People v. Equitable Life Assurance Society of United States

124 A.D. 714, 109 N.Y.S. 453, 1908 N.Y. App. Div. LEXIS 2187

• Court: Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York
• Decided: March 6, 1908
• Status: Published

Opinions

Laughlin, J.:

This action is brought by the Attorney-General in the name of the People, pursuant to the provisions of sections 1781 and 1782 of the Code of Civil Procedure, against former and present directors of the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the tlnited States, to require them to account for their official conduct in the management and disposition of the funds and property committed to their charge as directors',, and to compel them, to pay to.the society'any money and the value of any property which they or any of them have acquired to themselves, or transferred to others, or lost or wasted ".'through neglect or violation of their duty, and for the-removal of sncli of the present-.directors as may be shown to .have been giiilty of misconduct, and. to provide for the election of their successors.' The society .is joined as ¿defendant.

The action, .although A&byJaxQUght and prosecuted in the name of the jPeople, is in the-right of the society; and for its benefit. (Brinckerhoff v. Bostwick, 105 N. Y. 567; People v. Ballard, 134 id. 269.) These provisions of the Code, did not create, give rise to or confer upon the. parties enumerated in section 1782 aiiyjnew-causg of action, excepting with respect to the removal or suspension of directors ; and with that exception, by the provisions of those sections, the Legislature, in-the interest and for the protection.of creditors,includ-' ing policyholders and stockholders, merely’authorized' the enforcement, "by the officials and individuals designated in section 1782, of causes of action, which have accrued to the corporation and might be enforced by it or-its receiver, or by a stockholder in behalf of himself and all other stockholders in the' right of the corporation. (People v. Ballard, supra; People v. Lowe, 117 N. Y. 175.)

.There are thirty-two separate demurrers to the complaint. The demurrers interposed/by all appellants excepting Mills present a ground in common, viz., that causes, of action have been improperly united'i-n that a caiise of action against the demurring defendant has been united with a caiise -of action against another- or' other -defendants in. which Tie'is ' not interested. The appellant Mills demurs upon the grounds that facts sufficient to constitute ¿..cause of action against him are not*stated,, and that the plaintiff h¿s -not legal capacity to •sue. - Other grounds of demurrer are stated by many of the appellants; but the appeals may, .1 think, all be decided ripon the grounds to which reference has been.-made. Before discussing the questions -of law involved .in a decision of the •appeals it will be profitable to consider the plans devised, by '.author- ■ ity- for- the -management óf ■ the affairs of this society arid the-material allegations of the complaint. The Equitable Life Assurance Society is a domestic stock corporation, conducting, as its name implies, the business of life insurance. It. was incorporated on or about the 25th day of July, 1859, pursuant to the provisions of chapter 463 of the Laws of 1853. The incorporators, as required by the act, embodied in their declaration of intention to form a company, a copy of the charter which they proposed to adopt, arid it was duly approved as therein provided. The charter provided that the capital should be $100,000, divided into 1,000 shares of $100 each. It also provided that the corporate powers of the company should be vested in a board-of fifty-two directors “ and shall be exercised by them, and by such officers and agents as they may appoint and from time to time empower; ” that each director should own at least five shares of the capital stock, and that a majority of the directors should be citizens of the State ; that the first board of directors should divide themselves into four classes of thirteen each, and that the term of office of one class should expire annually; after the end of the year 1859, and that one-fourth of the board should thereafter be elected annually for terms of four years, and until their successors should be chosen. It also provided for filling vacancies in' the board. The incorporators doubtless contemplated electing many non-resident directors, and -that all directors should- not be expected to attend the meetings of the board, for the charter, instead of providing- that' a majority should be essential to a quorum, gave the board power to declare that any number not less than seven should constitute a quorum. The by-laws subsequently adopted provided that nine should .constitute a quorum. The charter provided for the election of a president by the board and authorized it to elect a vice-president and to appoint a secretary “ and such other officers as they may deem requisite and who shall hold office during the pleasure of the Board of Directors.” The directors were empowered to enact “ By-laws, Bules and Begulations for the government of the officers and agents, and for the management of the affairs of the company, not inconsistent with this charter, or with the Constitution and Laws of this State,” which might be amended or repealed -by them at pleasure. The by-laws of the society provided for four quarter-annual meetings of the directors. Special meetings could be called by the' president in his discretion, and he was. required to call a special meeting on request of five directors. At eacii quarterly meeting the president was required to make a-report “ of the transactions of the Society during the next preceding financial quayterj” • stating certain specified particulars and all the particulars necessary to form a general exhibit of the Society’s condition at the close of. said quarter.” They provided that the officers of the society should be “ a president, a vice-president, a second, third and fourth vice-president, a secretary, an assistant secretary, an actuary, a comptroller, a treasurer, an assistant treasurer, an auditor, a superintendent of agencies and a registrar,” and prescribed their respective duties. The president was ex offieio a member of all standing committees, lie was given “ the general direction and superintendence of the affairs of the Society” and authority to appoint all clerks and other employees not- appointed by the board, and authority "to supervise and direct the other officers with respect to their duties not expressly prescribed. The officers were given ppwer to make contracts for life insurance “ and all other contracts, powers of attorney and instruments in writing necessary for the Society in the management of its affairs, in conformity with the. rules and regulations of, the board for the time being.” Five standing committees' were created by the by-laws, viz., finance, executive, agencies, insurance and accounts, and it was provided that the members thereof should be elected by ballot. The finance committee consisted of the president and ten directors, and six constituted a quorum. Its functions were to “ superintend the making of investments by the Executive Committee,” to superintendent the manner of keeping accounts “ and all matters connected with the finances and expenses of the Society,, and may itself, or through the Executive Committee, or through such persons as it may designate, audit all bills and examine and check the cash payments with the vouchers.” The executive committee consisted of the president, vice-president, comptroller, chairman of the finance committee “ and not less than five others,” and four constituted a quorum. It was provided with respect to the ' executive committee that “ they shall act as an Advisory Committee to the president in all the affairs of the' Society and shall have special charge of the investment of the funds of the Society, including the purchase and sale of securities and loans on the same and investments on bond and mortgage, and shall during the intervals when-the Finance Committee is not in session, have all the powers of the Board of Directors. The Committee shall supervise the condition, security and productive character of the assets and shall devise ways and means to improve their condition, to provide against danger of loss, to rid the Society of unproductive assets and to invest and reinvest in productive assets. It shall be their duty to see that the securities are properly guarded and protected and to frame rules for the custody of the same and by periodical examinations and otherwise to test the operations of such rules. They shall, as far as practicable, meet three times in each week for the purpose of advising and consulting with the president and carrying out the purposes of this section, and shall report purchases, loans and other investments made by them to the Finance Committee.” It was also provided that minutes of the meeting of each committee should be kept in book form and that “reports of the same” should be read at every regular meeting of the directors; and that every report of a standing or special committee not entered on the minutes should be in writing and signed by the committee or its chairman. It was also provided that at the close of each fiscal year the accounts and assets should be examined by a special committee of not less than five directors, the majority of whom should not be members of the finance committee and that their report should be spread on the minutes.

There are forty-nine individual defendants, twenty-four of whom had resigned on or prior to the 5th day of August,'1905, when the action was commenced. Their terms of service commenced on divers dates from September 14, 1859, to December 7, 1904, and twelve of them were not directors prior to the 31st day of October, 1900.

After setting forth formal matters, the charter and by-laws of the society, and the period during which each defendant was a director, and which of them were members of the finance and executive committees and the pleader’s claim as to the duty of the directors, it is alleged in paragraph 4th of the complaint that “ the individual defendants herein, disregarding their said duty to said defendant society and in violation thereof, for a number of years preceding the commencement of this action, have negligently, improperly and i-mprovidently performed such duties and- habitually arid continuously done, or caused or suffered to. be done,' wrongful, illegal and improper acts (some of which are hereinafter-set forth in detail) by reason whereof the defendant society has -suffered great loss and. damage, and its funds, assets and property have been- wasted -and lost, and ■ much money and property to which it has. been and is entitled has-been withheld from it,-all to its great damage, and the individual defendants-have.acquired to themselves, or caused,or permitted to be transferred'to others, in-violation -of their duties, money, property and the-value of property properly belonging to said defendant society.” T-lie plaintiff' then alleges that a report was made "to the society on the. 31st day of May, 1905, by a Committee of five-directors consisting-of the defendants Frick, Harri-man, Ives, Bliss and Ingalls, pursuant to a resolution -theretofore passed, directing them to “ thoroughly investigate and report Upon the-present management of the society,” and .that thereafter the Superin-.. •tendent of Insurance made an -examination into the affairs of the society and filed a preliminary report thereon in his office on the 20 th day of June, 1905. Neither'-the contents of these reports nor' the facts discovered on the investigations are set forth. The allegations w.ith respect thereto,.therefore, cannot avail the plaintiff. , The plaintiff then in paragraphs 10th to 20th, inclusive, charges ■ certain specific instances of losses of money and waste of property of the society, and' in nearly every instance it is charged that the loss. ■ resulted from some-act which the defendants negligently caused or suffered or permitted to be done. In the 10th paragraph it is charged -that on the 8tli day of October, 1900,-prior -to the time-when twelve of the defendants were first elected 'directors, alease with the Mercantile.Safe.Deposit Company, the time o.f execution of .-which is not stated excepting that -it appears that it mtist have been more'.than ten years prior ' thereto, made for an' inadequate rental and with terms as to renewal -very unfavorable to the society, was renewed; that ten of the defendants, whose names are specified, ■ at the time of the execution- of the lease ■—-.evidently meaning the original lease, but it is immaterial whether it-is that or the renewal that is referred to — were stockholders and directors of the lessee and at the saíne time officers, directors and-members of the committees of the society, and that the defendants-thus named acquired -to. . themselves and transferred to others a certain profit and benefit, the .amount of which the plaintiff is unable to state. It is manifest that no cause of action is. here stated, at least excepting against the defendants alleged to have profited by the transaction, for the inference is that the lessee was given the right to the renewal by the original lease, and no misconduct is alleged against any defendant "with respect to the execution of the original lease, excepting the ten who profited thereby. In the 11th paragraph it is alleged that in the month of June, 1902 — after which time several of' the defendants first became directors —• the society purchased the entire capital stock of the Missouri Safe Deposit Company, a corporation of which the defendant Hyde owned a controlling interest and in which some of the defendants, not specified, were stockholders, directors and officers,, as well as directors and officers of the society, and that the only assets of the Missouri company were leases from the society — the time of the execution of which is not alleged — for an inadequate rental and the good'will of the business resulting therefrom, and there is no allegation that any defendant interested in the sale took part, for the society, in the' purchase, or that any defendant was guilty of misconduct with respect to the execution of the leases, excepting a general allegation that the directors, officers and members of the committees of the society “improperly, wastefully, improvidently and in violation of their duty to the defendant' society, procured, and caused, or suffered and permitted the defendant society to purchase and acquire” the stock. In the 12th paragraph the defendants are charged in the same general language as that already quoted from the 11th, with having during each of the six years preceding the commencement of the action made large, excessive and unwarranted loans and advances to agents, aggregating several millions of dollars each year, on the security of notes of the agents and assignments of moneys to grow due to • them in the future as renewal commissions upon insurance theretofore procured by them, and that to avoid a ruling of the Insurance Department that these advances could not be regarded as assets, the claims against the agents were assigned to trust companies in which certain of the. defendants, not specified, were stockholders, directors and officers, and that loans were procured from the trust companies thereon equal to the face value of the claims, on an agreement of the society to pay interest at the rate of five per centum on such loans, and it is alleged that the loans were left on deposit with the trust companies; that at the times of obtaining these loans the society had funds on deposit with the same trust companies in excess of the amount of such loans and was receiving thereon only three per- cent; that the loans were unnecessary and resulted in a large loss to the .society, and that the individual defendants interested in. the trust companies were benefited thereby, and that some of these loans have not been repaid and are uncollectible. There is no allegation that the defendants, who thus profited by the transactions, acted for the society with respect to those matters which, under the by-laws, would fall within the province of the executive committee under the supervision of the finance committee, nor is it shown that any defendant did any particular act with respect thereto.

In the 13th paragraph it is alleged that in the year 1902 the society owned the controlling interest in the Western ¡National Bank in which' ten defendants, whose.names are specified, were stockholders and directors; that such ten directors, with two other defendants specified, ‘ and others of the individual defendants,” brought about a merger between said bank and the ¡National Bank of the United States of ¡New York on a basis which resulted in a. large gain to the individual defendants who were interested in the bank, at the expense of the society, and that this resulted in a loss and wmste of property of the society. There is no allegation that the defendants who profited by the transaction acted for the society or what any defendant did or refrained from doing with respect to consummating the merger, nor is it shown what the value of the stock which the society received was worth, and, therefore, the facts showing loss or damage are not properly pleaded.

In the 14th paragraph the defendants are charged in the same general language as that already quoted from the lltli with having during the six years preceding the commencement of the action negligently caused or suffered specified large amounts, of money, in excess of the value of- the services rendered to be paid for -salaries, and it is further charged generally, without any periodbeing-specified, that the individual defendants as directors, officers and 'members of the committees of .the society likewise caused or suffered the payment of large and unwarranted sums of money to persons specified and others not specified on account of- expenses alleged to have been incurred in the service of the society, "but for which if was not liable, and that the finance committee and the members thereof wholly failed and neglected to see that the bills were properly audited and to examine the check and cash payments with vouchers for such expenses. In the 15tli paragraph the directors are charged in the same general language with having caused or suffered to be paid by "the society and by a number of other societies and corporations in which it was a large stockholder and in which some of them were directors and stockholders “ large sums of money to themselves or some of their number and to other persons under the guise of salaries and fees for attending to their duties as officers and directors and members of committees,” which sums were not paid for the services rendered, but were- paid by reason of the fact that the persons receiving the same were officers and directors of the society; that this constituted a loss and waste of the funds of the society to an amount unknown to the plaintiff, and that during several years prior to the commencement of the action the society owned about forty-four per cent of the stock of the Equitable Trust Company and sixty-four per cent of the stock of the Mercantile Trust Company and thirty-five per cent of the stock of the Commercial Trust-Company. It is then charged, in the same general language, that the defendants as directors, officers and members of committees of the society caused or suffered these trust companies to pay the defendant Hyde specified large sums of money as salary, in addition to the salary he was receiving from the society, and caused or suffered the payment by the society of improper, .illegal and excessive pensions to various persons. In the 16th paragraph it is charged in the same general language that the defendants caused or suffered the society to pay excessive, improper and unwarranted sums of money to various attorneys greatly in excess of the value of the services rendered. In the 17th paragraph complaint is made of a loan by the Mercantile Trust Company to defendants Alexander and Jordan, but it is alleged that the loan was repaid and, therefore, no damages being shown a cause of action éither at law or in equity is not stated. (Skinner v. Smith, 134 N. Y. 240.) In the 13th paragraph it is charged in the same general language that the defendant directors, officers and members of the committees of tlie society caused or sufferedand permitted the society to loan $256,000. to the Dejiew Improvement Company.on inadequate security and permitted the mortgagor to remain in possession and to-collect the-rents, which, it is alleged,, resulted in a loss to the society of. upwards, of a quarter of a million of dollars, although it is admitted that certain of the defendants 'became sureties'for the. loan, and -their solvency is not' questioned. In tlie 19th paragraph it is. alleged, in the same general language, that “for a number of -years past,” the period not being.specified with greater definiteness, the defeiidamt directors", officers and members of the committees of the society caused or suffered it to keep large sums of money on deposit with certain banks and trust companies in which some of the; individual defendants, nof specified, were interested, at-a low rate of' interest, when the funds could and should have been safely invested at a: higher rate, of interest,, .which, it is claimed, constituted-a waste of -the funds and a loss to the society. ' In the 20th. paragraph it' is alleged •that on the- ,7th day o'f January, 1902, the. society owned' a large number of shares .-of-the capital stock of . the American Deposit and Loan Company, organized for the purpose of loaning money to policyholders of the society, and consented: to an increase of the -capital stock thereof and failed to subscribe for the-number of shares of such increase to which,- as a stockholder,, it was entitled,, and suffered certain-; specified - individual defendants interested -in the company to subscribe therefor, to their, own profit arid to 'the loss of the society; and on- the 28th day of January,, 1963, consented, to another like: increase, of the capital stock of said company, whose name had then been changed, to thé Equitable Trust Company, and likewise failed to subscribe, for the number of shares to which it was entitled,'and permitted specified individual defendants, and one Annie. E- Hyde to subscribe: therefor, to fheir profit and to the los's of the society, and subsequently procured, tlie purchase-:.by the society of a. large block of the stock at a price greatly in excess of the market value thereof. The acts referred to in -this paragraph are alleged to have been done by the society; and the only charge' against -the individual , defendants, with the exception of the two who profited-by the-transaction,, is-that at tlie time: of each increase' of. the. stock of'the American Deposit -and. Loan...Company" they individually owned sufficient stock therein, together with that owned by the society, to control the business -and the affairs-of the loan company and of the trust company, and were directors, officers and members of committees of the defendant society, “ and improperly, wastefully and improvidently and in violation of their duty to the defendant society, procured and caused said defendant society to refuse to take its proportionate share ” of the amount of stock allotted to it upon such increases of capital stock, “and secured and acquired the: allotment of the same to themselves and others to their own profit and benefit, and that of such other persons and to the loss and damage of said' defendant society,” and when thereafter the value of the stock of the Equitable Trust Company had greatly increased, “they procured and caused said defendant society to purchase and acquire” a large number of shares thereof at a price greatly in excess of its value.

It is manifest.that it was intended to embrace in the complaint many separate causes of action, some of an equitable and others of a legal nature; but it is sufficient to sustain all of the demurrers, excepting that of the defendant Mills, if it contain two or more — whether at law or in- equity is immaterial — in one or more of which some of the parties defendant are not interested. If the pleader has attempted to set forth two or more causes of action, that is sufficient for a decision of the question now under consideration, even though they be not well ¡Headed and one or both fail to state facts sufficient to constitute'a cause of action. (O’Connor v. Virginia, Passenger & Power Co., 184 N. Y. 46; Higgins v. Crichton, 2 Civ. Proc. Pep. [Browne] 317; 11 Daly, 114; 98 N. Y. 626.) Yo act of which complaint is made is charged to have been done or suffered or permitted to be done as the result of any scheme, common plan, concerted action or conspiracy or agreement on the part of any two or more of the defendants; nor are there any allegations connecting the acts' of one set of directors with those of their predecessors or successors in office. It is, therefore, quite plain that the twelve- directors elected after the alleged misconduct with respect to the renewal of the léase to the Mercantile Safe Deposit Company, are in ho manner responsible for the loss or waste of property, if any resulted therefrom. Our rules of pleading are preseribed by the Code of Civil Procedure, and no distinction is made in regard, at least, to joining causes of action, between actions at law and suits in equity. (Case v. N. Y. Mut. S. & L. Assn., 88 App. Div. 538; O'Connor v. Virginia Passenger & Power Co., supra.). It cannot be that the Legislature intended to exclude the ■ causes of action, already existing in favor of the corporation, enumerated in section 1781, from the operation of section 484, which prescribes what causes of action may be united, for clearly those causes of action, if prosecuted by the corporation or by its receiver or by a stockholder, would have been' subject to Hie provisions of section 484. It is not reasonable to impute to the Legislature in conferring authority upon others who, without it, would have no standing in court to bring the action for the corporation, especially by the same act which contained section 484, an intention to' exempt the actions when thus brought from the general rules of pleading. Subdivisions 1 to 8, inclusive, and subdivisions 10 and 11 — subdivision 12 was not in force when the amended complaint ivas served (See Laws of 1906, chap. 29) —. of section 484 of the Code of. Civil Procedure enumerate specific causes of action which maj be united ; but by the last paragraph of the section it i's- expressly provided, among other things, that “it must appear, upon the face of the complaint, that all the causes of action, so united, belong to one of the foregoing subdivisions of this section ; that' they are consistent with each other; and, except as otherwise prescribed by law, that they affect all the parties to the action;” It is doubtful whether these causes' of action fall within the specific "enumerations of this section; but if they do, their joinder is prohibited by the provision quoted, for it is evident that they do not affect all of the parties to the action. A cause of action, under these sections of the Code, against all of the members of the board of directors.for their individual acts during . a particular period would not affect defendants Who were members of a preceding or succeeding board. . The only other theory upon which .it can be claimed■ that the causes of action could be united is that they fall within subdivision 9 thereof, upon the ground that they arose “ out of the same transaction or transactions connected with the same subject of action.” They are not, I think, fairly embraced in those terms.- The official acts, whether of malfeasance or nonfeasance, being separate and' disconnected, cannot be said' either to have arisen out of the same transaction or out of transactions connected with the same subject.of.action. The subject of each cause of action would be the particular loss or damage sustained by the official misconduct of the directors in office at a given time, who may be' jointly and severally, or only severally, liable and accountable to the society for the loss or for the return of the property. Moreover, the last paragraph of section 484, herein quoted, affects the general .classes of actions specified in subdivision 9 thereof, as well as those specifically enumerated in the other subdivisions of that section. (Kranz v. Lewis, 115 App. Div. 106; Drexel v. Hollander, 112 id. 25.)

In an action against trustees for an accounting, all are necessary parties where a right of contribution exists. (Sherman v. Paris, 53 N. Y. 483.) But if the causes of action are at law, theré could be no right to contribution; and even if they be in equity, and some be innocent of wrongdoing and yet liable to account with others guilty of wrongdoing, there could be no contribution as between those who neither participated in the same acts nor served, at the same time. Doubtless, as was held in Young v. Equitable Life Assurance Society (112 App. Div. 760), if all the defendants participated in the same acts, or if, by reason of concerted action or conspiracy, they were all chargeable with all the acts, they might be joined at least so far as the question now under consideration is concerned, which it is to be borne in mind is that the causes of action must affect all of the parties, and not whether they might otherwise be united. The rule is, I think,, well settled by decisions in analogous cases that whether the action be at law or in equity, the causes of action must affect all of the defendants, although it is not essential in equity that they shall all be affected alike; and those affected by all of the causes of action, as well as those affected only by one or more, may properly demur upon'this ground. (O'Connor v. Virginia Passenger & Power Co., supra; Nash v. Hall Signal Co., 90 Hun, 354; Nichols v. Drew, 94 N. Y. 22; Stanton v. Missouri Pac. Ry. Co., 15 N. Y. Civ. Proc. Rep. 296; Sayles v. White, 18 App. Div. 590; Higgins v. Crichton, supra; Arkenburgh v. Wiggins, 13 App. Div. 96; affd., 162. N. Y. 596; Bonnell v. Griswold, 68 id. 294; Case v. N. Y. Mut. S. & L. Assn., supra. See, also, Emerson v. Gaither, 103 Md. 564; 64 Atl. Rep. 26.) There is no propriety in requiring one defendant to join issue. witli respect to causes of action that do not concern him, or in requiring him to attend the trial of many causes of action, lest evidence may be adduced affecting his interest, when he is concerned with perhaps only one of the causes of action. This court recently held in Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Gillette (119 App. Div. 430), where the action was brought by the company against a director, that causes, of action for an accounting and for negligence in. the performance of duties as a- director, one being in equity and the other at law, were improperly joined.- It is quite clear that if this action had been brought by the society, the causes of action could not have beeii united, for manifestly, although we do not decide that any cause of action is well stated, an attempt has been made to set forth some causes of action which would be at law for negligence, and some for an accounting, which would be in equity, and, therefore, they could -not be joined. It is, however, unnecessary to decide whether, assuming — but without deciding that question either'—that- the Attorney-General is authorized in the name of the People, by •virtue of the provisions of sections 1781 and 1782 of the Code of Civil Procedure, to recover in behalf of the corporation on causes of action for negligence as Well as for an equitable accounting, both may be joined in one action. (See Sayles v. White, supra.) In deciding that the demurrers for misjoinder of causes of-action are well taken, we are not called upon^ to decide and do not decide as to whether- the causes of action attempted to be alleged are well stated. (Higgins v. Crichton, supra.) All of the demurrers, therefore, presenting this question are well taken.

r The only remaining question necessary to be decided upon the appeal is as to whether the complaint states facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action against the appellant Hills. It appears from the schedules annexed to the complaint that lie was neither an officer of the society nor a member of the finance committee, nor of the executive committee. His liability, therefore, must be predicated upon his acts or omissions as a director merely. .It is not alleged that lie received any property of the society for which lie failed to account-, or that he voted in favor of any unlawful disposition of the. property or fraudulently connived thereat or was guilty of any breach of trust. He is not one of. the defendants named .in the complaint - as having profited directly of indirectly by fany of the transactions of which complaint is made. The transactions <f which complaint is made fell within the jurisdiction and functions of the officers and standing committees. They were not matters which would ordinarily be acted upon by such a board of directors as that lawfully constituted for the society.' It- is nowhere charged that he was guilty of negligence in failing to insist upon the adoption of appropriate by-laws to safeguard the interests of the society or in voting for officers or approving the appointment of employees, or in voting for or refraining from voting against any specific action of the board of directors, or that he had any knowledge of or reason to suspect misconduct or a violation of duty on the part of any of the members of either the finance or the executive committee, or of any officer or any employee of the society, or that he failed to appear or to- take part in the proceedings at any meeting of the board of directors at which he should have attended, or that he was guilty of anything more than an honest error of judgment in acting or refraining from acting. Doubtless the rule enunciated in Franklin Fire Ins. Co. v. Jenkins (3 Wend. 130), that directors are only liable for their acts as members of the board, is too narrow and technical for modern conditions. The rule still is and must be, however, that each director is only liable for his own acts or omissions,.and that one is not liable for the acts or omissions of another unless he participated therein to the in jury of the corporation, or had some knowledge by which in the exercise of reasonable care he could have prevented the loss or connived at it, or failed to perform his duty of exercising the authority he possessed to prevent losses which should, in the exercise of reasonable care and skill, have been foreseen and guarded against.. (Arthur v. Griswold, 55 N. Y. 400; Cassidy v. Uhlmann, 170 id. 505; Charitable Corp. v. Sutton, 2 Atk. 401; Briggs v. Spaulding, 141 U. S. 132; Spering’s Appeal, 71 Penn. St. 11.) Nor are directors liable for mere errors of judgment where they act without corrupt intent and in good faith and are fairly competent to discharge the duties of the position, at least not unless the acts are unlawful or ultra vires. (Re Railway & General Light Imp. Co., Marzetti’s Case, 42 L. T. Rep. 206; Overend & Gurney Co. v. Gibb, L. R. 5 H. L. [Eng. & Ir. App.] 480; Hennessy v. Muhleman, 40 App. Div. 175; Hanna v. Lyon, 179 N. Y. 107, ; Stokes v. Stokes, 23 App. Div. 552; Briggs v. Spaulding, supra; Scott v. Depeyster, 1 Edw. Ch. 513; Hun v. Cary, 82 N. Y. 65, 70; Empire State Savings Bank v. Beard, 81 Hun, 189; People v. Ballard, supra; Piza v. Butler, 90 Hun, 254; Leslie v. Lorillard, 110 N. Y. 519; Van Dyck v. McQuade, 86 id. 38; Jacobus v. Diamond Soda Water Mfg. Co., 94 App. Div. 366.)

The general allegations of negligence are all in the alternative and to the effect that something was done or_ Omitted. While this may be good pleading, it cannot be maintained that the affirmative act is charged, and on demurrer, as this relates to a matter of substance, and not form, the defendant is entitled to have the pleading construed as charging merely an omission of. duty. (Clark v. Dillon, 97 N. Y. 370; Abb. Tr. Br. Pl. [2d ed.] 87.) But whether it be a charge of omission or commission, the facts are not alleged, and a mere charge of negligence, whether of omission or commission, is charging a legal conclusion which is not admitted by the demurrer. (Knowles v. City of New York, 176 N. Y. 430; Talcott v. City of Buffalo, 125 id. 280; Thomas v. N. Y. & G. L. R. Co., 139 id. 163, 182; O’Brien v. Fitzgerald, 6 App. Div. 509, 513; Franklin Fire Ins. Co. v. Jenkins, supra; Van Schaick v. Winne, 16 Barb. 89; Kranz v. Lewis, supra.)

The complaint appears to have been framed upon the theory that it was intended by the Legislature to require directors, when sued under these sections of the Code, to account, as in the cases of trustees of express trusts, and that it is unnecessary to specify anything more than the fact that the defendant was a director.

Manifestly this was not the intention of the' Legislature. While it doubtless contemplated that directors who had gone out of office could be called to account as well as directors in office (see Miller v. Quincy, 179 N. Y. 294), it was never intended that it should be presumed that there was something for which a director must account. It was, I think, incumbent upon the plaintiff to allege in this case, as in any other case, in accordance with the requirements of section 481 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the facts constituting the negligence or misconduct, acts of misfeasance or malfeasance, for which it is- sought to hold the directors. Surely it was not intended to give the plaintiff any greater right in this regard, in an action brought pursuant to the provisions of sections 1781 and 1782 of the Code of Civil Procedure, than in an action brought by a stockholder of the company, and in the latter case it has been recently held by the Court of Appeals that the facts constituting the cause of action must be get-forth precisely in the same manner as if the action had beeii brought by the corporation itself. (Kavanaugh v. Commonwealth Trust Co., 181 N. Y. 121; O'Connor v. Virginia Passenger & Power Co., supra.)

Ordinarily, where a demurrer is well .taken on one ground the decision is placed on that, and the court refrains from expressing an opinion as to whether other grounds presented are tenable, because discussion thereof might be regarded as obiter, and the other questions may be obviated by the new pleading or severance of the action. (Case v. N. Y. Mut. S. & L. Assn., supra.) In the case at bar, however, other questions presented by the demurrers likely to arise under the new pleading or the pleadings served on severing the action, have been discussed with ability by the learned counsel and exhaustively presented by the briefs, and we de'em it proper to express briefly our views thereon.

First. A corporation may have a cause of action in eguity for an accounting against one or more directors for an accounting with respect to property of the corporation that has actually come into his or their hands, or for a fraudulent breach of trust with respect to the management of the corporation or its property, and for the recovery of the value of property lost and incidental damages. (Butts v. Wood, 38 Barb. 181; Bosworth v. Allen, 168 N. Y. 157; Mabon v. Miller, 81 App. Div. 10; Jacobus v. Diamond Soda Water Mfg. Co., 94 id. 366; Miller v. Quincy, 179 N. Y. 294; Porter v. International Bridge Co., 163 id. 79; Mason v. Henry, 83 Hun, 546; 152 N. Y. 529; Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. McCurdy, No. 2, 118 App. Div. 822; Gildersleeve v. Lester, 68 Hun, 532; Bowers v. Male, 111 App. Div. 209; 186 N. Y. 28; McClure v. Law, 161 id. 78; Jacobson v. Brooklyn Lumber Co., 184 id. 152.) It may also have one or more causes of action at law against one or. more directors for damages sustained by the corporation in consequence of his .or their .wrongful or negligent official acts falling within the terms misfeasance or nonfeasance. (O'Brien v. Fitzgerald, 6 App. Div. 509; affd., 150 N. Y. 572; Higgins v. Tefft, 4 App. Div. 63; Dykman v. Keeney, 154 N. Y. 483; Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. McCurdy and McCurdy, 118 App. Div. 827; Seventeenth Ward Bank v. Webster, 67 id. 228.) A suit in'equity may not be joined with an action' at law. against the same directors. (Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Gillette, supra.) In some of the cases, on the particular facts arising therein, it has been held that there is a concurrent remedy at law and in equity, and in such cases equity applies the Statute of Limitations that wo.uld govern at law.

, Second. If the corporation failed to enforce the causes of action, a stockholder, on account of his personal interest as equitable owner of an undivided share in the assets (Flynn v. Brooklyn City R. R. Co., 158 N. Y. 493, 504), is permitted in equity, although he has no standing at law, to bring an action in the right of the corporation for the benefit of all stockholders, as well ás himself, to enforce the ■ causes of action, whether of a legal or of an equitable nature; and . in such case's the decisions of the courts thus far, with one exception; seem to have gone upon the theory that because he is obliged to sue in equity, causes of action both at law and in equity may be ' joined, but that the defendants will be entitled to have issues settled and a trial before a jury as to the charges which would otherwise be of a legal nature; and yet the Statute of Limitations applicable to equitable' actions has in such cases been applied to facts held in ; other cases to constitute a cause of. .action at law, although I do not find, that it has been expressly held that the Statute of Limitations can be affected by the personnel of' the plaintiff, excepting that the decision in Higgins v. Gedney (30 App. Div. 481) is: to' that effect, and. there is an .intimation in Mason v. Henry (83 Hun, 546) to like effect, which, however, on appeal was not adopted. (Brinckerhoff v. Bostwick, 88 N. Y. 52; 99 id. 185; 105 id. 567; Gray v. Fuller, 17 App. Div. 29; Mason v. Henry, supra; Greaves v. Gouge, 69 N. Y. 154; Kavanaugh v. Commonwealth Trust Co., 181 id. 121; Flynn v. Brooklyn City R. R. Co., 158 id. 493; Sage v. Culver, 147 id.. 241; McCrea v. McClenahan, 114 App. Div. 70. See O'Brien v. Fitzgerald, supra.)

Third. The nature of the relief demanded is such that an .action brought by the Attorney-General in the name of the People pursuant to sections 1781 and 1782 of the Code of Civil Procedure, for the. removal or suspension of a director, must, I think,, be brought in equity, and doubtless, it maybe joined with a cause of action against the same director or directors for an accounting. (See People v. Ballard, supra, opinion per Peckham, J.)

Fourth. The opinion of the Legislature that prior to the amendment of section 1781 by chapter 157 of the Laws of 1907, the provisions of that section did not embrace a cause of action for damages caused by the mere neglect of directors to properly perform their duties, is quite significant as to the understanding of the law. The enactment of the amendment, expressly including causes of action for “ any neglect of or failure to perform their duties,” was, of course, entirely unnecessary, if such' causes of action were theretofore embraced in the section. 1 agree with the Legislature and with the Executive that they were not. Section -.1781, prior to its being amended by chapter 157 of the Laws of 1907, which had not gone into effect when the action ivas commenced, authorized the Attorney-General, in behalf of the People, or a creditor, trustee, director, manager or other officer of the corporation having a general superintendence of its concerns, to bring an action against “ one or more trustees, directors, managers or other officers of a corporation to procure a judgment” compelling them, among other things': (1) “To account for their official conduct in the management and disposition of the funds and property committed to their charge,” and (2) “ to pay to the corporation which they represent, or to. its creditors, any money, and the value of any property, which they have acquired to themselves, or transferred to others, of lost, or wasted, by a violation of their duties.” (See Laws of 1880, chap. 178.) These provisions are a substantial re-enactment of sections 33 and 35 of title 4 of chapter 8 of part 3 of the Eevised Statutes. (People v. Lowe, supra; People v. Ballard, supra.) The literal construction of these provisions confines their application to causes of action for an accounting in a court of equity. By the 1st subdivision they might be required “ to account ” with respect to their management and disposition of funds and property; and by the 2d- subdivision they might be compelled “ to pay ” certain money and the value of oertavn property. In neither section is there any. appropriate language to include causes of action for damages resulting from their neglect of their duties. Courts of equity, both in England and America, always had jurisdiction to call trustees to account for property, but they never assumed to exercise jurisdiction to assess against them and compel them to pay damages.as such caused by their neglect of duty, excepting where the damages are incidental to equitable relief., (Overend, Gurney & Co. v. Gurney, L. R. 4 Ch. App. 701; Robinson v. Smith, 3 Paige, 222.) It was held by this court in Stokes v. Stokes (23 App. Div. 552) that these sections of the Code do not authorize an action for misfeasance or nonfeasance, but only for malfeasance. It may be difficult to conform to these views in all cases, but if they be observed, the. issues will be more clearly défined and the rights of the parties will be better safeguarded.

It follows that the interlocutory judgment must be reversed, with separate bills of costs to each defendant or defendants separately appearing, and with leave to plaintiff to amend or apply for a severance of the actions.

Patteeson, P. J., and Scott, J., concurred.