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4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10
11 DANA SMITHEE, et al., Case No. 1:19-cv-0004-JLT-CDB (PC)
12 Plaintiffs, ORDER DENYING WITHOUT PREJUDICE MOTION TO SUBSTITUTE GUARDIAN AD 13 v. LITEM FOR MINOR PLAINTIFF E.M.
14 PRATAP NARAYAN, et al., (Doc. 193)
15 Defendants. SEVEN-DAY DEADLINE 16
17 Plaintiffs Dana Smithee and E.M., a minor, by and through her guardian ad litem Jennifer Montes 18 (collectively, “Plaintiffs”), seek to recover damages following the death by suicide of Smithee’s son, 19 Cyrus Ayers, while he was incarcerated at California Correctional Institution (“CCI”). In the operative 20 sixth amended complaint (Doc. 142), Plaintiffs assert a claim pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for deliberate 21 indifference against Defendant Pratap Narayan, M.D., who at the time of the decedent’s passing was 22 CCI’s chief psychiatrist during the months leading up to the suicide. On January 9, 2019, the Court 23 granted the petition to appoint Jennifer Montes as guardian ad litem for minor Plaintiff E.M. (Doc. 9). 24 Pending before the Court is Plaintiffs’ motion to substitute Dana Smithee as guardian ad litem 25 for minor Plaintiff E.M., filed on March 31, 2025. (Doc. 193). Although the time for Defendant to file 26 an opposition or notice of non-opposition in response to the motion has not yet expired, the Court deems 27 the filing of such unnecessary before ruling on the motion. 28 /// 1 Governing Authority 2 Pursuant to Rule 17 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a representative of a minor may sue 3 or defend on the minor’s behalf. Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(c). A court “must appoint a guardian ad litem—or 4 issue another appropriate order—to protect a minor or incompetent person who is unrepresented in an 5 action.” (Id.) The capacity of an individual to sue is determined “by the law of the individual’s 6 domicile.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(b)(1). 7 Under California law, an individual under the age of 18 is a minor, and a minor may bring suit 8 if a guardian conducts the proceedings. Cal. Fam. Code §§ 6502, 6601. The Court may appoint a 9 guardian ad litem to represent the minor’s interests. Cal. Code Civ. P. § 372(a). To evaluate whether 10 to appoint a particular guardian ad litem, the Court must consider whether the minor and the guardian 11 have divergent interests. Cal. Code Civ. P. § 372(b)(1); see id. § 372(d)(1)–(2) (“Before a court appoints 12 a guardian ad litem pursuant to this chapter, a proposed guardian ad litem shall disclose both of the 13 following to the court and all parties to the action or proceeding: (1) Any known actual or potential 14 conflicts of interest that would or might arise from the appointment[; and] (2) [a]ny familial or affiliate 15 relationship the proposed guardian ad litem as with any of the parties.”). 16 The appointment of the guardian ad litem is more than a mere formality. United States v. 30.64 17 Acres of Land, More or Less, Situated in Klickitat Cty., State of Wash., 795 F.2d 796, 805 (9th Cir. 18 1986). A Court shall take whatever measures it deems appropriate to protect the interests of the 19 individual during the litigation. (See id.) (noting, “[a] guardian ad litem is authorized to act on behalf 20 of his ward and may make all appropriate decisions in the course of specific litigation.”). The guardian 21 need not possess any special qualifications, but she must “be truly dedicated to the best interests of the 22 person on whose behalf he seeks to litigate.” AT&T Mobility, LLC v. Yeager, 143 F. Supp. 3d 1042, 23 1054 (E.D. Cal. 2015) (quoting Whitmore v. Arkansas, 495 U.S. 149, 163-64 (1990)). This means that 24 the guardian cannot face an impermissible conflict of interest with the ward, and courts consider the 25 candidate’s “experience, objectivity and expertise” or previous relationship with the ward. (Id.) 26 (citations omitted). 27 Further, the Local Rules of the Eastern District of California provide: 28 (a) Appointment of Representative or Guardian. Upon commencement of an action or upon 1 initial appearance in defense of an action by or on behalf of a minor or incompetent person, the attorney representing the minor or incompetent person shall present (1) 2 appropriate evidence of the appointment of a representative for the minor or incompetent person under state law or (2) a motion for the appointment of a guardian ad litem by the 3 Court, or (3) a showing satisfactory to the Court that no such appointment is necessary 4 to ensure adequate representation of the minor or incompetent person. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(c); 5 . . . . 6 (c) Disclosure of Attorney’s Interest. When the minor or incompetent is represented by an 7 attorney, it shall be disclosed to the Court by whom and the terms under which the 8 attorney was employed; whether the attorney became involved in the application at the instance of the party against whom the causes of action are asserted, 9 directly or indirectly; whether the attorney stands in any relationship to that party; and whether the attorney has received or expects to receive any compensation, from whom, 10 and the amount. 11
12 E.D. Cal. Local Rule 202 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(c)). The decision to appoint a guardian ad litem 13 “must normally be left to the sound discretion of the trial court.” 30.64 Acres of Land, 795 F.2d at 804. 14 Fit parents are presumed to act in the best interests of their children. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 15 66 (2000). However, “if the parent has an actual or potential conflict of interest with [their] child, the 16 parent has no right to control or influence the child’s litigation.” Molesky for J.M. v. Carillo, No. 1:22- 17 cv-1567-ADA-CDB, 2022 WL 17584396, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 12, 2022) (quoting Williams v. Super. 18 Ct. of San Diego, 147 Cal. App. 4th 36, 50 (2007)). 19 Discussion 20 Plaintiffs’ motion sets forth that Plaintiff E.M. is a minor child that is currently nine years old 21 and is the granddaughter of Plaintiff Dana Smithee. (Doc. 139 ¶ 1). Plaintiffs represent that E.M. has 22 no guardian of her estate. (Id. ¶ 4). Plaintiffs seek to modify the Court’s January 9, 2017, order (Doc. 23 9) granting the petition to appoint Jennifer Montes as guardian ad litem for E.M. (Id. ¶ 5). Plaintiffs 24 represent that Smithee is willing to serve as guardian ad litem for E.M. and is fully competent to 25 understand and protect the rights of the minor, and has no interest adverse to that of E.M., and that 26 current guardian ad litem Jennifer Montes has consented to the request to substitute Smithee as guardian 27 ad litem. (Id. ¶¶ 6, 7). 28 1 Notwithstanding the Court’s previous order granting the petition to appoint Jennifer Montes □ 2 || guardian ad litem for E.M. (see Doc. 9), Plaintiffs’ instant motion does not comply with Local Ru 3 202(c).
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4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10
11 DANA SMITHEE, et al., Case No. 1:19-cv-0004-JLT-CDB (PC)
12 Plaintiffs, ORDER DENYING WITHOUT PREJUDICE MOTION TO SUBSTITUTE GUARDIAN AD 13 v. LITEM FOR MINOR PLAINTIFF E.M.
14 PRATAP NARAYAN, et al., (Doc. 193)
15 Defendants. SEVEN-DAY DEADLINE 16
17 Plaintiffs Dana Smithee and E.M., a minor, by and through her guardian ad litem Jennifer Montes 18 (collectively, “Plaintiffs”), seek to recover damages following the death by suicide of Smithee’s son, 19 Cyrus Ayers, while he was incarcerated at California Correctional Institution (“CCI”). In the operative 20 sixth amended complaint (Doc. 142), Plaintiffs assert a claim pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for deliberate 21 indifference against Defendant Pratap Narayan, M.D., who at the time of the decedent’s passing was 22 CCI’s chief psychiatrist during the months leading up to the suicide. On January 9, 2019, the Court 23 granted the petition to appoint Jennifer Montes as guardian ad litem for minor Plaintiff E.M. (Doc. 9). 24 Pending before the Court is Plaintiffs’ motion to substitute Dana Smithee as guardian ad litem 25 for minor Plaintiff E.M., filed on March 31, 2025. (Doc. 193). Although the time for Defendant to file 26 an opposition or notice of non-opposition in response to the motion has not yet expired, the Court deems 27 the filing of such unnecessary before ruling on the motion. 28 /// 1 Governing Authority 2 Pursuant to Rule 17 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a representative of a minor may sue 3 or defend on the minor’s behalf. Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(c). A court “must appoint a guardian ad litem—or 4 issue another appropriate order—to protect a minor or incompetent person who is unrepresented in an 5 action.” (Id.) The capacity of an individual to sue is determined “by the law of the individual’s 6 domicile.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(b)(1). 7 Under California law, an individual under the age of 18 is a minor, and a minor may bring suit 8 if a guardian conducts the proceedings. Cal. Fam. Code §§ 6502, 6601. The Court may appoint a 9 guardian ad litem to represent the minor’s interests. Cal. Code Civ. P. § 372(a). To evaluate whether 10 to appoint a particular guardian ad litem, the Court must consider whether the minor and the guardian 11 have divergent interests. Cal. Code Civ. P. § 372(b)(1); see id. § 372(d)(1)–(2) (“Before a court appoints 12 a guardian ad litem pursuant to this chapter, a proposed guardian ad litem shall disclose both of the 13 following to the court and all parties to the action or proceeding: (1) Any known actual or potential 14 conflicts of interest that would or might arise from the appointment[; and] (2) [a]ny familial or affiliate 15 relationship the proposed guardian ad litem as with any of the parties.”). 16 The appointment of the guardian ad litem is more than a mere formality. United States v. 30.64 17 Acres of Land, More or Less, Situated in Klickitat Cty., State of Wash., 795 F.2d 796, 805 (9th Cir. 18 1986). A Court shall take whatever measures it deems appropriate to protect the interests of the 19 individual during the litigation. (See id.) (noting, “[a] guardian ad litem is authorized to act on behalf 20 of his ward and may make all appropriate decisions in the course of specific litigation.”). The guardian 21 need not possess any special qualifications, but she must “be truly dedicated to the best interests of the 22 person on whose behalf he seeks to litigate.” AT&T Mobility, LLC v. Yeager, 143 F. Supp. 3d 1042, 23 1054 (E.D. Cal. 2015) (quoting Whitmore v. Arkansas, 495 U.S. 149, 163-64 (1990)). This means that 24 the guardian cannot face an impermissible conflict of interest with the ward, and courts consider the 25 candidate’s “experience, objectivity and expertise” or previous relationship with the ward. (Id.) 26 (citations omitted). 27 Further, the Local Rules of the Eastern District of California provide: 28 (a) Appointment of Representative or Guardian. Upon commencement of an action or upon 1 initial appearance in defense of an action by or on behalf of a minor or incompetent person, the attorney representing the minor or incompetent person shall present (1) 2 appropriate evidence of the appointment of a representative for the minor or incompetent person under state law or (2) a motion for the appointment of a guardian ad litem by the 3 Court, or (3) a showing satisfactory to the Court that no such appointment is necessary 4 to ensure adequate representation of the minor or incompetent person. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(c); 5 . . . . 6 (c) Disclosure of Attorney’s Interest. When the minor or incompetent is represented by an 7 attorney, it shall be disclosed to the Court by whom and the terms under which the 8 attorney was employed; whether the attorney became involved in the application at the instance of the party against whom the causes of action are asserted, 9 directly or indirectly; whether the attorney stands in any relationship to that party; and whether the attorney has received or expects to receive any compensation, from whom, 10 and the amount. 11
12 E.D. Cal. Local Rule 202 (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(c)). The decision to appoint a guardian ad litem 13 “must normally be left to the sound discretion of the trial court.” 30.64 Acres of Land, 795 F.2d at 804. 14 Fit parents are presumed to act in the best interests of their children. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 15 66 (2000). However, “if the parent has an actual or potential conflict of interest with [their] child, the 16 parent has no right to control or influence the child’s litigation.” Molesky for J.M. v. Carillo, No. 1:22- 17 cv-1567-ADA-CDB, 2022 WL 17584396, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 12, 2022) (quoting Williams v. Super. 18 Ct. of San Diego, 147 Cal. App. 4th 36, 50 (2007)). 19 Discussion 20 Plaintiffs’ motion sets forth that Plaintiff E.M. is a minor child that is currently nine years old 21 and is the granddaughter of Plaintiff Dana Smithee. (Doc. 139 ¶ 1). Plaintiffs represent that E.M. has 22 no guardian of her estate. (Id. ¶ 4). Plaintiffs seek to modify the Court’s January 9, 2017, order (Doc. 23 9) granting the petition to appoint Jennifer Montes as guardian ad litem for E.M. (Id. ¶ 5). Plaintiffs 24 represent that Smithee is willing to serve as guardian ad litem for E.M. and is fully competent to 25 understand and protect the rights of the minor, and has no interest adverse to that of E.M., and that 26 current guardian ad litem Jennifer Montes has consented to the request to substitute Smithee as guardian 27 ad litem. (Id. ¶¶ 6, 7). 28 1 Notwithstanding the Court’s previous order granting the petition to appoint Jennifer Montes □ 2 || guardian ad litem for E.M. (see Doc. 9), Plaintiffs’ instant motion does not comply with Local Ru 3 202(c). The motion fails to disclose the terms under which counsel for Plaintiffs was employed at 4 || whether counsel became involved in the application at the insistence of any Defendant. (Doc. 13S 5 || Moreover, Plaintiffs’ motion does not demonstrate whether counsel for Plaintiffs stands in ar 6 || relationship to Defendants or whether counsel has received or expects to receive any compensatio 7 || from whom, and the amount. See E.D, Cal. Local Rule 202(c). 8 Further, though the motion offers an unsworn representation that Plaintiff Dana Smithee, th 9 || proposed guardian ad litem to be substituted in place of current guardian ad litem Jennifer Montes, “h 10 || no interest adverse to that of the minor petitioner” (Doc. 139 4 6), that is not sufficient to satisfy tl 11 || Court that there are, in fact, no conflicts of interest. A sworn attestation by the proposed guardian 12 || litem is the appropriate method of satisfying the Court the proposed guardian ad litem does not ha’ 13 || interests divergent to those of the minor Plaintiff. See Cal. Code Civ. P. § 372(b)(1); see also id. 14 || 372(d)(1)-(2) (“Before a court appoints a guardian ad litem pursuant to this chapter, a proposed □□□□□□□ 15 || ad litem shall disclose both of the following to the court and all parties to the action or proceeding: ( 16 || Any known actual or potential conflicts of interest that would or might arise from the appointment 17 || and] (2) [a]ny familial or affiliate relationship the proposed guardian ad litem as with any of tl 18 || parties.”). 19 Conclusion and Order 20 Accordingly, it is HEREBY ORDERED that: 21 1. Plaintiffs’ motion to substitute Dana Smithee as guardian ad litem (Doc. 139) is DENIE 22 without prejudice; and 23 2. Plaintiffs SHALL FILE within 7 days from the date of entry of this order a renewed applicatic 24 that remedies the aforementioned deficiencies consistent with Local Rule 202(c). 25 || IT IS SO ORDERED. 26 | wD Bo Dated: _ April 1, 2025 27 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 28