By the Court, McKinstry, J.:
1. On the 19th day of March, 1873, the defendant was indicted for the murder of Alexander Black.
[90]*90The Grand Jury by whom the indictment was presented, was impaneled at the term of the County Court of Sierra County, which began on the second Monday of December, 1872. By the law then in "operation (Stats'. 1864, p. 41), there were held in the County of Sierra four terms of the County Court in each year, commencing on the third Monday of April, June and September, and second Monday of December. The Code of Civil Procedure, which went into operation on the 1st day of January, 1873, provided that the terms of the County Court of Sierra must be held on the same days as were named in the statute of 1864, and repealed, that statute. But this Code did not suspend all the business of the Court, nor put an end to the term" then in progress. The Code of Civil Procedure (Section 88), only purports to deal with the times when the terms should be commenced, after the Code went into operation. The effect of the repealing clause on the prior statute, fixing the terms, was to declare that the terms should not thereafter begin on the days mentioned, by virtue of any authority derived from the statute repealed. But the general law which requires a term to be continued until all the business of a Court is disposed of, was not affected by the repeal.
The Grand Jury, therefore, had jurisdiction to find and present this indictment.
2. A juror is not disqualified to become a witness in a proper case. But public policy prohibits a juryman from impeaching his own verdict by affidavit.
3. There are cases which sustain the proposition of defendant’s counsel, that when an attempt is made to impeach a witness by proving former contradictory statements, he may be supported by evidence that he has made' to other persons, declarations consistent with his testimony. Such is the law of Indiana, and perhaps of Pennsylvania and North Carolina. In New York, as in England, after much uncertainty, the rule seems now to be settled that such evidence is ordinarily inadmissible; and in others of the States it is rejected. The best elementary writers reach the conclusion that the evidence is to be received only in exceptional cases. The witness cannot be confirmed by [91]*91proof that he has given the same account before, for his mere declaration is not evidence. His having given a different account, although not upon oath, necessarily impeaches either his veracity or his memory; but his having asserted the same thing does not in general carry his credibility further than, nor so far as, his oath.
Such declarations may, however, be admissible in contradiction of evidence tending to show that the account is a fabrication of late date, where it may be shown that the same account was given before’ its ultimate effect and operation (arising from a change of circumstances,) could have been foreseen; and also, perhaps, in other peculiar cases. (1 Wharton Am. Cr. L. 820; 2 Phillipp’s Ev. C. and H. notes, 5 Am. Ed. Star. p. 915; Roscoe’s Cr. Ev. 97; 1 Greenl. Ev. 469; Starkie’s Ev. 253.) In the present case the record does not suggest that the witness occupied any peculiar relation to the defendant or the deceased, or to any matter arising on the trial or transpiring in the evidence, which should constitute a reason for a departure from the general rule.
The objections to the questions, of the character here referred to, were properly sustained.
4. In his charge, the District Judge stated a portion of the testimony of the defendant, not repeating his exact words, but giving their substance.
The safer way is to recite the language of the witness, as taken down by the reporter, or in the Judge’s notes. But when—in the opinion of this Court—the statement of the District Judge is, in substance and effect, a repetition of the testimony, we are not authorized to grant a new trial for an inadvertence which could not have influenced the action of the jury improperly.
5. The defendant claimed to be the owner of the wood (the subject of the dispute which preceded the killing), because the same was cut by the deceased from land of which the defendant was in the constructive possession, under the Act of the Legislature known as the “ Possessory Act.”
As the wood was in the aetualpossession of the defendant at the time of the killing, he was, prima facie, the owner [92]*92of it; and the eAddence of the location of,the land claimed by him, tended to shoAV his actual ownership (as against the fact that it Avas cut by deceased,) and his good faith in defending his possession. The evidence as to the location of the eastern line of the defendant’s claim, and as to the monuments designating it, Avas conflicting. The Court below informed the jqry that the evidence as to the lines of defendant’s claim was admitted for the purpose of showing his good faith, and that it was unnecessary for them to fix the location of the east line;'or, in order to arrive at a verdict, to determine whether the defendant had complied with the conditions of the Act of the Legislature, so as to entitle him to be deemed in possession of the land. In effect, the charge was that if the defendant was in the actual possession of the Avood, and believed, as a reasonable man, that he was the owner of it, he had the same right to protect his possession as if, in law and fact, he Avas the owner. Particular expressions may be subject to criticism, but the instruction given would seem to be as favorable to the defendant as he could demand.
6. Counsel for,defendant requested the Court to charge: “If, under the instructions given you, you shall find that the wood in dispute between the defendant and the deceased, at the time of the killing, was the property of defendant, then the defendant Avas not required by law to deliver or give up the possession of said wood to Black, the deceased, in order to prevent such personal conflict as might be necessary to defend his possession; but on the contrary, the defendant had a right to defend his possession of said Avood against any forcible attempt of Black to take it from him; and, if necessary for that purpose, had a •right to kill Black; for the owner of personal property in his possession has a right to use such force as is necessary to prevent the forcible taking of it from his possession by one not entitled to the possession of it.”
The Court gave the instruction as asked, with the addition following: “If, however, the alleged trespass is unac-
companied by any felonious attempt, the law does not admit the force of the provocation to be sufficient to Avarrant [93]*93the owner to make use, in repelling the trespass, of a deadly weapon; and if, under such circumstances, the owner of the property, with a deadly weapon, slays the trespasser, the owner is guilty of murder.”
The defendant excepts to that portion of the instruction added by the Court, on the ground that it declares that nothing short of an attempt to commit a felony can be admitted as a sufficient provocation to reduce the homicide below murder.
The instruction, as originally drawn, assumed the hypothesis that the defendant was acting in self-defense, with full possession of his faculties and control of his temper. It was addressed to the question of justification, and not to the great provocation and irresistible passion which enter into the definition of manslaughter.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
By the Court, McKinstry, J.:
1. On the 19th day of March, 1873, the defendant was indicted for the murder of Alexander Black.
[90]*90The Grand Jury by whom the indictment was presented, was impaneled at the term of the County Court of Sierra County, which began on the second Monday of December, 1872. By the law then in "operation (Stats'. 1864, p. 41), there were held in the County of Sierra four terms of the County Court in each year, commencing on the third Monday of April, June and September, and second Monday of December. The Code of Civil Procedure, which went into operation on the 1st day of January, 1873, provided that the terms of the County Court of Sierra must be held on the same days as were named in the statute of 1864, and repealed, that statute. But this Code did not suspend all the business of the Court, nor put an end to the term" then in progress. The Code of Civil Procedure (Section 88), only purports to deal with the times when the terms should be commenced, after the Code went into operation. The effect of the repealing clause on the prior statute, fixing the terms, was to declare that the terms should not thereafter begin on the days mentioned, by virtue of any authority derived from the statute repealed. But the general law which requires a term to be continued until all the business of a Court is disposed of, was not affected by the repeal.
The Grand Jury, therefore, had jurisdiction to find and present this indictment.
2. A juror is not disqualified to become a witness in a proper case. But public policy prohibits a juryman from impeaching his own verdict by affidavit.
3. There are cases which sustain the proposition of defendant’s counsel, that when an attempt is made to impeach a witness by proving former contradictory statements, he may be supported by evidence that he has made' to other persons, declarations consistent with his testimony. Such is the law of Indiana, and perhaps of Pennsylvania and North Carolina. In New York, as in England, after much uncertainty, the rule seems now to be settled that such evidence is ordinarily inadmissible; and in others of the States it is rejected. The best elementary writers reach the conclusion that the evidence is to be received only in exceptional cases. The witness cannot be confirmed by [91]*91proof that he has given the same account before, for his mere declaration is not evidence. His having given a different account, although not upon oath, necessarily impeaches either his veracity or his memory; but his having asserted the same thing does not in general carry his credibility further than, nor so far as, his oath.
Such declarations may, however, be admissible in contradiction of evidence tending to show that the account is a fabrication of late date, where it may be shown that the same account was given before’ its ultimate effect and operation (arising from a change of circumstances,) could have been foreseen; and also, perhaps, in other peculiar cases. (1 Wharton Am. Cr. L. 820; 2 Phillipp’s Ev. C. and H. notes, 5 Am. Ed. Star. p. 915; Roscoe’s Cr. Ev. 97; 1 Greenl. Ev. 469; Starkie’s Ev. 253.) In the present case the record does not suggest that the witness occupied any peculiar relation to the defendant or the deceased, or to any matter arising on the trial or transpiring in the evidence, which should constitute a reason for a departure from the general rule.
The objections to the questions, of the character here referred to, were properly sustained.
4. In his charge, the District Judge stated a portion of the testimony of the defendant, not repeating his exact words, but giving their substance.
The safer way is to recite the language of the witness, as taken down by the reporter, or in the Judge’s notes. But when—in the opinion of this Court—the statement of the District Judge is, in substance and effect, a repetition of the testimony, we are not authorized to grant a new trial for an inadvertence which could not have influenced the action of the jury improperly.
5. The defendant claimed to be the owner of the wood (the subject of the dispute which preceded the killing), because the same was cut by the deceased from land of which the defendant was in the constructive possession, under the Act of the Legislature known as the “ Possessory Act.”
As the wood was in the aetualpossession of the defendant at the time of the killing, he was, prima facie, the owner [92]*92of it; and the eAddence of the location of,the land claimed by him, tended to shoAV his actual ownership (as against the fact that it Avas cut by deceased,) and his good faith in defending his possession. The evidence as to the location of the eastern line of the defendant’s claim, and as to the monuments designating it, Avas conflicting. The Court below informed the jqry that the evidence as to the lines of defendant’s claim was admitted for the purpose of showing his good faith, and that it was unnecessary for them to fix the location of the east line;'or, in order to arrive at a verdict, to determine whether the defendant had complied with the conditions of the Act of the Legislature, so as to entitle him to be deemed in possession of the land. In effect, the charge was that if the defendant was in the actual possession of the Avood, and believed, as a reasonable man, that he was the owner of it, he had the same right to protect his possession as if, in law and fact, he Avas the owner. Particular expressions may be subject to criticism, but the instruction given would seem to be as favorable to the defendant as he could demand.
6. Counsel for,defendant requested the Court to charge: “If, under the instructions given you, you shall find that the wood in dispute between the defendant and the deceased, at the time of the killing, was the property of defendant, then the defendant Avas not required by law to deliver or give up the possession of said wood to Black, the deceased, in order to prevent such personal conflict as might be necessary to defend his possession; but on the contrary, the defendant had a right to defend his possession of said Avood against any forcible attempt of Black to take it from him; and, if necessary for that purpose, had a •right to kill Black; for the owner of personal property in his possession has a right to use such force as is necessary to prevent the forcible taking of it from his possession by one not entitled to the possession of it.”
The Court gave the instruction as asked, with the addition following: “If, however, the alleged trespass is unac-
companied by any felonious attempt, the law does not admit the force of the provocation to be sufficient to Avarrant [93]*93the owner to make use, in repelling the trespass, of a deadly weapon; and if, under such circumstances, the owner of the property, with a deadly weapon, slays the trespasser, the owner is guilty of murder.”
The defendant excepts to that portion of the instruction added by the Court, on the ground that it declares that nothing short of an attempt to commit a felony can be admitted as a sufficient provocation to reduce the homicide below murder.
The instruction, as originally drawn, assumed the hypothesis that the defendant was acting in self-defense, with full possession of his faculties and control of his temper. It was addressed to the question of justification, and not to the great provocation and irresistible passion which enter into the definition of manslaughter. The proviso, added by the Court, treated of the same subject, and simply announced that, in a certain event,' the defendant would still be guilty of murder, notwithstanding the general proposition contained in the instruction as prepared by counsel. In another part of the charge the Court explained the law of manslaughter, and the difference between that crime and murder. The instruction excepted to is to be read as if it contained a clause, “ if the defendant was not carried away by irresistible passion,” etc. Such is the meaning which was conveyed to the jury; such its fair and reasonable construction, because, thus construed, it accords with what is elsewhere said in the charge with respect to manslaughter.
We must take the charge together, and if without straining any portion of the language, it harmonizes as a whole, and fairly and correctly presents the law bearing on the issues tried, we will not disturb the judgment because a separate instruction does not contain all the conditions and limitations which are to be gathered from the entire text.
It is true that an error which might affect the defendant will be presumed to have injured him; but another presumption is, that jurors are men of common intelligence, and capable of comprehending the ordinary use of lan[94]*94guage, as applied to the particular proposition under consideration, and in reference to which it is employed. We will not assume that the jurymen may not have understood the charge as we understand it.
7. The Court charged the jury, among other things, “If you believe from the evidence that the killing was unlawful, accompanied with malice, but not deliberate and premeditated, your verdict will be murder in the second degree.” This is assigned as error.
Murder is the unlawful killing of a hyman being with malice aforethought.
The malice aforethought may be expressly shown by the proof of facts affirmatively establishing the killing to have been the result of a formed intention to take life.
To establish the malice aforethought, however, the specific intent to kill need not be proved. To constitute a crime, there must be a joint operation of act and intention. But the common law measures an act which is malum in se, substantially by the result produced, though not contemplated, holding the doer of the act guilty of the thing done in.the same manner as if it were specially intended, though not always guilty of the crime committed in the same degree. (People v. Foren, 25 Cal. 365.) Whenever one, in doing an act with the design of committing a felony, takes the life of another, even accidentally, this is murder. (Acts of 1850, p. 220, Sec. 25; 2 Bish. Cr. L. 741.) In such homicides the law superadds the intent to kill to the original felonious intent, and estops the criminal from denying the further intent thus imputed. The thing done having proceeded from a corrupt mind, is to be viewed the same, whether the corruption is of one particular form or another. (Ruth. Inst., Ch. 18, Sec. 9; 1 Bish. Cr. L. 411.)
The amendment (of 1856) of the Act of 1850, “concerning crimes and punishments,” did not change the law of murder, done in the attempt to commit a felony. It only prescribes a severer punishment where the murder is committed in the attempt to perpetrate arson, rape, robbery or burglary (on account of the enormity of these offenses), than [95]*95where it is committed in carrying out any other felonious design.
Murder of the first degree .(aside from that committed in the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate the felonies enumerated) is any kind of unlawful, willful, deliberate and premeditated killing; all other kinds of murder are of the second degree. (Act “concerning crimes,” etc., Sec. 21, as amended April 19, 1856.) Unless, therefore, there can be an unlawful killing, “with malice aforethought,” which is not, within the meaning of the twenty-first section, willful, deliberate and premeditated, the statute has failed, fully and intelligibly, to separate the two degrees of the crime.
The malice aforethought, which is an ingredient of murder, is express or implied.
Express malice is that deliberate intention to take away the life of a fellow-creature which is manifested by external circumstances capable of proof. Murder of the first degree is where the circumstances prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, the intent to kill; it is a willful, deliberate and premeditated killing. (People v. Bealoba, 17 Cal. 389.) If the intent to take life is proven, there need be no appreciable space of time between the intention to kill and the act of killing. (People v. Sanchez, 24 Cal. 30.)
There is no room for the consideration of implied malice, if express malice—the deliberate intention to take life—is made manifest by the evidence.
But, beside those committed in the perpetration of felonies, a large number of homicides have been adjudged murder, where the specific intent to take life does not appear or does not exist. Thus, where the killing is involuntary, but happens in the commission of an unlawful act, which, in its consequences, naturally tends to destroy life, it is murder; so, if the intent to kill is not made apparent, but the killing is unlawful, and not done in the heat of passion, or the specific intent to take life not appearing, all the circumstances show an abandoned and malignant heart. In these, and in like cases, the malice aforethought is implied, the law attributing to the slayer the intent to kill, although such intent is not made manifest as a fact.
[96]*96On the other hand, the law, in some cases of voluntary manslaughter, disregards the actual intent to kill, when the killing is done in a sudden passion, caused, by sufficient provocation.
In the former cases the slayer is presumed to be actuated by an intent which may not exist; in the latter (out of forbearance for the weakness of human nature) the slayer is presumed not to be actuated by an intent to kill, although such intent may in fact exist.
Thus the presence or absence of “malice aforethought” has come to be determined oftentimes by artificial or technical reasoning, and not always by a simple reference to the actual intent to kill, as made manifest by the circumstances proved in each case. And the crime is equally murder where the .malice aforethought is expressly proved and where it is implied—as from the killing in the absence of considerable provocation, or from such wanton recklessness, on the part of the slayer, as shows an abandoned and malignant heart.
The amendment of 1856 did not change the law of murder. (People v. Haun, 44 Cal. 96.) But, besides its effect on homicides committed in the attempt to perpetrate certain felonies, it prescribes a mote severe punishment for those murders in which the express intent to take life is affirmatively proved, than - for those in which, the express malice not being proved, the malice aforethought is implied.
If 'the unlawful killing is done without the provocation and sudden passion which reduces the offense to man- . slaughter, or is done in the commission of an unlawful act, ■the natural consequences of which are dangerous to life, or is committed in the attempt to perpetrate a felony other than those mentioned- in the description of murder in the first degree, or the circumstances of the killing show an abandoned and malignant heart, this is murder in the second degree, unless the facts prove the existence in the mind of the slayer of the specific intent to take life. Malice aforethought is implied from the absence of considerable provocation, the wanton recklessness, or the felonious purpose; but the express malice—'the deliberate intent to take life— [97]*97is not manifested by the facts. (People v. Bealoba, 17 Cal. 389; People v. Sanchez, 24 Cal. 17; People v. Foren, 25 Cal. 361; 1 East’s P. C. 255; Wharton’s Am. Cr. L. 420; 1 Browne’s appendix, 22; 1 Ashm. 298-9.) The language employed in the People v. Long (39 Cal. 694), is to be taken in a sense which accords with what is said above. If it is there intimated that in murder of the second degree there may be an intention to take life, this is to be considered as referring to the intent which the law imputes by reason of the corrupt motive of the slayer, or otherwise, and not to an actual preconceived design to kill.
We do not think that the charge complained of was erroneous.
It is not to be understood from the distinction above made, based on the difference between express and implied malice, that a jury are to refuse to draw natural inferences from the facts in evidence. On the contrary, since the condition of a defendant’s mind can only be ascertained by his conduct, it is the duty of the jury to weigh all the facts, including the acts of the defendant before and after the fatal assault, which are admitted in evidence, the character of the weapon used, and all other circumstances which throw light upon his purpose. If the evidence proves the very intent to take life, the' murder is of the first degree. But the inquiry relates to a real, not a suppositive state of mind; to an actual intention, not. to one merely attributed to a defendant by a rule of law.
Judgment and order denying the motion for new trial affirmed.
Mr. Justice Rhodes did not express an opinion.