[ed]” her around, yelling

at her about kissing the other girl. Defendant threw T.T. on the bed and slapped her at least 10

times across the face. After T.T. told defendant she was going to call the police, defendant took

her phone, put it under running water in the bathtub, and then hid the phone from her. T.T.

testified she left defendant’s apartment in her bare feet. She was not familiar with the area, and

she was unsuccessful in alerting any neighbors or passing cars, so she returned to defendant’s

apartment. Defendant returned her phone to her, and they went to sleep.

¶9 T.T. testified she woke up to defendant touching her vaginal area and trying to

have sex with her. T.T. told him no, and defendant got angry. He got out of bed, ripped the

covers off T.T., and began yelling at her. Defendant grabbed T.T. by the shoulders and threw her

back, causing her head to strike the wall. T.T. told defendant she was not consenting to sex, but

she did not resist him having sex with her. Thereafter, defendant left the apartment for a few

hours. T.T. testified defendant cooked food for them after he returned. T.T. took a bath and

-5- texted her friend for money so that she could arrange for a ride so she could leave defendant’s

apartment. After her friend sent her money, in the early morning hours of April 1, 2021, T.T.

ordered a Lyft for a ride to the hospital in Rockford. Police officers met her at the hospital to take

her statement. T.T. identified photographs of some of her injuries, which included a bruise on the

back of her head, a split bottom lip, and bruises on her arms and legs. She also testified she had

difficulty swallowing. After leaving defendant’s apartment, T.T. never saw defendant in person

again. She did, however, continue to communicate with defendant through telephone

conversations and text messages. T.T. testified she continued communicating with defendant

until early June 2021 so she could get him to admit he had assaulted her. In some of the text

messages, T.T. told defendant she loved him. T.T. testified she does not recall sending those

messages, but she probably did send them in her effort to get defendant to admit what he had

done.

¶ 10 Kaylee Bianchi testified she was working as a registered nurse in Javon Bea

Hospital on April 1, 2021, when T.T. came into the emergency department. Bianchi was a

specially trained sexual assault nurse examiner, and she conducted the examination and

assessment of T.T. Bianchi conducted a head-to-toe physical examination of T.T., noting several

areas of tenderness, redness, and bruising.

¶ 11 After the State rested, defendant moved for a directed verdict on all four counts.

The trial court directed a verdict on count III, which alleged defendant put his mouth on the sex

organ of M.B. The remainder of the motion was denied.

¶ 12 Matthew Weber, an investigator, testified for the defense. He testified that he took

photographs of defendant’s neighborhood. Defendant lived in a residential neighborhood, with

approximately 14 homes on the same block as defendant’s apartment. Weber did not check to see

-6- if any of those homes were occupied. Weber also mapped the distance from defendant’s

apartment to a McDonald’s that was open 24 hours a day, which was 1,485 feet from defendant’s

apartment, and to a police station, which was 2,283 feet from defendant’s apartment.

¶ 13 Debra Riles, who manages property for her son, testified defendant had been a

tenant for four to five years, until he left about a year before the trial. Defendant resided in the

upper unit of a two-unit building. Riles believed the lower unit was occupied on December 7,

2018, but she was not sure. Riles did not get any noise complaints on that day; in fact, she never

had any noise complaints about defendant.

¶ 14 When the trial court asked defendant if he was going to testify, defendant stated

he was not. However, the court noted there was a long pause before defendant answered, so it

further questioned defendant to confirm it was his decision not to testify. The following colloquy

took place:

“THE COURT: Okay. Well, that was about 15 seconds. So we’re going to

have to talk about that long pause between my question and your answer.

As I told you before, the decision is yours. I’m not trying to talk you into

or out of anything. I just want to make sure that you understand that it’s your

decision. If the attorneys think it’s a bad idea, you still get to testify if that’s what

you want. If you don’t want to and they think that you should, well then you don’t

have to testify because it’s ultimately your decision.

I understand it can be a difficult decision. But I just need to make sure that

you're making that decision freely and voluntarily. In the event that, whichever

way the case goes, I don’t want you regretting whatever your decision was.

So is it your decision not to testify? Let me ask you first—

-7- [DEFENDANT]: I was counseled it wouldn’t be advantageous for me to

testify.

THE COURT: Okay.

[DEFENDANT]: I listen to the counsel.

THE COURT: Okay. Do you need any additional time to talk to your

attorneys about this?

[DEFENDANT]: No.

[DEFENDANT]: No, ma’am.

THE COURT: So it sounds like you're taking the advice of your attorneys

by saying that you're not going to testify.

[DEFENDANT]: Yes, ma’am.

THE COURT: All right. And so it—do you feel like you are being forced

into a position?

[DEFENDANT]: I’m being forced and backed in this whole corner with

two different scenarios, so no, not forced.

THE COURT: Okay. Has anyone promised you anything in order to get

you to make this decision?

THE COURT: All right. You’re making the decision freely and

voluntarily?

THE COURT: All right. So what it sounds like is you are making the

-8- decision, and you’re hoping that you don’t regret it. Is that about right?

[DEFENDANT]: Yes, ma’am.”

¶ 15 The defense rested, and the matter proceeded to closing arguments. Thereafter,

the jury found defendant guilty of the remaining three counts of criminal sexual assault.

Defendant filed a motion for a new trial, followed by an amended motion for a new trial,

arguing, inter alia, he was not proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt and the trial court erred

in denying his motion for a directed verdict as to all counts; the court erred in granting the State’s

motion in limine to allow the propensity testimony of T.T.; defendant was denied a fair trial

when the State exceeded the in limine ruling; and the court erred in allowing the State to make

inappropriate and prejudicial arguments. Thereafter, defendant filed a pro se amended motion for

a new trial, adding claims that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance of counsel.

¶ 16 The trial court held a preliminary Krankel hearing and found there was a basis for

possible neglect, so it appointed Krankel counsel. At the Krankel hearing, defendant’s trial

counsel was questioned and testified regarding defendant’s allegations of neglect. The court

found there was no showing of deficiencies in trial counsel’s performance for failing to locate

the nurse who examined M.B. in the hospital or for failing to call as a witness the police officer

who interviewed M.B. Both would have potentially testified the encounter between M.B. and

defendant began as a consensual sexual encounter, but M.B. readily acknowledged it was

initially consensual. The court further found no issue with trial counsel’s failure to call as

witnesses the people from the party with T.T. Defendant contended at least one of them would

testify T.T.’s behavior after the attack was inconsistent with that of a sexual assault victim.

However, T.T.’s testimony regarding her numerous text messages with defendant after the attack

placed that issue before the jury. The text messages were available to the jury if it had asked for

-9- them, and the testimony related to a propensity witness, not the victim. Further, there was no

error relative to defendant’s decision not to testify. The court found it was clearly trial counsel’s

opinion that defendant should not testify. However, the court concluded, based on its extended

colloquy with defendant before accepting his decision not to testify, the decision not to testify

was made by defendant. The court could not find that trial counsel’s performance fell below an

objectively reasonable standard or, if it had, the outcome would have been different. The Krankel

motion was denied, and the matter was set for a hearing on the amended motions for a new trial.

¶ 17 Following the denial of the Krankel motion, defendant chose to waive counsel

and proceed pro se. He filed a petition for relief from the Krankel order, reiterating his claims of

ineffectiveness of trial counsel and arguing Krankel counsel did not fully present the claims of

ineffectiveness. The trial court held a hearing on what it interpreted to be a motion to reconsider,

where defendant appeared pro se. After questioning Krankel counsel, the court denied the

motion to reconsider.

¶ 18 Defendant filed another amended motion for a new trial. Defendant alleged,

inter alia, the trial court erred in granting the State’s motion in limine to admit the propensity

evidence of T.T.; he was not proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt as to the count involving

digital anal penetration because there was no evidence of force; trial counsel was ineffective; and

Krankel counsel was ineffective. The court denied the amended motion for a new trial.

¶ 19 The matter proceeded to sentencing. The presentence investigation report (PSI)

indicated defendant had two prior felony convictions. Defendant reported he had two young

children, a three-year-old son and a two-year-old daughter, with different mothers. Defendant

reported he shared custody of both children, although he could not recall his daughter’s mother’s

name during the presentence interview. He also reported he was court-ordered to pay child

- 10 - support for his son. The State submitted certified copies of defendant’s 1999 conviction for

armed robbery and his 2018 sexual assault conviction in Wisconsin. The trial court sentenced

defendant to 12 years in prison for each of the three counts. It stated it considered the evidence

from trial, the PSI, the history, character, and attitude of defendant, the evidence and arguments

at sentencing, and defendant’s statement in allocution. It also considered the statutory matters in

aggravation and mitigation. The court found several aggravating factors were applicable,

specifically, defendant’s criminal history, the necessity to deter others from committing the same

crime, and his conduct caused or threatened serious harm. The court found no factors in

mitigation should be accorded weight in favor or minimizing defendant’s sentence. Based on

defendant’s attitude in court, the court could not say he was unlikely to commit another crime,

even though he now had children.

¶ 20 This appeal followed.

¶ 21 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 22 On appeal, defendant argues (1) the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a

reasonable doubt of the count of digital anal sexual penetration; (2) the trial court improperly

admitted propensity evidence; (3) he was denied the effective assistance of Krankel counsel; and

(4) the court erred in sentencing him when it failed to consider a statutory mitigating factor.

¶ 23 A. Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt

¶ 24 Defendant contends he was not proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of count

IV, which alleged criminal sexual assault for the act of digitally penetrating the anus of M.B.

Defendant contends the State failed to present evidence of any force or threat of force beyond the

act itself.

- 11 - ¶ 25 “In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence in a criminal case, this court asks

whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of

fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” People

v. Jones, 2023 IL 127810, ¶ 28. A reviewing court’s role is not to retry the defendant. Id. “A

criminal conviction will not be overturned unless the evidence is so unreasonable, improbable, or

unsatisfactory as to justify a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt.” Id.

¶ 26 Defendant was charged with four individual acts of criminal sexual assault against

M.B. To prove defendant guilty of each allegation of criminal sexual assault, the State had to

prove defendant committed an action of sexual penetration against M.B. by the use of force or

threat of force. See 720 ILCS 5/11-1.20(a)(1) (West 2018). As defendant raised the affirmative

defense of consent, the State also had the burden to prove lack of consent beyond a reasonable

doubt. See id. § 11-1.70(a); People v. Haywood, 118 Ill. 2d 263, 274 (1987).

¶ 27 Section 11-0.1 of the Criminal Code of 2012 (Criminal Code) defines “ ‘[f]orce or

threat of force’ ” as

“the use of force or violence or the threat of force or violence, including, but not

limited to, the following situations:

(1) when the accused threatens to use force or violence on the

victim or on any other person, and the victim under the circumstances

reasonably believes that the accused has the ability to execute that threat;

or

(2) when the accused overcomes the victim by use of superior

strength or size, physical restraint, or physical confinement.” 720 ILCS

5/11-0.1 (West 2018).

- 12 - ¶ 28 There is no specific standard establishing the amount of force necessary to sustain

a conviction for criminal sexual assault; rather, each case must be considered on its own facts.

People v. Gonzalez, 2019 IL App (1st) 152760, ¶ 38. “The force necessary to prove criminal

sexual assault requires something more than the force inherent in the sexual penetration itself.”

Id. “The element of force refers to actions of the defendant that physically compel the victim to

submit to the act of sexual penetration.” People v. Mpulamasaka, 2016 IL App (2d) 130703,

¶ 74.

¶ 29 All four of the charged acts occurred during a several minute encounter between

M.B. and defendant, which admittedly started consensually but ended with the two acts of

criminal sexual assault that defendant does not challenge on appeal. As M.B. consented to the

first act, oral sex, the trial court appropriately directed a verdict on that count (count III). At the

other end of the continuum of the encounter between M.B. and defendant are the two acts of

penile penetration to which M.B. did not consent and were accomplished by force or threat of

force (counts I and II). The issue on appeal is where on the continuum the act of digital anal

penetration (count IV) falls. On appeal, it is undisputed M.B. sought to withdraw her consent at

the time of the digital anal penetration. A showing of lack of consent, though, is not sufficient to

prove the separate element of force. See id. (“A conviction of criminal sexual assault cannot be

sustained by establishing merely that the victim did not consent.”); see also Haywood, 118 Ill. 2d

at 274 (“[C]onsent is made a defense to be raised by the accused to rebut evidence of force

presented by the State.”).

¶ 30 Defendant argues from the time M.B. verbally withdrew consent until the time

defendant turned M.B. onto her stomach and continued sexual activity, there was no evidence of

force or threat of force. Conversely, the State contends it sufficiently proved force under one or

- 13 - more legal theories. First, the State acknowledges the force used by defendant occurred after

defendant digitally penetrated M.B.’s anus but argues it was all part of the same assault. Second,

the State contends defendant passively forced M.B. to continue the digital anal penetration.

Lastly, the State contends M.B. was overcome by defendant’s superior size and strength. We will

address each contention in turn.

¶ 31 The State argues force used during an assault, even when the force comes after

the sexual act, can be sufficient to prove the element of force required to prove criminal sexual

assault, citing People v. Colley, 188 Ill. App. 3d 817 (1989), and its progeny. We are not

persuaded. In Colley, the defendant was charged with aggravated criminal sexual assault,

requiring proof of bodily harm that occurred during the criminal sexual assault. Id. at 820. The

Colley court concluded stab wounds occurring soon after the sexual acts were sufficiently close

in time to the sexual acts so that they could be said to have been committed during the sexual

assault. Id.; see People v. Thomas, 234 Ill. App. 3d 819, 825 (1992) (affirming the defendant’s

conviction for aggravated criminal sexual assault, finding the defendant burned the victim with a

hot fork as “part of an unbroken series of events,” which were “both very near in time and

closely linked to the forced sexual acts”); see also People v. Fryer, 247 Ill. App. 3d 1051, 1058

(1993) (finding the physical injuries that the defendant inflicted on the victim “were sufficiently

close to the sexual assault so that the injuries could be found to have been committed during the

commission of the sexual assault”). Here, defendant was not charged with aggravated criminal

sexual assault, so the issue of whether statutory aggravating circumstances existed during the

commission of the criminal sexual assault was not before the court. See 720 ILCS 5/11-1.30(a)

(West 2018). Rather, defendant was charged with criminal sexual assault, where, “[b]y

definition, [the force or threat of force] will precede the act of sexual penetration by at least some

- 14 - amount of time—seconds, minutes, whatever amount of time it takes to ‘overcome’ the victim.”

(Emphasis omitted.) People v. Smith, 2019 IL App (1st) 161246, ¶¶ 30-31.

¶ 32 The State contends defendant passively forced M.B. to submit to the digital anal

penetration by refusing to disengage, which prevented M.B. from disengaging. “One can, in a

manner of speaking, passively force someone to continue with the sex act by using one’s own

bodily inertia to prevent the partner from disengaging. This would be force beyond that inherent

to the sex act itself.” People v. Denbo, 372 Ill. App. 3d 994, 1008 (2007). In Denbo, the issue

before the court was consent and whether the victim’s actions operated as an objective

withdrawal of consent to what began as a consensual sexual act. Id. at 1008. However, during its

discussion of consent, the court hypothesized a defendant’s continuation of a sex act that

prevented the victim from disengaging could be considered passive force as defined by the

Criminal Code. Id. Here, prior to the penile anal penetration, where M.B. testified she could not

disengage, there was no testimony she could not disengage from defendant beforehand.

¶ 33 Lastly, the State contends M.B. was overcome by defendant’s superior size and

strength. See Gonzalez, 2019 IL App (1st) 152760, ¶ 38 (“When considering the evidence of

force, we may consider the size and strength of the defendant and the victim as well as the place

and conditions under which the incident occurred.”). The State acknowledges there was no direct

testimony regarding defendant’s size or strength but argues the jury had the opportunity to view

defendant and M.B. at trial. Also, M.B. was alone inside defendant’s bedroom, and she testified

she was hot and dizzy. We conclude there is no evidence that M.B. was overcome by force or

threat of force until the first act of force, which was the act of flipping M.B. over and,

subsequently, holding her down. That force did not occur until after the digital anal penetration

had ceased. There was no testimony or other evidence that defendant’s body was on top of

- 15 - M.B.’s body, thereby using his greater size to prevent her from disengaging. See Mpulamasaka,

2016 IL App (2d) 130703, ¶ 74 (“Force can be established by evidence that the defendant used

his bodily inertia to prevent the victim from disengaging.”). In fact, M.B.’s testimony was that

she was initially sitting on the edge of the bed and then she lay down and defendant removed her

underwear and began performing oral sex. In addition, although M.B. was in defendant’s

bedroom, in his apartment, there was no testimony that M.B. attempted to leave and defendant

blocked her exit. Cf. Gonzalez, 2019 IL App (1st) 152760, ¶ 39 (holding a jury could reasonably

infer a 35-year-old defendant overcame a teenager by physical confinement when he blocked the

teen from leaving the back seat of the defendant’s locked vehicle).

¶ 34 After reviewing the record, even viewing all the evidence presented at trial in the

light most favorable to the prosecution, we conclude the evidence was insufficient for a rational

trier of fact to find defendant used force or a threat of force to compel M.B. to submit to the act

of digital anal penetration. Therefore, defendant’s conviction for criminal sexual assault based

upon digital anal penetration (count IV) must be reversed.

¶ 35 B. Admissibility of Propensity Evidence

¶ 36 Defendant argues the trial court abused its discretion by admitting propensity

evidence. Defendant argues the propensity evidence was substantially and unfairly more

prejudicial than probative and became a focus at trial. Alternatively, defendant argues his trial

counsel was ineffective for not challenging the admissibility of the allegation of violence by

defendant against T.T., which defendant contends was the most prejudicial portion of the

propensity evidence.

¶ 37 Generally, evidence is admissible only if it is relevant. Ill. R. Evid. 402 (eff. Jan.

1, 2011). Relevant evidence, however, “may be excluded if its probative value is substantially

- 16 - outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury.”

Ill. R. Evid. 403 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011). Evidence of other crimes is generally inadmissible to show a

defendant’s propensity to commit the charged criminal conduct, but it may be admissible for

other reasons, such as to demonstrate “motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,

identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” Ill. R. Evid. 404(b) (eff. Jan. 1, 2011); see People v.

Pikes, 2013 IL 115171, ¶ 11. Propensity evidence is not inadmissible because it is irrelevant;

rather, “it is objectionable because such evidence has ‘too much’ probative value.” People v.

Donoho, 204 Ill. 2d 159, 170 (2003).

¶ 38 However, in certain cases, such as those in which the defendant is charged with

criminal sexual assault, evidence of other crimes may be admissible to demonstrate propensity.

See 725 ILCS 5/115-7.3(b) (West 2022); People v. Watts, 2022 IL App (4th) 210590, ¶ 40. If the

other-crimes evidence meets the initial statutory requirements, the evidence may be admissible if

it is relevant and the probative value is not substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect.

People v. Smith, 2015 IL App (4th) 130205, ¶ 21. In weighing the probative value against the

prejudicial effect, courts may consider: “(1) the proximity in time to the charged or predicate

offense; (2) the degree of factual similarity to the charged or predicate offense; or (3) other

relevant facts and circumstances.” 725 ILCS 5/115-7.3(c) (West 2022). A trial court’s admission

of other-crimes evidence is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Smith, 2015 IL App (4th)

130205, ¶ 22.

¶ 39 Before reaching the merits of defendant’s argument, we first address the State’s

argument that defendant invited the error. The State contends, after the trial court allowed the

evidence regarding T.T. with limitations and defendant asserted the defense of consent,

defendant agreed to the admission of the entire altercation with T.T.

- 17 - ¶ 40 “Under the doctrine of invited error, an accused may not request to proceed in one

manner and then later contend on appeal that the course of action was in error.” People v. Carter,

208 Ill. 2d 309, 319 (2003). Invited error acts as a procedural default, akin to estoppel. In re

Detention of Swope, 213 Ill. 2d 210, 217 (2004). Here, the State filed a motion in limine to admit

evidence of the sexual encounter with T.T. as propensity evidence under section 115-7.3 of the

Procedure Code (725 ILCS 5/115-7.3 (West 2022)). Defendant opposed the admission of any

evidence regarding the encounter with T.T. The motion was granted, but the trial court barred

any evidence of physical violence with T.T. unless defendant opened the door. Thereafter,

defendant asserted the affirmative defense of consent with respect to T.T. The State then sought

to revisit the motion in limine, arguing, because defendant raised the defense of consent, his

entire relationship with T.T. was relevant. Defendant’s trial counsel agreed the entire encounter

was relevant and did not oppose the State delving into it.

¶ 41 Defendant initially opposed the admission of any evidence of his encounter with

T.T. Defendant’s trial counsel did not acquiesce to the admission of evidence of the entire

encounter with T.T. until after the State’s motion in limine was granted and defendant asserted

the affirmative defense of consent as a result. Once the trial court ruled that evidence of

defendant’s encounter with T.T. was admissible, defendant was entitled to minimize the effect of

that evidence. See People v. Williams, 161 Ill. 2d 1, 34-35 (1994) (holding that once the trial

court ruled the defendant’s prior conviction was admissible for impeachment, the defendant was

entitled to attempt to minimize the damage by introducing it himself and by using it to whatever

advantage might be made of it). In that regard, it is clear, to blunt the testimony of T.T., trial

counsel not only asserted the defense of consent but also intended to delve into the facts of the

entire encounter as a matter of trial strategy. Thus, we conclude trial counsel did not inject the

- 18 - error into the proceedings, so as to preclude review by this court. See id. at 34 (“The rule that a

party cannot object on appeal to evidence which was introduced by that party does not apply

where a motion to exclude the evidence was presented and denied.”); cf. Swope, 213 Ill. 2d at

217 (“The rationale behind this well-established rule [of invited error] is that it would be

manifestly unfair to allow a party a second trial upon the basis of error which that party injected

into the proceedings.”).

¶ 42 We turn to the merits of defendant’s contention. Defendant relies on People v.

Lamonica, 2021 IL App (2d) 200136, to support his contention that the circumstances of the

instant offense and those involving T.T. were significantly different factually, so the trial court

abused its discretion in allowing the propensity evidence. In Lamonica, the defendant was

charged with the aggravated criminal sexual assault of a woman he met on a dating app. Id. ¶¶ 4,

6. The victim testified. Id. ¶¶ 6-16. The trial court also allowed a second victim to testify

regarding the defendant’s prior bad acts, partly to establish the defendant’s propensity under

section 115-7.3 of the Procedure Code. Id. ¶ 17. The appellate court found it was an abuse of

discretion to allow the propensity witness to testify. Id. ¶¶ 52, 54. The court noted that, while the

State presented one witness to prove the charged offense, it presented three witnesses to establish

the prior bad act. Id. ¶ 52. Further, the court found, while there were some factual similarities,

there were more factual dissimilarities, so the prejudicial effect outweighed the probative value.

Id. ¶¶ 52-53. While the victim in the charged case testified the defendant penetrated her in the

evening, after their date and while she was drunk, the propensity witness testified the defendant

forcefully penetrated her in the morning, when she was sober. Id. ¶ 53. The court found, other

than the defendant inviting the women to wine bars, the two incidents bore little resemblance to

one another in any significant way. Id. ¶ 54.

- 19 - ¶ 43 This court distinguished Lamonica in People v. Watts, 2022 IL App (4th) 210590,

¶ 44. In Watts, the defendant was convicted of criminal sexual assault and aggravated criminal

sexual abuse for assaulting a minor victim in the defendant’s vehicle after the victim snuck out of

her home to meet the defendant. Id. ¶¶ 1, 6. At trial, the State introduced evidence of three

previous instances where the defendant was accused by other women of sexual assault. Id. ¶¶ 9-

13. This court found the factual differences were much less meaningful than those in Lamonica.

Id. ¶ 49. Each victim was introduced to show the defendant had a propensity to commit sexual

assault. Id. In each case, the defendant invited young women who felt safe being alone with him

to meet him, and in each case, the defendant had consumed alcohol. Id. The young women also

consumed alcohol and were unable to legally consent. Id. The court concluded the primary

factual difference, that the minor victim did not drink and could not consent because of her age,

did not greatly reduce the probative value of the propensity evidence. Id.

¶ 44 Here, we conclude, like the court in Watts, the trial court considered the factual

differences, but it did not abuse its discretion in concluding the factual differences were

incidental to the purpose of the propensity evidence. See id. ¶ 47 (“[T]he differences must

logically matter.”). The court below engaged in a meaningful assessment of the probative value

versus the prejudicial effect and initially concluded evidence of the encounter with T.T. was

admissible, absent evidence of the allegations of physical violence. The court found those

allegations were too dissimilar and were not relevant to the later alleged forced sexual activity

with T.T., unless defendant opened the door. Defendant then opened the door by asserting the

affirmative defense that his sexual activity with T.T. was consensual, which was also his defense

in the instant case. That led the court to reevaluate the evidence of the entire encounter with T.T.,

and it determined the entire encounter with T.T. became relevant and admissible in the context of

- 20 - the consent defense. Defendant’s trial counsel agreed with that assessment. Although the trial

court’s amended in limine order was written in conditional terms, defendant had already

advanced the condition by asserting consent.

¶ 45 As the trial court noted, defendant met M.B. and T.T. on dating sites and invited

them both to his apartment. Both cases involved consensual sexual activity followed by

nonconsensual sexual activity in defendant’s apartment, in his bed. While we recognize the total

amount of propensity evidence was greater than the total amount of direct evidence of the assault

on M.B., it was not excessive and was relatively straightforward. See id. ¶¶ 59 (recognizing the

greater quantity of propensity evidence, when three witnesses testified, but finding it did not

result in a mini-trial or cause jury confusion). Ultimately, the standard of review controls, and we

cannot say no reasonable person would have taken the position adopted by the trial court. See

People v. Wilson, 2015 IL App (4th) 130512, ¶ 75 (“An abuse of discretion has occurred when

the trial court’s decision is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable or when no reasonable person

would take the position adopted by the trial court.”).

¶ 46 Defendant contends his trial counsel was ineffective for asserting pretrial the

defense of consent by T.T. and, thereafter, agreeing to the admission of T.T.’s claims of physical

violence. In concluding this was not invited error, we acknowledged counsel initially objected to

the admission of any evidence of the encounter with T.T. and, specifically, to the allegations of

physical violence. However, after counsel asserted defendant’s affirmative defense of consent,

counsel agreed that evidence of the entire encounter with T.T. was admissible. Thus, it is within

this factual framework that we address defendant’s claim that his counsel was ineffective for

failing to further object to the admission of the claims of physical violence against T.T.

¶ 47 Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are governed by the familiar standard

- 21 - set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). “A defendant must show that his

counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that there is a

reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different but for

counsel’s unprofessional errors.” Jones, 2023 IL 127810, ¶ 51. In general, matters of trial

strategy are immune from claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. Id.

¶ 48 Defendant argues his counsel’s performance was deficient because after the trial

court initially prohibited the admission of the allegations of violence with T.T., counsel asserted

pretrial the defense of consent and agreed to the admission of the full encounter with T.T.,

including the allegations of physical violence. Also, defendant maintains his counsel then failed

to argue in closing that the encounter with T.T. was consensual, instead asserting T.T. did not

like defendant and she lacked credibility. Defendant contends this does not demonstrate a sound

trial strategy but rather a lack of strategic planning.

¶ 49 After a careful review of the record, we disagree with defendant’s characterization

of his trial counsel’s actions. It is undisputed that trial counsel originally opposed the admission

of all the propensity evidence. After the trial court ruled some of T.T.’s testimony was

admissible, trial counsel asserted the defense of consent to T.T.’s allegations of nonconsensual

sex. The defense strategy was to seek to inject reasonable doubt on the issue of consent.

Although trial counsel did not use the word “consent” in his closing argument, consent was an

issue at trial. When both M.B. and T.T. alleged nonconsensual sexual activity with defendant, it

was a reasonable trial strategy to challenge the credibility of those claims in an attempt to cast

doubt on their claims of nonconsent. See People v. Johnson, 2015 IL App (3d) 130610, ¶ 31

(“Counsel’s strategy does not constitute ineffective assistance simply because it was

unsuccessful.”).

- 22 - ¶ 50 Further, after the State’s opening statement, which referred to T.T.’s allegations

of physical violence, trial counsel objected, arguing the in limine order barred such evidence

unless and until the defense opened the door by raising the issue of consent. Defendant argues

this attempt to rely on the trial court’s written in limine order, after asserting consent pretrial and

agreeing to the additional evidence, indicates trial counsel did not understand what he agreed to

and his performance was not objectively reasonable. We are puzzled by trial counsel’s objection,

considering his prior agreement, but do not view that the objection, which would have favored

defendant if sustained, was evidence of his lack of understanding. Rather, it was a fair argument

based upon the terms of the written order, which was framed in conditional terms. The objection

was appropriately overruled because, at the time of the written order, the oral pronouncement of

the court was that defendant had already asserted consent, so the State could present the evidence

during its case-in-chief. See People v. Smith, 242 Ill. App. 3d 399, 402 (1993) (holding the oral

pronouncement is the judgment of the court and controls when there is a conflict with the court’s

written order). Thus, defendant has not shown that, by his counsel’s attempt to relitigate an issue

in defendant’s favor, his counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of

reasonableness. As defendant failed to show deficient performance, he cannot show that he

received ineffective assistance of counsel. See People v. Cherry, 2016 IL 118728, ¶ 24

(“Because a defendant must satisfy both prongs of the Strickland test to prevail, the failure to

establish either precludes a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel.”).

¶ 51 C. Krankel Counsel

¶ 52 In a pro se motion for a new trial, defendant alleged his trial counsel provided

ineffective assistance of counsel. The trial court conducted an initial inquiry into those

allegations pursuant to Krankel. Finding the claims indicated possible neglect by trial counsel,

- 23 - the court appointed Krankel counsel. Krankel counsel evaluated defendant’s claims of ineffective

assistance and proceeded to file a motion alleging defendant’s trial counsel was ineffective for

failing to locate, subpoena, or present several witnesses at defendant’s trial. The motion further

alleged trial counsel was ineffective for failing to publish the text messages between defendant

and T.T. to the jury, failing to advance a meaningful defense, and improperly pressuring

defendant to not testify. Krankel counsel represented defendant at the second-stage hearing on

the claims, and the court ultimately denied defendant’s motion alleging ineffective assistance of

trial counsel.

¶ 53 Defendant acknowledges the appropriate process occurred in response to his

claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, but he contends his Krankel counsel further

provided ineffective assistance. Defendant argues the record indicates Krankel counsel only went

through the motions and failed to conduct an independent investigation and act as a serious

advocate for defendant. As evidence of this, defendant points to the fact that Krankel counsel

objected to the State’s participation in the second-stage Krankel hearing, which defendant argues

indicates Krankel counsel was not prepared and did not understand the process. Krankel counsel

also failed to provide any evidence or allegations detailing the proposed testimony of the

witnesses not presented by trial counsel. Defendant contends prejudice should be presumed

because Krankel counsel failed to fulfill his duties and basically deprived defendant of counsel.

Alternatively, defendant contends Krankel counsel’s failures were prejudicial because if counsel

had conducted an independent investigation and presented available evidence, there was a

reasonable probability the outcome of the Krankel proceedings would have been different.

¶ 54 The Krankel inquiry process proceeds in two stages. People v. Downs, 2017 IL

App (2d) 121156-C, ¶ 43. First, the trial court makes a preliminary inquiry into the factual bases

- 24 - of the defendant’s claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Id. At this stage, if the court

determines the defendant’s claims lack merit or pertain only to matters of trial strategy, there is

no need to appoint new counsel to pursue the claims, and the defendant’s motion may be denied.

Id. However, if the court’s preliminary inquiry shows possible neglect by trial counsel, new

counsel (i.e., Krankel counsel) should be appointed, and the matter proceeds to the second stage

of the Krankel inquiry. Id. At the second stage, which consists of an adversarial and evidentiary

hearing on the defendant’s claims, the defendant is represented by the newly appointed Krankel

counsel. Id. “The obligation to represent the defendant requires Krankel counsel to independently

evaluate the defendant’s pro se allegations of ineffective assistance of trial counsel and present

those with merit to the trial court during the second-stage adversarial hearing.” Id. ¶ 49. Here, the

matter proceeded beyond the first stage, and Krankel counsel was appointed. Krankel counsel

participated in the second-stage hearing.

¶ 55 As noted above, claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are governed by the

familiar standard set forth in Strickland. “A defendant must show that his counsel’s performance

fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that there is a reasonable probability that

the result of the proceeding would have been different but for counsel’s unprofessional errors.”

Jones, 2023 IL 127810, ¶ 51. A defendant must satisfy both prongs of the Strickland test to

prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a rule which also applies to an adversarial

evidentiary hearing conducted pursuant to Krankel. People v. Boose, 2025 IL App (4th) 231467,

¶ 37. The State does not address Strickland’s deficient performance prong, instead focusing on

the argument that defendant cannot prevail because he cannot show prejudice resulting from any

deficient performance by trial counsel. The State argues prejudice cannot be presumed in this

- 25 - circumstance, and defendant has failed to show the result would have been different or the

proceeding was fundamentally unfair.

¶ 56 In certain limited circumstances, a defendant does not need to show prejudice, and

prejudice is presumed from ineffective assistance of counsel. Downs, 2017 IL App (2d) 121156-

C, ¶ 40. Prejudice may be presumed when “(1) the defendant ‘is denied counsel at a critical

stage,’ (2) counsel ‘entirely fails to subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful adversarial

testing,’ or (3) counsel is called upon to represent a client in circumstances under which no

lawyer could prove effective assistance.” Cherry, 2016 IL 118728, ¶ 25 (quoting United States v.

Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 659-61 (1984)). Defendant argues the first and second Cronic exceptions

are applicable: prejudice should be presumed because his Krankel counsel failed to subject trial

counsel’s actions to meaningful adversarial testing and that failure deprived defendant of counsel

at a critical stage of the proceedings.

¶ 57 “[T]he circumstances under which prejudice may be presumed occur only rarely.”

Downs, 2017 IL App (2d) 121156-C, ¶ 40. Here, we conclude the first Cronic exception does not

apply to presume prejudice because Krankel counsel was appointed and represented defendant in

those proceedings. Thus, although posttrial proceedings are a critical stage of criminal

proceedings, defendant has not shown he was completely denied counsel at those proceedings.

See id. ¶ 41 (“A posttrial motion has long been held to be a critical part of the criminal

proceeding, and, as a result, the defendant is still entitled to constitutionally effective assistance

of counsel.”); see also People v. Wilson, 303 Ill. App. 3d 1035, 1044 (1999) (noting the first

Cronic exception applies when counsel was either totally absent or prevented from assisting the

accused during the critical stage of the proceeding).

- 26 - ¶ 58 The second Cronic exception applies “when counsel’s effectiveness has fallen to

such a low level as to amount not merely to incompetence, but to no representation at all.”

(Internal quotation marks omitted.) Downs, 2017 IL App (2d) 121156-C, ¶ 40. This exception is

a narrow one, with infrequent application. Cherry, 2016 IL 118728, ¶ 26. It is not enough for

counsel to fail to oppose the prosecution at specific points; rather, there must be a complete

failure of Krankel counsel to subject trial counsel’s actions to meaningful adversarial testing. Id.

Defendant argues his Krankel counsel behaved as an advocate for his trial counsel or as a neutral

investigator for the court, rather than as an advocate for defendant.

¶ 59 The posttrial motion filed by Krankel counsel asserted trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to locate and subpoena the nurse who initially examined M.B., failing to

subpoena the officer who took M.B.’s initial statement, failing to contact witnesses with

information about the relationship between defendant and T.T., failing to present the testimony

of the detective who interviewed T.T., failing to properly publish text messages between T.T.

and defendant to the jury, failing to advance a meaningful defense, and pressuring defendant not

to testify. At the hearing, Krankel counsel questioned trial counsel regarding his trial strategy and

decisions at trial. Krankel counsel then proceeded to argue trial counsel was ineffective and

defendant was entitled to a new rial. While it is possible Krankel counsel could have done more

to develop defendant’s claims, this is not a case where counsel “entirely fail[ed] to subject the

prosecution’s case to meaningful adversarial testing.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id.

¶ 25. Thus, we do not presume prejudice and analyze defendant’s claims to determine whether he

has met his burden of showing prejudice under Strickland.

¶ 60 To show prejudice under Strickland, a defendant bears the burden of showing, had

Krankel counsel presented certain evidence or arguments, the result of the proceeding would

- 27 - have been different. Boose, 2025 IL App (4th) 231467, ¶¶ 37, 43. Defendant argues, had Krankel

counsel conducted an independent investigation and presented available evidence, the trial court

would have granted defendant’s motion for a new trial. In support, defendant points to the

affidavits of two witnesses who were at the party with T.T., which could have been used to

further challenge T.T.’s credibility, and the nurse referenced in M.B.’s medical records, who

could have been called to further challenge M.B.’s credibility. In denying defendant’s motion,

the court considered M.B.’s medical records and the possible testimony by the nurse who

examined M.B., as well as the possible testimony by the investigating officer, and found, as M.B.

acknowledged the sexual contact with defendant began consensually, neither witness would have

provided new information to the jury. The court also considered the witnesses from the party

with T.T., concluding their testimony would not have been particularly helpful, as evidence of

T.T.’s behavior after the incident with defendant was already before the jury. As for the text

messages between defendant and T.T., the court noted they were admitted into evidence but were

not published to the jury, absent a jury request for them. The court acknowledged trial counsel’s

opinion, expressed to defendant, that defendant should not testify. However, the court had an

extensive conversation with defendant in open court, and it was defendant’s decision not to

testify. The court concluded it could not find trial counsel’s performance fell below an

objectively reasonable standard or the outcome of the proceedings would differ.

¶ 61 “While this court typically reviews a claim of ineffective assistance de novo, ‘if

the trial court has properly conducted a Krankel inquiry and has reached a determination on the

merits of the defendant’s Krankel motion, we will reverse only if the trial court’s action was

manifestly erroneous.’ ” Boose, 2025 IL App (4th) 231467, ¶ 43 (quoting People v. Jackson,

2020 IL 124112, ¶ 98). After reviewing the record, we conclude the court’s determination that

- 28 - defendant failed to establish prejudice was supported by the record and not manifestly erroneous.

See Jackson, 2020 IL 124112, ¶ 98 (“Manifest error is error that is clearly evident, plain, and

indisputable.”).

¶ 62 D. Sentencing

¶ 63 Defendant argues the trial court improperly failed to consider a statutory factor in

mitigation at his sentencing. Defendant concedes he forfeited the issue by failing to file a motion

to reconsider his sentence but asks this court to consider the issue under the first prong of the

plain error rule. The State contends there was no clear and obvious error, so there can be no plain

error.

¶ 64 An issue is preserved for review when a defendant makes a contemporaneous

objection before the trial court to the alleged error and challenges the issue in written posttrial

motion. People v. Winchester, 2016 IL App (4th) 140781, ¶ 67. “The forfeiture rule is intended

to bar claims from review when they are not first considered by the trial court.” Id. The plain

error rule is a narrow exception to forfeiture principles that allows a reviewing court to review a

forfeited clear and obvious error under certain circumstances. People v. Johnson, 2024 IL

130191, ¶ 42; see Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(a) (eff. Jan. 1, 1967). There are two alternative prongs to the

plain error rule. Johnson, 2024 IL 130191, ¶ 43. A reviewing court may review a forfeited error

under the first prong if the evidence was so close the error alone threatened to tip the scales of

justice against the defendant. Id. Alternatively, the second prong of the plain error rule allows

review of errors that are so serious they affected the fairness of the defendant’s trial, regardless

of the closeness of the evidence. Id. Under both prongs, the defendant bears the burden of

persuading the reviewing court to excuse the forfeiture. Id. Here, defendant argues first-prong

plain error.

- 29 - ¶ 65 The first step in the plain error analysis requires the defendant to demonstrate a

clear or obvious error was committed. People v. Prather, 2022 IL App (4th) 210609, ¶ 17. We

initially note defendant’s sentences in this case fell within the applicable sentencing range and

are, therefore, presumptively valid. See People v. Sauseda, 2016 IL App (1st) 140134, ¶ 12. In

addition, “[t]here is a strong presumption the trial court based its sentencing judgment on proper

legal reasoning.” Winchester, 2016 IL App (4th) 140781, ¶ 72. When determining and weighing

factors in mitigation and aggravation, and in exercising its discretion and imposing sentence, a

trial court has broad discretion, so this court gives the trial court’s ruling great weight and

deference. People v. Solis, 2019 IL App (4th) 170084, ¶ 23. Defendant argues the above

presumptions do not apply because the trial court specifically did not consider all the factors in

mitigation, as evidenced by the court’s statement, “In terms of factors in mitigation, I don’t

believe that any of them do apply.”

¶ 66 Section 5-5-3.1(a) of the Unified Code of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.1(a)

(West 2024)) lists factors in mitigation that “shall be accorded weight in favor of withholding or

minimizing a sentence of imprisonment.” One such factor is “[t]he defendant *** is the parent of

a child or infant whose well-being will be negatively affected by the parent’s absence.” Id. § 5-5-

3.1(a)(18).

¶ 67 At defendant’s sentencing hearing, the State argued several aggravating factors

applied, specifically, defendant’s criminal history, the necessity to deter others, and defendant’s

conduct caused or threatened serious harm. The State argued none of the factors in mitigation

were applicable. Defendant represented himself at sentencing and did not specifically address

any of the statutory factors. The trial court, in rendering its sentence, indicated it considered the

evidence from the trial, the PSI, the evidence and arguments at the sentencing hearing, and

- 30 - defendant’s statement in allocution. It also considered all the statutory aggravating and

mitigating factors, whether it mentioned each particular factor. In terms of the statutory factors in

mitigation, the court stated, “I don’t believe that any of them do apply,” and then proceeded to

discuss why some did not apply to defendant. The court found defendant’s character and attitude

did not show he was unlikely to reoffend, and the fact he had children did not impact that

conclusion. We conclude, read in context, the court’s comment that it did not believe any

mitigating factors applied did not mean it did not consider all the mitigating factors. See People

v. Maury, 2025 IL App (4th) 220887, ¶ 106 (stating, in determining whether a sentence was

based on proper statutory factors, the reviewing court reviews the record as a whole, rather than

focusing on a few words or statements). Rather, the court’s sentencing commentary indicates it

considered all the statutory factors but found no statutory mitigating factors applied to withhold

or minimize a sentence of imprisonment. Because no error occurred, there can be no plain error.

Accordingly, we honor defendant’s procedural forfeiture.

¶ 68 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 69 For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment in part and reverse in

part. Specifically, we reverse defendant’s conviction on count IV and vacate the associated

sentence. We affirm defendant’s conviction and sentences on counts I and II.

¶ 70 Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and vacated in part.

- 31 -