1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 STEPHEN LAMONT WILLIAMS, No. 2:22-cv-02103 DB P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER AND 14 MULE CREEK STATE PRISON, et al., FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff, a state prisoner, proceeds without counsel and seeks relief under 42 U.S.C. § 18 1983. This matter was referred to the undersigned by Local Rule 302 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 19 636(b)(1). Plaintiff’s complaint filed on December 22, 2022 (ECF No. 11) is before the court for 20 screening. The complaint fails to state a claim, but plaintiff will be granted leave to file an 21 amended complaint. 22 Plaintiff’s request for reconsideration (ECF No. 14) and request to expedite (ECF No. 16) 23 are also before the court. The court construes these filings as requesting to renew the motion for 24 temporary restraining order and preliminary injunctive relief filed before this action was properly 25 commenced with the filing of a complaint. The court will grant, in part, these requests to the 26 extent that the court considers herein the merits of the renewed motion. However, preliminary 27 injunctive relief should be denied for the reasons set forth below. 28 //// 1 I. In Forma Pauperis 2 Plaintiff seeks to proceed in forma pauperis. (ECF No. 10.) Plaintiff’s declaration makes 3 the showing required by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a). The motion is granted. 4 II. Screening Requirement 5 The court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a 6 governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). The 7 court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims that are legally 8 “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or that seek 9 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1), (2). 10 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact. Neitzke v. 11 Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989); Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1227-28 (9th Cir. 12 1984). The court may dismiss a claim as frivolous if it is based on an indisputably meritless legal 13 theory or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 327. The critical 14 inquiry is whether a constitutional claim has an arguable legal and factual basis. See Jackson v. 15 Arizona, 885 F.2d 639, 640 (9th Cir. 1989); Franklin, 745 F.2d at 1227. 16 Rule 8(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires a short and plain statement 17 of the claim that shows the pleader is entitled to relief. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 18 544, 555 (2007). In order to state a cognizable claim, a complaint must contain more than “a 19 formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action;” it must contain factual allegations 20 sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Id. The facts alleged must “‘give 21 the defendant fair notice of what the... claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Erickson v. 22 Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007) (quoting Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555). In reviewing a complaint 23 under this standard, the court accepts as true the allegations of the complaint and construes the 24 pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See id.; Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 25 (1974). 26 III. Facts Alleged in the Complaint 27 The events underlying plaintiff’s complaint took place at Mule Creek State Prison 28 (“MCSP”). On September 29, 2022, an unidentified defendant, John Doe, produced a report that 1 resulted in an investigation against plaintiff, Stephen Lamont Williams, and another inmate, S. 2 Parrish.1 (ECF No. 11 at 6.) As a result, plaintiff and Parrish were placed in Administrative 3 Segregation (“ASU”) and charged with conspiracy to introduce a controlled substance into the 4 institution for the purpose of distribution. (Id.) Under the guise of a pending investigation, 5 Defendant Capt. E. Hobbs conducted the initial ASU placement and denied plaintiff’s request for 6 procedural safeguards including the opportunity to request witnesses and to receive assignment of 7 an Investigative Employee. (Id. at 6, 8.) Plaintiff was retained in ASU with elevated custody and 8 classification status pending transfer to another facility. (Id. at 6-7.) As a result of being in ASU, 9 plaintiff was unable to properly prepare for his parole hearing which resulted in an unsuitability 10 denial. (Id. at 11.) Plaintiff was subsequently transferred to Kern Valley State Prison. (See ECF 11 No. 15.) 12 IV. Screening of the Complaint 13 Plaintiff alleges that being held in ASU and suffering other adverse consequences without 14 any official charges or a finding of guilt deprived him of his right to a fair and impartial hearing 15 as well as his fundamental right to due process of law and equal protection. (ECF No. 11 at 8-9.) 16 The allegations fail to state a claim. 17 A. Due Process 18 Certain procedural protections adhere when a state action implicates a prisoner’s protected 19 liberty interest in some “unexpected matter” or imposes an “atypical and significant hardship on 20 the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life.” Ramirez v. Galaza, 334 F.3d 850, 21 860 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 483-84 (1995). To state a claim for 22 violation of the right to procedural due process, a plaintiff must generally allege facts showing: 23 “(1) a deprivation of a constitutionally protected liberty or property interest, and (2) a denial of 24 adequate procedural protections.” Kildare v. Saenz, 325 F.3d 1078, 1085 (9th Cir. 2003). 25 //// 26 1 Plaintiff’s complaint purports to bring claims on behalf of himself as well as inmate S. Parrish, 27 but an individual appearing pro se may not represent other individuals in federal court. Johns v. Cnty. of San Diego, 114 F.3d 874, 876 (9th Cir. 1997). 28 1 In alleging he was housed in ASU, subjected to an elevated custody and classification 2 status, ordered to be transferred to another prison, and consequently rendered less suitable for 3 parole, plaintiff fails to show he was deprived of a constitutionally protected liberty or property 4 interest. See Sandin, 515 U.S. at 480 (“no liberty interest in freedom from state action taken 5 ‘within the sentence imposed,’” which includes the possibility of confinement in administrative 6 segregation); Moody v. Daggett, 429 U.S. 78, 88 n. 9 (1976); Swarthout v. Cooke, 562 U.S. 216, 7 220 (2011) (no federal Constitutional right to be conditionally released before the expiration of a 8 valid sentence).
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 STEPHEN LAMONT WILLIAMS, No. 2:22-cv-02103 DB P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER AND 14 MULE CREEK STATE PRISON, et al., FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff, a state prisoner, proceeds without counsel and seeks relief under 42 U.S.C. § 18 1983. This matter was referred to the undersigned by Local Rule 302 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 19 636(b)(1). Plaintiff’s complaint filed on December 22, 2022 (ECF No. 11) is before the court for 20 screening. The complaint fails to state a claim, but plaintiff will be granted leave to file an 21 amended complaint. 22 Plaintiff’s request for reconsideration (ECF No. 14) and request to expedite (ECF No. 16) 23 are also before the court. The court construes these filings as requesting to renew the motion for 24 temporary restraining order and preliminary injunctive relief filed before this action was properly 25 commenced with the filing of a complaint. The court will grant, in part, these requests to the 26 extent that the court considers herein the merits of the renewed motion. However, preliminary 27 injunctive relief should be denied for the reasons set forth below. 28 //// 1 I. In Forma Pauperis 2 Plaintiff seeks to proceed in forma pauperis. (ECF No. 10.) Plaintiff’s declaration makes 3 the showing required by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a). The motion is granted. 4 II. Screening Requirement 5 The court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a 6 governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). The 7 court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims that are legally 8 “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or that seek 9 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1), (2). 10 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact. Neitzke v. 11 Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989); Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1227-28 (9th Cir. 12 1984). The court may dismiss a claim as frivolous if it is based on an indisputably meritless legal 13 theory or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 327. The critical 14 inquiry is whether a constitutional claim has an arguable legal and factual basis. See Jackson v. 15 Arizona, 885 F.2d 639, 640 (9th Cir. 1989); Franklin, 745 F.2d at 1227. 16 Rule 8(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires a short and plain statement 17 of the claim that shows the pleader is entitled to relief. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 18 544, 555 (2007). In order to state a cognizable claim, a complaint must contain more than “a 19 formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action;” it must contain factual allegations 20 sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Id. The facts alleged must “‘give 21 the defendant fair notice of what the... claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Erickson v. 22 Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007) (quoting Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555). In reviewing a complaint 23 under this standard, the court accepts as true the allegations of the complaint and construes the 24 pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See id.; Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 25 (1974). 26 III. Facts Alleged in the Complaint 27 The events underlying plaintiff’s complaint took place at Mule Creek State Prison 28 (“MCSP”). On September 29, 2022, an unidentified defendant, John Doe, produced a report that 1 resulted in an investigation against plaintiff, Stephen Lamont Williams, and another inmate, S. 2 Parrish.1 (ECF No. 11 at 6.) As a result, plaintiff and Parrish were placed in Administrative 3 Segregation (“ASU”) and charged with conspiracy to introduce a controlled substance into the 4 institution for the purpose of distribution. (Id.) Under the guise of a pending investigation, 5 Defendant Capt. E. Hobbs conducted the initial ASU placement and denied plaintiff’s request for 6 procedural safeguards including the opportunity to request witnesses and to receive assignment of 7 an Investigative Employee. (Id. at 6, 8.) Plaintiff was retained in ASU with elevated custody and 8 classification status pending transfer to another facility. (Id. at 6-7.) As a result of being in ASU, 9 plaintiff was unable to properly prepare for his parole hearing which resulted in an unsuitability 10 denial. (Id. at 11.) Plaintiff was subsequently transferred to Kern Valley State Prison. (See ECF 11 No. 15.) 12 IV. Screening of the Complaint 13 Plaintiff alleges that being held in ASU and suffering other adverse consequences without 14 any official charges or a finding of guilt deprived him of his right to a fair and impartial hearing 15 as well as his fundamental right to due process of law and equal protection. (ECF No. 11 at 8-9.) 16 The allegations fail to state a claim. 17 A. Due Process 18 Certain procedural protections adhere when a state action implicates a prisoner’s protected 19 liberty interest in some “unexpected matter” or imposes an “atypical and significant hardship on 20 the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life.” Ramirez v. Galaza, 334 F.3d 850, 21 860 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 483-84 (1995). To state a claim for 22 violation of the right to procedural due process, a plaintiff must generally allege facts showing: 23 “(1) a deprivation of a constitutionally protected liberty or property interest, and (2) a denial of 24 adequate procedural protections.” Kildare v. Saenz, 325 F.3d 1078, 1085 (9th Cir. 2003). 25 //// 26 1 Plaintiff’s complaint purports to bring claims on behalf of himself as well as inmate S. Parrish, 27 but an individual appearing pro se may not represent other individuals in federal court. Johns v. Cnty. of San Diego, 114 F.3d 874, 876 (9th Cir. 1997). 28 1 In alleging he was housed in ASU, subjected to an elevated custody and classification 2 status, ordered to be transferred to another prison, and consequently rendered less suitable for 3 parole, plaintiff fails to show he was deprived of a constitutionally protected liberty or property 4 interest. See Sandin, 515 U.S. at 480 (“no liberty interest in freedom from state action taken 5 ‘within the sentence imposed,’” which includes the possibility of confinement in administrative 6 segregation); Moody v. Daggett, 429 U.S. 78, 88 n. 9 (1976); Swarthout v. Cooke, 562 U.S. 216, 7 220 (2011) (no federal Constitutional right to be conditionally released before the expiration of a 8 valid sentence). “Typically, administrative segregation in and of itself does not implicate a 9 protected liberty interest.” Serrano v. Francis, 345 F.3d 1071, 1078 (9th Cir. 2003). The state may 10 also change plaintiff’s place of confinement even though the degree of confinement may be 11 different and prison life may be more disagreeable in one institution than in another. See Rizzo v. 12 Dawson, 778 F.2d 527, 530 (9th Cir. 1985). The complaint lacks factual support for a conclusion 13 that plaintiff was subjected to atypical and significant hardships in relation to the ordinary 14 incidents of his prison life at MCSP or elsewhere. 15 The complaint does not allege any facts suggesting the challenged deprivations imposed 16 the type of “atypical and significant hardship” required to invoke due process procedural 17 safeguards. Merely concluding that atypical and significant hardships exist does not suffice to 18 state a procedural due process claim. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555-557 (naked assertions, labels 19 and conclusions, and formulaic recitations of the elements of a cause of action do not suffice to 20 state a claim).2 21 B. Equal Protection 22 The Equal Protection Clause broadly requires the government to treat similarly situated 23 people equally. Hartmann v. Cal. Dep’t of Corr. & Rehab., 707 F.3d 1114, 1123 (9th Cir. 2013). 24 To state a claim, a plaintiff must generally allege defendants acted with an intent or purpose to 25 26
27 2 Nothing in the complaint suggests the deprivations plaintiff suffered were of the “conscience shocking” type that violates substantive due process. See County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 28 U.S. 833, 845-47 (1998). 1 discriminate against him based upon membership in a protected class, such as a particular race or 2 religion. See Furnace v. Sullivan, 705 F.3d 1021, 1030 (9th Cir. 2013). 3 Plaintiff does not allege discrimination based on his membership in a protected class. The 4 complaint also lacks any facts demonstrating “intentional unlawful discrimination” or that are “at 5 least susceptible of an inference of discriminatory intent.” Monteiro v. Tempe Union High Sch. 6 Dist., 158 F.3d 1022, 1026 (9th Cir. 1998); see Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 7 564-65 (2000) (per curiam) (even a plaintiff seeking to proceed as a “class of one” must allege 8 intentional, disparate treatment). Thus, the complaint fails to state an equal protection claim. 9 V. Plaintiff’s Other Pending Requests (ECF Nos. 14, 16) 10 By order dated December 30, 2022, the undersigned found that the court could not 11 consider plaintiff’s application for injunctive relief in the absence of a properly filed complaint. 12 (ECF No. 9.) Plaintiff’s civil rights complaint was subsequently docketed. (ECF No. 11.) 13 On January 20, 2023, plaintiff filed a request for reconsideration of the denial of 14 preliminary injunctive relief. (ECF No. 14.) On March 20, 2023, plaintiff filed a request styled as 15 a request for “expedition of [plaintiff’s] previously filed motion for an order to show cause.” 16 (ECF No. 16.) The court construes these requests as renewing the motion for temporary 17 restraining order and preliminary injunctive relief after the filing of the complaint. To that extent, 18 the court grants the requests and considers the merits of the renewed motion. However, 19 preliminary injunctive relief is unwarranted. 20 VI. Renewed Motion for Preliminary Injunctive Relief (ECF No. 2) 21 A party requesting preliminary injunctive relief must show that “he is likely to succeed on 22 the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, that the 23 balance of equities tips in his favor, and that an injunction is in the public interest.” Winter v. 24 Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). In the alternative, under the so- 25 called sliding scale approach, if the plaintiff demonstrates the requisite likelihood of irreparable 26 harm and can show that an injunction is in the public interest, then a preliminary injunction may 27 issue if serious questions going to the merits of the case are raised and the balance of hardships 28 tips sharply in plaintiff’s favor. Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1131-36 1 (9th Cir. 2011). The analysis for a temporary restraining order is substantially identical to that for 2 a preliminary injunction. Stuhlbarg Intern. Sales Co., Inc. v. John D. Brush and Co., Inc., 240 3 F.3d 832, 839 n.7 (9th Cir. 2001). 4 Plaintiff’s motion for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunctive relief 5 alleges plaintiff was being denied his opportunity to be heard and being punished without an 6 official charge or finding of guilt. (ECF No. 2 at 4.) Any request for relief related to plaintiff’s 7 retention in ASU at MCSP is moot following his transfer from MCSP. See Johnson v. Moore, 8 948 F.2d 517, 519 (9th Cir. 1991) (per curiam) (transfer to another prison renders request for 9 injunctive relief concerning prison conditions moot absent some evidence of an expectation of 10 being transferred back). 11 Even if that were not the case, plaintiff fails to demonstrate that his transfer to another 12 prison or retention in segregation would cause him to suffer irreparable harm. Conclusory 13 statements are not sufficient to demonstrate irreparable harm or that the equities tip in plaintiff’s 14 favor. Finally, for the reasons set forth above in screening the compliant, the court is unable to 15 determine plaintiff is likely to succeed on the merits of any claim or that serious questions go to 16 the merits of any claim. Under the facts alleged, plaintiff cannot meet the standards to warrant 17 preliminary injunctive relief. 18 To any extent plaintiff alleges he is suffering new deprivations of rights at his current 19 facility, plaintiff is informed that the court cannot issue injunctive relief against persons who are 20 not parties to this action. “A federal court may issue an injunction if it has personal jurisdiction 21 over the parties and subject matter jurisdiction over the claim; it may not attempt to determine the 22 rights of persons not before the court.” Zepeda v. United States Immigration Service, 753 F.2d 23 719, 727 (9th Cir. 1985). 24 VII. Conclusion, Order, and Recommendation 25 The complaint fails to state a cognizable claim. Because it is not absolutely clear plaintiff 26 could not add no facts to state a cognizable constitutional violation, plaintiff is granted leave to 27 file a first amended complaint. See Noll v. Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1448-49 (9th Cir. 1987). A 28 first amended complaint supersedes the prior complaint, see Loux v. Rhay, 375 F.2d 55, 57 (9th 1 Cir. 1967), and must be “complete in itself without reference to the prior or superseded pleading,” 2 E.D. Cal. Local Rule 220. 3 Plaintiff is cautioned that this opportunity to amend is not for the purpose of adding new 4 claims against new defendants. See George v. Smith, 507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007) (no 5 “buckshot” complaints). Plaintiff should focus efforts on curing the defects in the claims already 6 presented in the original complaint to any extent they can be cured. If plaintiff cannot amend the 7 complaint to allege a cognizable claim, or does not wish to pursue these claims further, then 8 plaintiff may file a notice of voluntary dismissal, which will terminate this action without 9 prejudice by operation of law. 10 In the further alternative, plaintiff may notify the court he wishes to stand on the 11 complaint as it is currently pleaded. See Edwards v. Marin Park, Inc., 356 F.3d 1058, 1064-65 12 (9th Cir. 2004). If plaintiff chooses this option, the undersigned will issue findings and 13 recommendations to dismiss the complaint without leave to amend, after which plaintiff will be 14 granted an opportunity to file objections, and a district judge will determine whether the 15 complaint states a cognizable claim. 16 In accordance with the above, IT IS ORDERED: 17 1. The Clerk’s Office shall assign a district judge to this case. 18 2. Plaintiff’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 10) is granted. 19 3. Plaintiff is obligated to pay the statutory filing fee of $350.00 for this action as set 20 forth by separate order. 21 4. The Clerk’s Office shall send plaintiff a blank civil rights complaint form. 22 5. Within thirty days from the date of service of this order, plaintiff must file one of the 23 following: 24 a. A first amended complaint curing the deficiencies identified in this order; 25 b. A notice of election to stand on the complaint as filed; or 26 c. A notice of voluntary dismissal. 27 //// 28 //// 1 6. Plaintiff's request for reconsideration (ECF No. 14) and request to expedite (ECF No. 2 16) are granted, in part, to extent they are construed as requesting to renew □□□□□□□□□□□ 3 motion for temporary restraining order and preliminary injunctive relief. 4 In addition, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that plaintiff's renewed motion for a 5 || temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction (ECF No. 2) be denied. 6 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 7 | assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within 30 days after 8 | being served with these findings and recommendations, plaintiff may file written objections with 9 | the court. Such a document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and 10 | Recommendations.” Failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to 11 | appeal the District Court’s order. Martinez v. Y1st, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 12 | Dated: April 3, 2023 13 14 15 ‘BORAH BARNES will2103.scrn.tro UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28