People v. Gibson

117 A.D.3d 1317, 986 N.Y.S.2d 660

This text of 117 A.D.3d 1317 (People v. Gibson) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
People v. Gibson, 117 A.D.3d 1317, 986 N.Y.S.2d 660 (N.Y. Ct. App. 2014).

Opinions

Peters, PJ.

Appeal from a judgment of the County Court of Warren County (Hall Jr., J.), rendered August 16, 2011, convicting defendant upon his plea of guilty of the crimes of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree and menacing in the second degree.

Defendant was arrested and charged with criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree and menacing in the second degree after waving a gun at two taxicab drivers outside the door of his apartment. County Court denied defendant’s motion to suppress a pellet gun seized from his apartment, concluding that probable cause existed for defendant’s arrest and that the warrantless entry into his apartment was justified by the emergency doctrine. At the ensuing trial, prior to the close of the People’s case, defendant pleaded guilty to the indictment. County Court sentenced him, as a persistent felony offender, to an aggregate prison term of 15 years to life. Defendant appeals.

Defendant’s contention that count one of the indictment failed [1318]*1318to adequately inform him of the nature of the accusations against him is without merit. Such count used the relevant statutory language to charge defendant with criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree and set forth additional information as to the date and location of the offense, thereby alleging “where, when and what” defendant purportedly did (People v Iannone, 45 NY2d 589, 598 [1978]; see CPL 200.50 [7] [a]; People v Young, 100 AD3d 1186, 1188 [2012], lv denied 21 NY3d 1021 [2013]; People v Perez, 93 AD3d 1032, 1034 [2012], lv denied 19 NY3d 1000 [2012]). Because the charged offense can be committed by possessing either an imitation pistol or a dangerous weapon (see Penal Law §§ 265.01 [2]; 265.02 [1]), the failure of the indictment to so specify did not render that count jurisdictionally inadequate (see People v Hagmann, 160 AD2d 1125, 1128 [1990]; People v Nicholas, 35 AD2d 18, 20 [1970]; see also People v Charles, 61 NY2d 321, 327-328 [1984]).

We agree with County Court that exigent circumstances existed to justify the warrantless entry into defendant’s apartment, and that the subsequent seizure of the gun in plain view was lawful. “Appraising a particular situation to determine whether exigent circumstances justified a warrantless intrusion into a protected area presents difficult problems of evaluation and judgment. This difficulty is highlighted by the fact that Judges, detached from the tension and drama of the moment, must engage in reflection and hindsight in balancing the exigencies of the situation against the rights of the accused” (People v Mitchell, 39 NY2d 173, 177 [1976], cert denied 426 US 953 [1976]). Pursuant to the emergency exception to the warrant requirement, the police may make a warrantless entry into a protected area if three prerequisites are met: “(1) The police must have reasonable grounds to believe that there is an emergency at hand and an immediate need for their assistance for the protection of life or property. (2) The search must not be primarily motivated by intent to arrest and seize evidence. (3) There must be some reasonable basis, approximating probable cause, to associate the emergency with the area or place to be searched” (id. at 177-178).1 The requisite reasonable grounds for the belief that an emergency exists must be based upon objective facts, rather than the subjective feelings of the police [1319]*1319(see id. at 178; People v Musto, 106 AD3d 1380, 1382 [2013], lv denied 21 NY3d 1007 [2013]; People v Greenleaf, 222 AD2d 838, 840 [1995], lv denied 87 NY2d 973 [1996]).

At approximately 9:00 p.m. on an October night, police received a 911 dispatch that a male suspect was pointing a gun at two taxicab drivers outside a residence. Officers arrived at the scene within minutes and surrounded the building. They possessed no description of the perpetrator, learning only that the male suspect had entered the right-side door of the residence. As the police shone the spotlights of their vehicles at the building, an officer observed people moving in the windows on the second floor. Moments later—unprompted by any communications from or demands by the police—a man emerged from the right door of the building. He was instructed to get down on the ground, handcuffed and searched. No weapon was found on him, yet he denied that there was anyone else in the residence. With the right-hand door still open and its interior dark, one officer entered the residence, followed by another, to determine if someone inside was armed or injured.

In our view, the information known to law enforcement rendered it objectively reasonable for the officers to believe that the armed perpetrator could still be inside the building. Although the dissent stresses the fact that the subject building was a multifamily house, thus discounting the officer’s observation of people on the second floor, the evidence adduced at the suppression hearing does not establish that the responding officers had any knowledge of the building’s configuration. To the contrary, both the arresting officer and one of the officers who ultimately entered the apartment testified that, at that point in time, they were unaware of the layout of the building. While further investigation and consideration removed from the exigencies of the situation may have uncovered this fact, “the requirement of reasonable grounds to believe that an emergency existed must be applied by reference to the circumstances then confronting the officer, including the need for a prompt assessment of sometimes ambiguous information concerning potentially serious consequences” (People v Rodriguez, 77 AD3d 280, 291 [2010], lv denied 15 NY3d 955 [2010] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]; see People v Calhoun, 49 NY2d 398, 403 [1980]). Under the circumstances presented, we are not willing to conclude that the police should have assumed that this individual was the perpetrator and were constitutionally precluded from conducting a protective sweep to ascertain [1320]*1320whether any armed persons were inside (see People v Garcia, 27 AD3d 307, 307 [2006], lv denied 6 NY3d 894 [2006]; People v Rivera, 257 AD2d 425, 426 [1999], lv denied 93 NY2d 901 [1999]; People v Love, 204 AD2d 97, 98 [1994], affd 84 NY2d 917 [1994]; People v DePaula, 179 AD2d 424, 426 [1992]; cf. People v Stevens, 57 AD3d 1515, 1516 [2008], lv denied 12 NY3d 822 [2009]).

As for the remaining two prongs of the emergency doctrine, the officers’ testimony—which County Court found credible— established that entry into defendant’s apartment was for the purpose of ascertaining whether a suspect or other victims were inside. The brevity of the sweep and the fact that the officers did not turn on the lights when they entered further support the finding that the primary motivation was not to conduct a search for evidence. Finally, the victims had identified the right door to the building as the one that the suspect had entered after waving the gun at them, and the officers therefore had a reasonable basis to associate defendant’s apartment with the area to be searched. Accordingly, we find that the police were presented with exigent circumstances justifying their warrant-less entry into defendant’s home (see People v Mitchell, 39 NY2d at 180; People v Musto, 106 AD3d at 1381-1383; People v Rossi, 99 AD3d 947, 949-950 [2012],

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Bluebook (online)
117 A.D.3d 1317, 986 N.Y.S.2d 660, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/people-v-gibson-nyappdiv-2014.