(PC) Smithee v. California Correctional Institution

Opinion

1 2 3

4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 DANA SMITHEE, et al., Case No. 1:19-cv-00004-JLT-CDB (PC)

12 Plaintiffs, ORDER (1) DENYING PLAINTIFFS’ MOTIONS TO EXCLUDE DEFENDANT’S EXPERT 13 v. WITNESS AND (2) DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISQUALIFY PLAINTIFFS’ 14 CALIFORNIA CORRECTIONAL EXPERT WITNESS INSTITUTION, et al., 15 (Docs. 161, 162, 175) Defendants. 16 ORDER DENYING AS MOOT PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION TO STRIKE DEFENDANT’S REPLY 17 BRIEF

18 (Doc. 166)

19 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO DENY DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR 20 SUMMARY JUDGMENT

21 (Doc. 163)

22 14-DAY OBJECTION PERIOD 23 24 25 Cyrus Ayers (“Ayers” or “Decedent”) died by suicide on February 2, 2018, while incarcerated 26 at California Correctional Institution. Plaintiff Dana Smithee, the mother of Decedent, and Plaintiff 27 E.M., a minor, by and through her guardian ad litem Jennifer Montes, filed the initial complaint on 28 December 31, 2018 (Doc. 1), and the operative Sixth Amended Complaint on August 24, 2023. (Doc. 1 142). Plaintiffs raise a claim pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for deliberate indifference against Defendant 2 Pratap Narayan, M.D. 3 Pending before the Court is Defendant’s motion for summary judgment, filed on September 16, 4 2024. (Doc. 163). Plaintiffs filed an opposition on September 27, 2024. (Doc. 164). Defendant filed 5 a reply to Plaintiffs’ opposition on October 8, 2024. (Doc. 165). The parties convened for hearing and 6 oral argument on their discovery motions relating to expert witnesses on October 22, 2024, and the 7 Court submitted Defendant’s motion for summary judgment without oral argument. (Doc. 172) (citing 8 Local Rule 160(g)). 9 BACKGROUND 10 A. Defendant’s Statement of Undisputed Facts1 11 Plaintiffs Dana Smithee, the mother of Decedent Cyrus Ayers (“Decedent”), and minor “E.M.,” 12 the only child and heir of Decedent, by and through her guardian ad litem, Jennifer Montes (Doc. 9) 13 (collectively, “Plaintiffs”), through the operative Sixth Amendment Complaint,2 bring an Eighth 14 Amendment deliberate indifference claim under 42. U.S.C. § 1983 against Defendant Pratap Narayan, 15 M.D. (Doc. 142). Decedent was an inmate at California Correctional Institute (“CCI”) located in 16 Tehachapi, California, from November 9, 2017, until the time of his death by suicide on February 2, 17 2018. (Doc. 142 ¶ 43; Doc. 163-4 n. 2; Doc. 164-1 p. 26 n. 3). 18 At the time of Decedent’s death, Defendant Pratap Narayan (“Defendant” or “Narayan”) was 19 employed as a psychiatrist in the Division of Telepsychiatry for the California Department of 20 Corrections and Rehabilitation (“CDCR”).3 (Doc. 142 ¶ 8; Doc. 163-4 n. 3; Doc. 164-1 ns. 3, 4). 21

22 1 The following facts are undisputed unless noted otherwise. 23 2 On August 18, 2023, the undersigned entered findings & recommendations (the “F&R”) denying Defendant’s motion to dismiss and directing Plaintiffs to file a sixth amended complaint for the 24 limited purpose of clarifying the damages sought in connection with Decedent’s pain and suffering. (Doc. 141). Plaintiffs filed the Sixth Amended Complaint on August 24, 2023 (Doc. 142), and the 25 assigned district judge adopted the F&R on September 8, 2023 (Doc. 143). 26 3 In his reply brief, Defendant does not dispute Plaintiffs’ assertion that, as of the date of Decedent’s death on February 2, 2018, Defendant was Chief Psychiatrist for CCI. (Doc. 164-1 n. 4, citing Salma 27 Khan Declaration (“Khan Declaration”) ¶ 4, Ex. A Report of Salma Khan, M.D. (“Ex. A Khan Report”) pp. 9–10 (“Chief psychiatrist Narayan was the leader of the treatment team and was responsible for the 28 assessment and treatment of patients, including Ayers.”)). 1 Defendant provided services for CCI almost exclusively via telemedicine from his office in Elk Grove, 2 California, and visited CCI two times per year, spending a day on-site. (Doc. 163-4 ns. 4, 5; Doc. 164- 3 1 ns. 4, 5). 4 Dr. Karin Celosse, a psychologist employed by CCI, was one of a group of mental health 5 employees known as “primary clinicians.”4 (Doc. 163-4 n. 6; Doc. 164-1 n. 6). Primary clinicians at 6 CCI are responsible for overseeing all aspects of mental healthcare, excluding medications, such as: 7 providing counseling; assigning people to groups; assisting with the classification of suicide risk 8 assessments; triaging requests for mental health services from inmate patients; and performing 9 consultation referrals when required.5 (Doc. 163-4 n. 7; Doc. 164-1 n. 7). Defendant did not personally 10 oversee or participate in any of Dr. Celosse’s assessments of the inmates.6 (Doc. 163-4 n. 9; Doc. 164- 11 1 n. 9). 12 Dr. Celosse completed an initial mental health and suicide risk evaluation when Decedent arrived 13 at CCI (November 9, 2017). (Doc. 163-4 n. 8; Doc. 164-1 n. 8). Dr. Celosse testified that the mental 14 health and suicide risk evaluations involved taking a history from Decedent, which provided background 15 on Decedent’s experiences of how he became incarcerated, his prior substance use, the symptoms that 16 he was currently experiencing, and information about what he was hoping to do and looking forward to. 17 (Doc. 163-4 n. 10; Doc. 164-1 n. 10, citing Ex. D Celosse Depo. 58:13-15). The suicide risk assessment 18 included a review of Decedent’s prior suicide attempts, including two incidents involving Decedent’s 19 consumption of pills that, on one occasion, resulted in Decedent’s relocation to a “crisis bed.” (Doc. 20 163-4 n. 11; Doc. 164-1 n. 11). Dr. Celosse testified that between November 2017 and her departure 21 22 4 Plaintiffs note that Dr. Celosse left CCI in December 2017. (Doc. 164-1 n. 6). 23 5 Plaintiffs dispute Defendant’s description of Dr. Celosse’s position and note that Dr. Celosse testified 24 that she was “part of what’s called a CC[C]MS program.” (Doc. 164-1 n. 6). “[I]n the CC[C]MS program, you are required to see the patients once a month as either a social worker or a 25 psychologist. . . And you are supposed to provide therapy for them.” (Ex. D Deposition of Karin Celosse (“Ex. D Celosse Depo.”) p. 8:15-25). 26 6 Plaintiffs dispute the implication that because Defendant was not personally present, he had no 27 responsibility for being aware of the contents of Dr. Celosse’s assessments of inmates, and argue that the assessments were well-documented, and Defendant had a responsibility to be apprised of their 28 contents. (Doc. 164-1 n. 9). 1 from CCI in December 2017, Decedent was not placed on suicide watch because “[Decedent] did not 2 indicate that he was suicidal.” (Doc. 163-4 n. 12; Doc. 164-1 n. 12, citing Ex. D Celosse Depo. 22:13- 3 17). To the contrary, Dr. Celosse testified that absent “an individual [] telling you that you are suicidal 4 in the moment,” correctional staff cannot put the person on suicide watch.7 (Doc. 164-1 n. 13, citing 5 Ex. D Celosse Depo. 16:10-22). 6 Defendant testified that Decedent’s self-described history of suicide attempts and suicidal 7 ideation was full of inconsistencies, and that these inconsistencies needed to be factored into evaluating 8 Decedent’s suicide risk. (Doc. 163-4 n. 14, citing Deposition of Dr. Narayan (“Narayan Depo.”) at 47- 9 49). Defendant further testified that questions about the veracity of Decedent’s reporting meant the staff 10 of CCI could not implicitly take everything Decedent said at face value. 8 Id. 11 Defendant attested that his first involvement with Decedent’s treatment was on November 16, 12 2017, when Defendant was advised that Decedent arrived at CCI. (Doc. 163-4 n. 15; Doc. 164-1 n. 15). 13 Defendant reviewed Decedent’s medication at that time.9 Id. Defendant had his first direct contact with 14 Decedent on December 4, 2017. (Doc. 163-4 n. 16; Doc. 164-1 n. 16). Decedent informed Defendant 15 that he continued to have “mental health problems” and did not think his then-current medication 16 regiment was helping. Id. Decedent agreed to wait for his next mental health appointment and would 17 address long-term issues at that time. Id. 18 Three days later, Defendant had his second direct contact with Decedent via telemedicine for 19 Decedent’s Initial Psychiatric Evaluation on December 6, 2017. (Doc. 163-4 n. 17; Doc. 164-1 n. 17). 20 Defendant annotated in Decedent’s medical records that he had a family history of suicidal behavior, 21 22 7 Dr. Celosse’s testimony does not establish as an undisputed fact that a person with a prior history of 23 suicide attempts may be an acute risk of suicide only if they verbalize a present intention to commit suicide, as Defendant asserts. See (Doc. 163-4 n. 13). 24 8 Plaintiffs dispute that Decedent’s self-described history was not indicative of his suicidal ideation, 25 attempts, and risk. (Doc. 164-1 n. 14). 26 9 Plaintiffs dispute the implication that Defendant was not responsible for reviewing Decedent’s file, medical records and medical history, which were provided when Decedent arrived at CCI in 27 November 2017. (Doc. 164-1 n. 15, citing Ex. A Khan Report p. 14 (“According to the DSM-V reasonably psychiatrist [] must do a thorough assessment, which includes a review of the pertinent 28 medical records, especially the inpatient records.”), Ex. D Celosse Depo. 29:20-30:3). 1 including a grandmother who died by suicide at age 40. (Doc. 164-1 n. 16, citing Ex. C Medical Records 2 DEF 02260, 02262). Defendant also annotated that Decedent was “confirmed” for “polysubstance 3 dependence meth, MJ, EtOH, heroin, Ecstasy, sherm.” Id. The same medical record documents that 4 Decedent had a drug overdose on July 26, 2017 – just five months prior to the evaluation. Id. 5 Defendant annotated in contemporaneous medical records and attests in his declaration in 6 support of his motion for summary judgment that Decedent denied having a history of “genuine” suicide 7 attempts, and no history of genuine psychosis, mania, or hypomania. (Doc. 163-4 n. 17; Doc. 164-1 n. 8 17). However, Defendant documented in the same records that Decedent reported he “tried to kill 9 myself – twice – they put me in EOP” approximately two years earlier. (See Doc. 164-1 Ex. C Medical 10 Records DEF 02238). Defendant also documented Decedent’s report that he “was paranoid and 11 suicidal.” Id.10 Although Defendant attests that Decedent claimed that he had “psychological distress” 12 without further elaboration and stated his symptoms had improved since he was first incarcerated, he 13 cites no specific records and the medical records in evidence documenting Defendant’s encounter with 14 Decedent on December 6, 2017, do not memorialize these observations. (Doc. 163-4 n. 18; Doc. 164-1 15 n. 18 citing Ex. C Medical Records DEF 02259-02262). Similarly, although Defendant attests in his 16 summary judgment declaration that Decedent denied any self-harming or suicidal triggers and noted 17

18 10 Plaintiffs dispute that the medical records reflect Decedent’s denial of suicide attempts. As set forth above, Defendant documented Decedent’s self-report of prior suicide attempts and it appears 19 Defendant may have discounted those attempts as not “genuine.” 20 Defendant’s separate assertion that it is undisputed Decedent denied any “history of genuine psychosis, mania, or hypomania” is not supported by the evidence cited – instead, the medical records 21 document Defendant’s assessment (not Decedent’s statement) concerning lack of history of genuine mental health disorders referenced. (See Doc. 164-1 Ex. C Medical Records DEF 02238). 22 Although Defendant attests in his summary judgment declaration that the records he reviewed 23 evidence Decedent’s history of hoarding medications and of exaggerating symptoms and that oddities in his thinking were not persistent or did affect his actions (Doc. 163-4 n. 17), he cites no specific 24 records and Plaintiffs plausibly dispute this assertion by referencing records to the contrary. (See Doc. 164-1 n. 17, citing Ex. C Medical Records DEF 02259-02262). For instance, Plaintiffs note that a 25 report dated January 18, 2017, which identifies it was “last updated 12/6/2017” by “[Defendant] Narayan, Pratap Chf,” included the following comments: “adjustment disorder with mixed anxiety and 26 depressed mood [] rule out;” “polysubstance dependence [] confirmed;” and a family history of suicidal behavior. Likewise, those records reviewed showed: drug overdose on 7/26/2017; “antisocial 27 personality disorder [] diagnosis date 3/30/2017;” “anxiety[, ] depression[, ] mood swings [] 6/13/2017.” More specifically, those records state “psychosis [] 3/30/2017 [and] 10/26/2017 [] [n]on- 28 [s]pecified [] confirmed; “schizophrenia, paranoid [] 4/27/2017; [n]on-[s]pecified [] [c]onfirmed.” Id. 1 that Decedent had several coping strategies, a future-oriented thought process, and was looking forward 2 to being a parent to his daughter, E.M, the contemporaneous medical records do not document these 3 observations. (Doc. 163-4 n. 19; Doc. 164-1 Ex. C Medical Records DEF 02238-02239; 02260; 02262). 4 Defendant’s third direct contact with Decedent occurred on January 2, 2018. (Doc. 163-4 n. 20; 5 Doc. 164-1 n. 20). Defendant noted that Decedent appeared stable and functional at that time. Id. 6 Defendant avers that Decedent claimed “psychosis” but did not present any indication of “genuine” 7 psychosis, and that Decedent denied any suicidal thoughts or plans.11 Id. According to Defendant, 8 Decedent appeared logical and goal-oriented in his thinking. Id. 9 Defendant’s fourth and final direct contact with Decedent occurred on January 29, 2018. (Doc. 10 163-4 n. 21; Doc. 164-1 n. 21). Defendant avers that Decedent claimed he had difficulty concentrating 11 but denied any suicidal thoughts or plans.12 Id. Decedent appeared logical and goal-oriented in his 12 thinking and stated that his goal was to go on SSI when he was released from custody. Id. In a “progress 13 report” documenting an encounter with Decedent several days prior to Defendant’s January 29 contact 14 with Decedent, a social worker memorialized that Decedent recounted to him his history of suicide 15 attempts but denied existing suicidal thoughts that date. (Doc. 164-1 Ex. C. Medical Records DEF 16 02216). It is unclear whether Defendant reviewed this record prior to his January 29 meeting with 17 Decedent. 18 Defendant testified that he did not give Dr. Celosse any directives or instructions as to 19 Decedent’s care nor was he Dr. Celosse’s supervisor. (Doc. 163-4 ns. 22, 23; Doc. 164-1 ns. 22, 23). 20 Defendant testified that the only time he brought something regarding Decedent to Dr. Celosse’s 21 attention was in an email he transmitted to her on December 6, 2017, in which he documented his 22 encounter that day with Decedent, his assessments regarding Decedent’s “likely impression- 23 management” and “hoarding meds.” (Doc. 163-4 n. 24; Doc. 164-1 n. 24, citing Ex. C Medical Records 24 DEF 05339). Defendant also raised in his email to Dr. Celosse the prospect that Decedent “might be a 25 26 11 Plaintiffs deny the implication that there was no “genuine psychosis,” and there was no suicidal 27 thoughts or plans. (Doc. 164-1 n. 20). 28 12 Plaintiffs deny the implication that Decedent had no suicidal thoughts or plans. (Doc. 164-1 n. 21). 1 good candidate for referral for psych testing (if possible) to rule out malingering.”13 Id. Defendant told 2 Dr. Celosse, “[l]et me know your thoughts/concerns.” Id. No psychological testing of Decedent was 3 done from the time he entered CCI in November 2017 through the date of his death. (Doc. 163-4 n. 25; 4 Doc. 164-1 n. 25). 5 In California, psychological testing can be done only by psychologists; it is not in the domain of 6 psychiatrists. (Doc. 163-4 n. 26; Doc. 164-1 n. 26). Defendant testified that it was not his practice to 7 insist that his recommendations be followed, and that his role was that of a consultant to the primary 8 clinician. (Doc. 163-4 n. 27; Doc. 164-1 n. 27). Defendant further testified that the primary clinician 9 was the primary clinical “driver of the bus[,]” and that pursuing his recommendation (regarding referral 10 for psychological testing) would not have added substantially to his management of Decedent’s medical 11 or medication needs.14 Id. 12 The California Medical Board investigated a complaint regarding Defendant’s conduct with 13 regard to Decedent. (Doc. 163-4 n. 28; Doc. 164-1 n. 28). The Board determined that there was no 14 merit to the complaint and the case was closed in 2022. Id. 15 B. Plaintiffs’ Statement of Disputed Facts 16 In addition to responding to Defendant’s statement of undisputed facts, Plaintiffs advance their 17 own “Statement of Disputed Facts” upon which they rely in opposing Defendant’s motion for summary 18 judgment. See (Doc. 164 pp. 4-8); see also (Doc. 164-1 pp. 14-22). Defendant did not respond to 19 Plaintiffs’ disputed facts other than to argue that Dr. Khan’s expert report/declaration (upon which the 20 majority of Plaintiffs’ disputed facts are based) should be disregarded. Accordingly, where Plaintiffs’ 21 22 23 13 Plaintiffs dispute the implication that Defendant met his responsibilities by emailing Dr. Celosse 24 about psychological testing. Plaintiffs show the only medical records identifying this were written on December 6, 2017, and Dr. Celosse left CCI that same month. Plaintiffs argue that there is no 25 evidence that Defendant re-ordered the psychological testing with Dr. Celosse’s replacement. (Doc. 164-1 n. 24, citing Ex. C Medical Records DEF 05339, Ex. D Celosse Depo. 22:15-16). 26 14 Plaintiffs dispute the implication that Defendant had no responsibility for Decedent’s medical care 27 and the implication that Defendant had no responsibility to re-submit the recommendation for psychological testing to Dr. Celosse’s replacement. (Doc. 164-1 n. 27, citing Ex. A Khan Report p. 28 15, Ex. C Medical Records DEF 05339, Ex. D Celosse Depo. 22:15-16). 1 disputed facts have some evidentiary basis, the undersigned views them in the light most favorable to 2 Plaintiffs. See T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pac. Elec. Contractors Assoc., 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir. 1987). 3 Plaintiffs assert that throughout Decedent’s incarceration from November 9, 2017, until his death 4 by suicide on February 2, 2018, Defendant, as Chief Psychiatrist, was Decedent’s treating psychiatrist 5 and the leader of Decedent’s treatment team. (Doc. 164 pp. 4-5). 6 Plaintiffs detail Decedent’s lengthy mental health history. Id. at 5. Prior to his incarceration at 7 CCI, Decedent was diagnosed with psychotic disorder, adjustment disorder with mixed anxiety and 8 depressed mood and placed on suicide watch in April 2016. Id. Decedent was specifically diagnosed 9 with psychosis on March 30, 2017, and again on October 26, 2017—approximately two weeks before 10 he arrived at CCI. Id. Upon Decedent’s arrival at CCI on November 9, 2017, Decedent was on four 11 psychiatric medicines. Id. At the time of his death, Defendant had reduced those medicines to only 12 two. Id. Decedent’s further mental health history included diagnoses of adjustment disorder with 13 depressed mood, antisocial personality disorder, anxiety, psychosis, schizophrenia paranoid type, PTSD, 14 and substance abuse of methamphetamine, heroin, ecstasy, phencyclidine, alcohol, and marijuana. Id. 15 Between April 2016 and December 4, 2017, Decedent had been placed in a mental health crisis bed 16 seven times. Id. (citing Doc. 164-1, Ex. C Medical Records DEF 02236). 17 Decedent had a history of carrying a loaded gun when depressed and potentially suicidal. Id. at 18 5-6. He also had a maternal grandmother who had committed suicide at 40 years of age, and a brother 19 who had attempted suicide in jail. Id. Decedent had a history of suicide attempts that he did not 20 contemporaneously report, including by overdosing. Id. at 6. Decedent had a history of hoarding pills, 21 including on July 24, 2017, and October 13, 2017. Id. Decedent had been on suicide watch multiple 22 times prior to his incarceration at CCI. Id. In one non-contemporaneous report of his suicidality in July 23 2017, Decedent told the provider: “I’m telling you I’m going to do it again [] just wait till my cellie goes 24 to yard and I’ll hang myself this time.” Id. Decedent committed suicide, by hanging, after his cellmate 25 left their shared cell on February 2, 2018. Id. Decedent spoke with some frequency of his suicidality, 26 his troubling history and psychosis after he entered CCI. Id. 27 Plaintiffs detail Defendant’s involvement with Decedent’s medication. Id. Four days after 28 Decedent arrived at CCI, Defendant discontinued Decedent’s antidepressant without seeing Decedent 1 or discussing the ramifications with him. Id. at 6. (citing Doc. 164-1, Ex. C Medical Records DEF 2 02202). According to Dr. Khan, Defendant also attempted to lessen an anti-psychotic medication for 3 Decedent, which prompted an email from a team member asking Defendant to stop such titration. Id. 4 at 6 (citing Doc. 164-1, Ex. A. Khan Report at 6).15 On January 29, 2018 (four days prior to his death 5 by suicide), Defendant restarted Decedent’s administration of the antidepressant Remeron. Id. 6 Plaintiffs detail Defendant’s interactions with Decedent. Id. at 7. At their first interaction on 7 November 30, 2017, Decedent told Defendant “[his] psyche is all over the place.” Id. On December 6, 8 2017, Defendant documented Decedent’s claim that he had been “paranoid and suicidal.” Id. Plaintiffs 9 note that in the weeks preceding Decedent’s death, “Decedent was becoming increasing[ly] agitated and 10 had thought insertions.” Id. On January 29, 2018 – four days prior to his suicide – Decedent told 11 Defendant he has schizophrenia, needed anti-psychotic medicine, and had “psychosis [], see[s] shadows 12 [] [and] am paranoid.” Id. (citing Doc. 164-1, Ex. C Medical Records DEF 02198). Defendant, in 13 response, focused solely on impression management and assessed Decedent’s comments were “not 14 suggestive of genuine psychosis or biopolarity.” Id. 15 Plaintiffs separately assert that, during this same mental health encounter with Defendant four 16 days prior to Decedent’s death by suicide (e.g., January 29, 2018), Decedent told Defendant that “[he] 17 tried to kill [himself]-twice-they put [him] in EOP” (enhanced outpatient program), and that he had been 18 in a mental health crisis bed more than 30 times. Id. (citing Doc. 164-1, Ex. C Medical Records DEF 19 02198). But this assertion of fact is not accurate. Instead, the Decedent’s comment to Defendant in this 20 regard is listed within a section of the referenced medical record titled “subjective/history of present 21 illness.” Id. Decedent’s verbatim statement to Defendant is memorialized in earlier medical records, 22 including during Defendant’s second contact with Decedent on December 6, 2017. (See Doc. 164-1, 23 Ex. C Medical Records DEF 02238). Neither are Plaintiffs correct in asserting that on January 29, 2018, 24 Defendant diagnosed Decedent with adjustment disorder, polysubstance dependence, and antisocial 25 26

27 15 Although Dr. Khan annotates in her report the ‘DEF’ Bates-page number for numerous of the purported facts upon which she relies, she does not cite any document in support of her assertion that 28 Defendant attempted to lessen an anti-psychotic medication for Decedent, which prompted an email from a team member asking Defendant to stop such titration. 1 personality disorder – those references also appear in the “history of present illness” section of the cited 2 medical record and are expressly characterized as historical diagnoses. Id. 3 At the conclusion of Defendant’s final encounter with Decedent on January 29, 2018, Defendant 4 ordered that he would not see Decedent again for 11 to 12 weeks. Id. 5 Decedent had suffered a catastrophic weight loss from 196.2 pounds when he entered CCI on 6 November 9, 2017, to 139 pounds on the date of his suicide on February 2, 2018. Id. at 7-8. At the time 7 of his death, Decedent was at the lowest level of outpatient mental health care. Id. at 8. 8 APPLICABLE LAW 9 Summary judgment is appropriate where there is “no genuine dispute as to any material fact and 10 the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Washington Mutual Inc. 11 v. United States, 636 F.3d 1207, 1216 (9th Cir. 2011). An issue of fact is genuine only if there is 12 sufficient evidence for a reasonable fact finder to find for the non-moving party, while a fact is material 13 if it “might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 14 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986); Wool v. Tandem Computers, Inc., 818 F.2d 1422, 1436 (9th Cir. 1987). 15 Each party’s position must be supported by: (1) citing to particular portions of materials in the 16 record, including but not limited to depositions, documents, declarations, or discovery; or (2) showing 17 that the materials cited do not establish the presence or absence of a genuine dispute or that the opposing 18 party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1). A court may 19 consider other materials in the record not cited to by the parties, but it is not required to do so. See Fed. 20 R. Civ. P. 56(c)(3); Carmen v. San Francisco Unified School Dist., 237 F.3d 1026, 1031 (9th Cir. 2001) 21 (on summary judgment, “the court has discretion in appropriate circumstances to consider other 22 materials, [but] it need not do so”). Furthermore, “[a]t summary judgment, a party does not necessarily 23 have to produce evidence in a form that would be admissible at trial.” Nevada Dep’t of Corr. v. Greene, 24 648 F.3d 1014, 1019 (9th Cir. 2011) (citations and internal quotations omitted). The focus is on the 25 admissibility of the evidence’s contents rather than its form. Fonseca v. Sysco Food Servs. of Arizona, 26 Inc., 374 F.3d 840, 846 (9th Cir. 2004). 27 “The moving party initially bears the burden of proving the absence of a genuine issue of material 28 fact.” In re Oracle Corp. Sec. Litig., 627 F.3d 376, 387 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 1 477 U.S. at 317, 323 (1986)). To meet its burden, “the moving party must either produce evidence 2 negating an essential element of the nonmoving party’s claim or defense or show that the nonmoving 3 party does not have enough evidence of an essential element to carry its ultimate burden of persuasion 4 at trial.” Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co., Ltd. v. Fritz Cos., Inc., 210 F.3d 1099, 1102 (9th Cir. 2000). 5 If the moving party meets this initial burden, the burden then shifts to the non-moving party “to designate 6 specific facts demonstrating the existence of genuine issues for trial.” In re Oracle Corp. Sec. Litig., 7 627 F.3d at 387 (citing Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323). The non-moving party must “show more than 8 the mere existence of a scintilla of evidence.” Id. (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252). However, the 9 non-moving party is not required to establish a material issue of fact conclusively in its favor; it is 10 sufficient that “the claimed factual dispute be shown to require a jury or judge to resolve the parties’ 11 differing versions of the truth at trial.” T.W. Elec. Serv., 809 F.2d at 630. 12 The court must apply standards consistent with Rule 56 to determine whether the moving party 13 has demonstrated the absence of any genuine issue of material fact and that judgment is appropriate as 14 a matter of law. See Henry v. Gill Indus., Inc., 983 F.2d 943, 950 (9th Cir. 1993). “[A] court ruling on 15 a motion for summary judgment may not engage in credibility determinations or the weighing of 16 evidence.” Manley v. Rowley, 847 F.3d 705, 711 (9th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted). The evidence must 17 be viewed “in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party” and “all justifiable inferences” must be 18 drawn in favor of the nonmoving party. Orr v. Bank of America, NT & SA, 285 F.3d 764, 772 (9th Cir. 19 2002); Addisu v. Fred Meyer, Inc., 198 F.3d 1130, 1134 (9th Cir. 2000). 20 DISCUSSION 21 A. Plaintiffs’ Motion to Exclude Defendant’s Expert Witness 22 Plaintiffs seek to exclude Defendant’s expert witness, Dr. Marvin Firestone, as a sanction 23 pursuant to Rule 37 on the grounds that Defendant’s expert disclosure and the expert’s report are 24 deficient under Rule 26(a). (Doc. 161). Specifically, Plaintiffs argue that Dr. Firestone’s initial and 25 supplemented expert reports are vague, fail to disclose the facts or data he considered, and fail to 26 adequately disclose the basis for his expert opinions. See (Doc. 161-1 at 7-10). Plaintiffs separately 27 move the Court to exclude Dr. Firestone from testifying pursuant to Rule 702 on the grounds that he is 28 1 unqualified to offer the proffered opinions and such opinions are unreliable and not based on acceptable 2 methodology. (Doc. 162). 3 1. Legal Standard 4 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 provides in relevant part that “[i]n addition to the [initial] 5 disclosures required by Rule 26(a)(1), a party must disclose to the other parties the identity of any 6 [expert] witness it may use at trial.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(A); see Gorrell v. Sneath, No. 1:12-cv- 7 0554-JLT, 2013 WL 4517902, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 26, 2013). Parties are required to make these expert 8 disclosures “at the times and in the sequence that the court orders.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(D). 9 Separately, pursuant to Rule 26(e)(1)(A), “a party who has made a disclosure under Rule 26(a) - or who 10 has responded to an interrogatory, request for production, or request for admission - must supplement 11 or correct its disclosure or response in a timely manner if the party learns that in some material respect 12 the disclosure or response is incomplete or incorrect....” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(e)(1)(A). 13 Under Rule 37(c), a party that “fails to provide information or identify a witness as required by 14 Rule 26(a) or (e)” may not “use that information or witness to supply evidence ... at a trial, unless the 15 failure was substantially justified or is harmless.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1). See Yeti by Molly, Ltd. v. 16 Deckers Outdoor Corp., 259 F.3d 1101, 1106 (9th Cir. 2001) (“Rule 37(c)(1) gives teeth to these 17 requirements by forbidding the use at trial of any information required to be disclosed by Rule 26(a) 18 that is not properly disclosed.”). “The Advisory Committee Notes describe it as a ‘self-executing,’ 19 ‘automatic’ sanction to ‘provide[ ] a strong inducement for disclosure of material....’ ” Id. (quoting Fed. 20 R. Civ. P. 37 advisory committee's note (1993)). “Among the factors that may properly guide a district 21 court in determining whether a violation of a discovery deadline is justified or harmless are: (1) prejudice 22 or surprise to the party against whom the evidence is offered; (2) the ability of that party to cure the 23 prejudice; (3) the likelihood of disruption of the trial; and (4) bad faith or willfulness involved in not 24 timely disclosing the evidence.” Lanard Toys Ltd. v. Novelty, Inc., 375 Fed. Appx. 705, 713 (9th Cir. 25 2010) (citing David v. Caterpillar, Inc., 324 F.3d 851, 857 (7th Cir. 2003)). “The party facing sanctions 26 bears the burden of proving that its failure to disclose the required information was substantially justified 27 or harmless.” R & R Sails, Inc. v. Ins. Co. of Pa., 673 F.3d 1240, 1246 (9th Cir. 2012). 28 1 Relevant here, the sanction of evidence exclusion is not mandatory under Rule 37(c)(1). See 2 Bonzani v. Shinseki, No. 2:11-CV-0007-EFB, 2014 WL 66529, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 8, 2014) (finding 3 Rule 37(c)(1) exclusion sanctions are not mandatory, even when the insufficient disclosures are not 4 substantially justified or harmless). A court’s decision to exclude evidence is discretionary and the court 5 is given “particularly wide latitude ... to issue sanctions under Rule 37(c)(1).” Id. 6 2. Analysis 7 Plaintiffs originally filed a motion materially similar to their pending motions to exclude Dr. 8 Firestone on July 31, 2024. (Doc. 159). The day following the filing of Plaintiffs’ earlier motion, the 9 Court denied the motion for Plaintiffs’ failure to comply with the previously assigned magistrate judge’s 10 informal discovery dispute procedures, which the undersigned adopted upon reassignment of the case. 11 See (Doc. 160) (citing Docs. 98 and 151). Those procedures require a party – following unsuccessful 12 meet/confer efforts to resolve any discovery dispute and before filing a discovery motion – to “promptly 13 seek a telephonic hearing with all involved parties and the Magistrate Judge. It shall be the obligation 14 of the moving party to arrange and originate the conference call to the court.” Id. (citing Doc. 98, 15 “Scheduling Order,” at 3-4). 16 Plaintiffs did not seek an informal discovery dispute conference with the undersigned following 17 the denial of their earlier motion to exclude. Instead, approximately six weeks after their earlier motion 18 was denied, and only once discovery had closed, Plaintiffs re-filed a motion once again seeking to 19 exclude Dr. Firestone. (Doc. 161). At the motion hearing, when questioned why Plaintiffs failed to 20 pursue the mandatory informal discovery dispute procedures that the Court referenced in denying the 21 earlier motion, counsel for Plaintiffs appeared unaware of the procedures and could not offer an 22 explanation as to why the procedures were not followed. 23 Mandatory informal discovery dispute resolution procedures are implemented, in part, to afford 24 courts some modicum of relief from their overtaxed dockets by streamlining the resolution of discovery 25 disputes and obviating the need for cumbersome motion practice where possible. Such procedures 26 cannot facilitate the accomplishment of this goal unless they are followed and enforced. See, e.g., 27 Standard Ins. Co. v. Riley, No. CV619-084, 2022 WL 22891042, at *1 (S.D. Ga. Mar. 15, 2022) 28 1 (denying discovery motion for party’s failure to first pursue mandatory informal discovery dispute 2 resolution procedures). 3 Accordingly, because Plaintiffs violated the Scheduling Order and the requirement to seek an 4 informal discovery dispute conference and permission from the Court prior to filing any discovery 5 motion, the Court will exercise its broad discretion to decline to exclude Defendant’s expert, Dr. 6 Firestone. 7 B. Defendant’s Motion to Disqualify Plaintiffs’ Expert Witness 8 Defendant seeks an order from the Court disqualifying Plaintiffs’ expert witness, Dr. Salma K. 9 Khan, from involvement in the case due to a purported conflict of interest asserted by Dr. Khan’s 10 employer, the CDCR. Defendant argues disqualification (including the striking of her expert report 11 submitted in opposition to Defendant’s motion for summary judgment) is warranted “because her 12 employer CDCR instructed her to withdraw her declaration [filed by Plaintiffs in opposition to 13 Defendant’s motion for summary judgment] and withdraw from the case” and Dr. Khan has failed to 14 comply with CDCR’s purported instruction. (Doc. 175-1 at 2). Although Defendant cites Rule 702 in 15 his notice of motion as authority for disqualifying Dr. Khan, he cites no authority in the supporting 16 memorandum of law applying Rule 702 in such a manner; instead, the authorities cited by Defendant 17 address a court’s inherent powers as a basis for excluding an expert witness. 18 In support of the motion, Defendant attaches the declaration of Janelle Jenks, a CDCR human 19 resources employee, and various emails between CDCR employees and Dr. Khan relating to CDCR’s 20 demand that Dr. Khan withdraw her expert declaration and withdraw and recuse herself from further 21 involvement in this case at the risk of discipline.16 Defendant argues “fundamental fairness requires 22 disqualification” and that disqualifying Dr. Khan would promote public confidence in the legal system. 23 (Doc. 175-1 at 4-5). 24 In opposition, Plaintiffs argue disqualification is unwarranted given Defendant’s failure to 25 demonstrate that he and Dr. Khan ever entered into a confidential relationship or that Dr. Khan disclosed 26

27 16 Defendant also purports to include with his motion a joint statement he previously filed addressing the issues raised in his motion. See (Doc. 175-2 at ¶ 2, Exhibit A) (citing Doc. 161). However, that 28 filing does not relate to Defendant’s attempt to disqualify Plaintiffs’ expert; instead, the filing relates to Plaintiffs’ attempt to exclude Defendant’s expert. 1 any confidences in connection with her expert services. (Doc. 176 at 10-11). They further argue that 2 disqualification would subject them to “extreme prejudice” and would disrupt the proceedings. Id. at 3 13. 4 1. Legal Standard 5 “Courts are invested with inherent powers that are ‘governed not by rule or statute but by the 6 control necessarily vested in courts to manage their own affairs so as to achieve the orderly and 7 expeditious disposition of cases.’” Unigard Sec. Ins. Co. v. Lakewood Eng’g & Mfg. Corp., 982 F.2d 8 363, 368 (9th Cir. 1992) (quoting Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 43 (1991)). The Court of 9 Appeals has upheld the exclusion of expert testimony under a district court’s inherent powers in several 10 different contexts where the exclusion is “carefully fashioned,” including to sanction a party’s violation 11 of discovery rules or rules of professional responsibility or to remedy the party’s spoilation of evidence. 12 See Lewis v. Tel. Employees Credit Union, 87 F.3d 1537, 1557-59 (9th Cir. 1996) (citing cases; reversing 13 district court for abusing discretion in excluding expert from testifying). 14 2. Analysis 15 In support of his motion, Defendant cites district court cases for the proposition that 16 disqualification of an expert witness is appropriate where such relief is necessary to prevent the expert 17 from violating the privilege of confidentiality with her employer and, more generally, to preserve public 18 confidence in the fairness and integrity of judicial proceedings. 19 For instance, in Hewlett-Packard Co. v. EMC Corp., 330 F. Supp.2d 1087 (N.D. Cal. 2004). 20 (Doc. 175-1 at 3; Doc. 177 at 2),17 the district court declined to disqualify plaintiff’s expert witness 21 whom the defendant argued had breached promises to protect defendant’s confidential information. The 22 court noted that “disqualification is a drastic measure that courts should impose only hesitantly, 23 reluctantly, and rarely.” Id. at 1092 (citing inter alia Koch Ref. Co. v. Jennifer L. Boudreaux M/V, 85 24 F.3d 1178, 1181 (5th Cir. 1996). The court further noted that, absent a showing that the moving party 25 disclosed confidential information to the expert that is relevant to the current litigation, “disqualification 26 likely is inappropriate.” Id. at 1093 (citation omitted). 27 28 17 Defendant incorrectly cites this case as 330 F. Supp.2d 1086 (N.D. Cal. 2014). 1 Here, however, Defendant does not argue – let alone demonstrate – that Dr. Khan has procured 2 confidential information from her nonparty employer (CDCR) that she either has improperly disclosed 3 in her expert declaration or threatens to disclose in connection with her anticipated testimony. 4 The single binding authority cited by Defendant in support of his motion – Campbell Indus. v. 5 M/V Gemini, 619 F.2d 24 (9th Cir. 1980) – is not applicable here. See (Doc. 175-1 at 3; Doc. 177 at 2- 6 3). In that case, the Court of Appeals affirmed the district court’s exclusion of defendant’s expert 7 witness because plaintiff earlier noticed that same witness as its expert and defendant undertook ex parte 8 communications with the expert after plaintiff had identified him, in violation of Rule 26(b)(4). 9 Campbell Indus., 619 F.2d. at 27. There is no similar allegation or argument here that either side 10 improperly communicated with its adversary’s expert following the expert’s designation, and Defendant 11 does not attempt to argue that Plaintiffs have violated any discovery rule in noticing Dr. Khan as their 12 expert witness. 13 While protecting evidentiary privileges and promoting public confidence in the fidelity of court 14 proceedings are important equities, the undersigned finds that Defendant fails to advance any 15 compelling basis – whether based on these equities or otherwise – for the Court to strike Dr. Khan’s 16 expert declaration or preclude her from testifying at trial. Cf. Skidmore v. Led Zeppelin, 952 F.3d 1051, 17 1078 (9th Cir. 2020) (finding the district court did not abuse its “broad discretion” by permitting expert 18 to testify notwithstanding his alleged conflict of interest).18 19 C. Eighth Amendment Deliberate Indifference Claim Against Defendant 20 1. Legal Standard 21 “[T]he Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, made applicable 22 to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause, requires the State to provide 23 adequate medical care to incarcerated prisoners.” DeShaney v. Winnebago Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 24 489 U.S. 189, 198-99 (1989). To establish an Eighth Amendment claim on a condition of confinement, 25 such as medical care, a Plaintiff must show: (1) an objectively, sufficiently serious, deprivation, and (2) 26

27 18 Because the Court will deny Defendant’s motion to disqualify Dr. Khan, the Court will deny as moot Plaintiffs’ motion to strike Defendant’s reply in support of his motion for summary judgment 28 (Doc. 166), which ostensibly seeks the same or similar relief (i.e., to foreclose Defendant from arguing in favor of disqualifying Dr. Khan). 1 the official was, subjectively, deliberately indifferent to the inmate’s health or safety. Farmer v. 2 Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834 (1994). These two requirements are known as the objective and subjective 3 prongs of an Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference claim. Willhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 4 1122 (9th Cir. 2012); Hallett v. Morgan, 296 F.3d 732, 744 (9th Cir. 2002). 5 To satisfy the objective prong, there must be a “serious” medical need. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 6 U.S. 87, 104 (1976). A medical need is serious if failure to treat it will result in “significant injury or 7 the wanton infliction of pain.” Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting McGuckin 8 v. Smith, 974 F.2d 1050, 1059 (9th Cir. 1992), overruled on other grounds by WMX Techs., Inc. v. 9 Miller, 104 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 1997) (en banc)). “[T]he conditions presenting the risk must be ‘sure or 10 very likely to cause ... needless suffering,’ and give rise to ‘sufficiently imminent dangers.’” Baze v. 11 Rees, 553 U.S. 35, 50 (2008) (Roberts, C.J., plurality opinion) (quoting Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 12 25, 35 (1993)). 13 As to the subjective prong, there must be deliberate indifference. Deliberate indifference is “a 14 state of mind more blameworthy than negligence” and “requires ‘more than ordinary lack of due care 15 for the prisoner’s interests or safety.’” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 835 (1994) (quoting Whitley v. Albers, 475 16 U.S. 312, 319 (1986)); see Toguchi v. Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1060 (9th Cir. 2004) (“Deliberate 17 indifference is a high legal standard”). Although the state of mind for deliberate indifference commonly 18 is characterized as “subjective recklessness,” that standard is “less stringent in cases involving a 19 prisoner’s medical needs ... because the State’s responsibility to provide inmates with medical care 20 ordinarily does not conflict with competing administrative concerns.” Snow v. McDaniel, 681 F.3d 978, 21 985 (9th Cir. 2012) (internal quotations and citations omitted). Thus, deliberate indifference is shown 22 when a prison official knows that an inmate faces a substantial risk of serious harm and disregards that 23 risk by failing to take reasonable measures to abate it. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 847; see Gibson v. Cnty. of 24 Washoe, Nevada, 290 F.3d 1175, 1187 (9th Cir. 2002). 25 The defendant must not only “be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a 26 substantial risk of serious harm exists,” but he “must also draw the inference.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. 27 “If a [prison official] should have been aware of the risk, but was not, then the [official] has not violated 28 the Eighth Amendment, no matter how severe the risk.” Gibson, 290 F.3d at 1188 (citation omitted). 1 This “subjective approach” focuses only “on what a defendant’s mental attitude actually was.” Farmer, 2 511 U.S. at 839. See Disability Rights Montana, Inc. v. Batista, 930 F.3d 1090, 1101 (9th Cir. 2019) 3 (“The second prong is met upon showing of deliberate indifference, which, as Farmer makes clear, is 4 shown adequately when a prison official is aware of the facts from which an inference could be drawn 5 about the outstanding risk, and the facts permit us to infer that the prison official in fact drew that 6 inference, but then consciously avoided taking appropriate action.”). Whether a defendant possessed 7 subjective knowledge is a factual question that is “subject to demonstration in the usual ways, including 8 inference from circumstantial evidence.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842. 9 The Ninth Circuit holds that “[a] heightened suicide risk or an attempted suicide is a serious 10 medical need.” Conn v. City of Reno, 591 F.3d 1081, 1095 (9th Cir. 2010), vacated, 563 U.S. 915 11 (2011), opinion reinstated in relevant part, 658 F.3d 89 (9th Cir. 2011). Accord Simmons v. Navajo 12 Cnty., Arizona, 609 F.3d 1011, 1018 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Conn, 591 F.3d at 1095), overruled on other 13 grounds by Castro v. Cnty. of LA., 833 F.3d 1060 (9th Cir. 2016) (en banc). Where the alleged deliberate 14 indifference involves an inmate’s death by suicide, the Ninth Circuit has articulated the subjective test 15 as follows: “To proceed to trial, [plaintiffs] must adduce evidence raising a triable issue that [defendant 16 knew decedent] was ‘in substantial danger’ of killing himself yet deliberately ignored such risk.” See 17 id. at 1019 (quoting Clouthier v. Cnty. of Contra Costa, 591 F.3d 1232, 1248 (9th Cir.2010)). See also 18 id. (“We cannot agree, however, that the evidence supports the inference that [defendant knew decedent] 19 ‘was at acute risk of harm’ at the time he killed himself”) (quoting Conn, 591 F.3d at 1097) (emphasis 20 added). 21 A mere difference of opinion as to what medically acceptable course of treatment should be 22 followed does not establish deliberate indifference. See Sanchez v. Vild, 891 F.2d 240, 242 (9th Cir. 23 1989) (plaintiff’s evidence that a doctor told him surgery was necessary to treat his recurring abscesses 24 showed only a difference of opinion as to the proper course of care where prison medical staff treated 25 his recurring abscesses with medicine and hot packs). “[T]o prevail on a claim involving choices 26 between alternative courses of treatment, a prisoner must show that the chosen course of treatment ‘was 27 medically unacceptable under the circumstances,’ and was chosen ‘in conscious disregard of an 28 excessive risk to [the prisoner’s] health.’” Toguchi, 391 F.3d at 1058. 1 2. Analysis 2 Defendant does not challenge that Plaintiffs satisfy the objective prong of the deliberate 3 indifference inquiry – that Decedent had serious medical needs relating to his mental health conditions 4 while incarcerated. Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104 (“To satisfy the objective prong, there must be a ‘serious’ 5 medical need.”); (Doc. 163); (Doc. 164 p. 4) (“In his motion, Defendant does not argue that Decedent’s 6 suicidality was not a serious medical need.”). Indeed, the Ninth Circuit has expressly recognized that a 7 heightened risk of suicide can present a serious medical need. See, e.g., Simmons, 609 F.3d at 1018 8 (supra). The issue presented by Defendant’s motion for summary judgment is whether Defendant was 9 subjectively aware that Decedent faced a substantial risk of serious harm and disregarded that risk by 10 failing to take reasonable measures to abate it. (Doc. 163 p. 5) (“In order to succeed on their claim, 11 Plaintiffs must make a subjective showing that the alleged deprivation of adequate medical care occurred 12 with deliberate indifference to the [Decedent]’s health or safety.”); (Doc. 164 p. 4) (“[T]he motion 13 focuses entirely on whether or not Defendant acted with deliberate indifference.”). 14 In arguing that no genuine issues of material fact exist regarding whether Defendant acted with 15 deliberate indifference (Doc. 163 at 3-6), Defendant inaptly and repeatedly refers the Court to allegations 16 in the complaint instead of citing record evidence for the proposition that no issues of fact remain. E.g., 17 id. at 4 (“Even construing the allegations in the Complaint in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, the 18 specific allegations against Defendant Dr. Narayan do not show this level of deliberate indifference.”) 19 and (“Plaintiff’s Complaint notes that …”); id. at 5 (“Plaintiff’s Complaint is based on a hindsight 20 evaluation of Dr. Narayan’s actions, …”). Indeed, although Defendant filed a statement of undisputed 21 facts in support of his motion for summary judgment, his six-page legal memorandum does not contain 22 a single citation to record evidence.19 23 24 25 19 Although the Court will deny Plaintiffs’ motions to exclude Defendant’s expert witness (Dr. 26 Firestone), who opines that Defendant acted within the standard of care and that his care was unrelated to Decedent’s death, Plaintiff inexplicably fails to rely on or even cite Dr. Firestone’s opinions in his 27 summary judgment papers. See (Docs. 163-1 & 163-4); see also (Doc 161-2). Accordingly, the undersigned does not consider Dr. Firestone’s opinions in recommending denial of Defendant’s 28 motion. See Carmen, 237 F.3d at 1031 (on summary judgment, court is within its discretion to disregard record materials not cited or relied upon by the moving party). 1 In support of his argument that Defendant was not subjectively aware of or drew an inference 2 that Decedent was at an acute risk of harm, Defendant characterizes his involvement with Decedent’s 3 care and treatment as “minimal,” noting that he saw Decedent only four times via telemedicine. (Doc. 4 163 pp. 3-6). Defendant also asserts that those who were directly involved in Decedent’s care were not 5 under his supervision. Id. at 6. Defendant notes that though he was able to make recommendations 6 regarding psychological testing, and while he did in fact make such recommendations, he had “no 7 authority to require that such testing be done.” Id. Defendant points out that Plaintiffs do not allege 8 that Defendant violated any of the protocols relating to mental health treatment in California correctional 9 facilities, nor do Plaintiffs allege that Defendant had any authority to go beyond what those protocols 10 require in this case. Id. Defendant argues that “[a]ll that is left is difference of opinion[,]” which “does 11 not establish [] deliberate indifference.” Id. Thus, Defendant contends there is no genuine issue of fact 12 regarding his liability for Decedent’s suicide. Id. 13 In his reply, Defendant fixates on Decedent’s history of hoarding medication he prescribed and 14 seeks to direct blame to others: “[t]he staff at the Kern Valley State Prison in direct contact with the 15 [D]ecedent failed to take appropriate action,” and, “[t]he responsibility to see that Decedent ingested the 16 medication lies with the prison staff in direct contact with [Decedent].” (Doc. 165 at 3-4). 17 Relying largely on the expert report and declaration of Dr. Khan, Plaintiffs argue that the record 18 is replete with disputed issues of material fact concerning Defendant’s deliberate indifference sufficient 19 to defeat summary judgment. In her report, Dr. Khan faults Defendant as being deliberately indifferent 20 in choosing to ignore the diagnoses of others (i.e., the authors of medical reports who diagnosed 21 Decedent’s mental health conditions) and Decedent’s long history of mental health issues, suicidal 22 ideations and repeated placement in crisis beds in deference to Defendant’s unsupported belief that 23 Decedent’s only problem was “impression management.”20 Dr. Khan further disputes Defendant’s 24

25 20 Although Dr. Khan would not be permitted at trial to testify that Defendant was deliberately indifferent, she could testify as to how a hypothetical doctor operating under circumstances similar to 26 those relevant here reasonably would have cared for Decedent consistent with applicable medical standards. See Nationwide Transp. Fin. v. Cass Info. Sys., Inc., 523 F.3d 1051, 1058 (9th Cir. 2008) 27 (holding an expert witness cannot give an opinion as to her legal conclusion, i.e., an opinion on an ultimate issue of law); Zeen v. County of Sonoma, No. 17-cv-02056-LB, 2018 WL 3769867, *3 (N.D. 28 Cal. Aug. 9, 2018) (permitting police practices expert to testify as to “what a hypothetical reasonable officer might have done” under defined circumstances); Cotton v. City of Eureka, Cal., No. C 08– 1 contention that he was a mere consultant, noting such characterization of his role is inconsistent with 2 the fact that Defendant prescribed (and de-prescribed) medications, requested and reviewed Decedent’s 3 treatment records, and undertook over a short period of time four treatment encounters with Decedent. 4 The undersigned finds there are disputed issues of material fact as to Defendant’s awareness of 5 Decedent’s serious medical needs warranting denial of Defendant’s motion for summary judgment. 6 Taken in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, a trier of fact could conclude that Defendant was “aware 7 of the facts from which an inference could be drawn about the outstanding risk” of suicide to Defendant. 8 See Disability Rights Montana, Inc., 930 F.3d at 1101. In addition to the evidence noted above on which 9 Dr. Khan rests her opinion – including medical records documenting Decedent’s mental health history 10 and Defendant’s documented acknowledgement of Decedent’s claimed mental health issues – 11 Defendant’s awareness of the risk to Decedent is starkly illustrated in his email to Dr. Celosse after his 12 second encounter with Decedent, in which he suggested that Decedent “might be a good candidate for 13 referral for psych testing (if possible) to rule out malingering,” and implored Dr. Celosse, “[l]et me know 14 your thoughts/concerns.” (Doc. 164-1 n, Ex. C Medical Records DEF 05339). Intentional ignorance of 15 an obvious risk is not a defense to deliberate indifference. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842; see Coleman v. 16 Wilson, 912 F. Supp. 1282, 1316 (E.D. Cal. 1995) (defendants cannot escape liability by turning a blind 17 eye to facts or inferences strongly suspected to be true). 18 In all events, when the risk is not obvious, the requisite knowledge may still be inferred by 19 evidence showing that the defendant refused to verify underlying facts or declined to confirm inferences 20 that he strongly suspected to be true. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842. Taken in the light most favorable to 21 Plaintiffs, a jury reasonably could conclude that the facts demonstrate Defendant, at the least, refused to 22 verify his suspicions and declined to confirm his strongly-held belief that Decedent did not have 23 “genuine” mental health issues. Notwithstanding his suggestion to Decedent’s then-attending 24 psychologist (Dr. Celosse) that Decedent be subjected to psychological testing, Dr. Celosse departed 25 CCI shortly after the recommendation and it is unclear from the record whether any psychologist 26 27 04386 SBA, 2010 WL 5154945, at *19 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 14, 2010) (plaintiffs’ expert on police 28 procedures permitted to offer opinion as to whether officers’ use of force was consistent with agency policy and legal requirements). 1 replaced her. What is clear is that Defendant undertook no efforts to see that his recommendation for 2 psychological testing was pursued. 3 The undersigned further finds there are disputed issues of material fact that Defendant inferred 4 Plaintiff was at acute risk of harm and “consciously avoided taking appropriate action.” Disability 5 Rights Montana, Inc., 930 F.3d at 1101. Among other deficiencies in the care he administered to 6 Decedent, Dr. Khan notes Defendant improperly: (1) failed to consider differential diagnoses; (2) failed 7 to order more mental health care, proper medications, and suicide risk assessments; (3) failed to move 8 Decedent to a level of care more appropriate to his diagnoses; (4) discontinued Decedent’s 9 antidepressant without seeing him or discussing it with him; (5) failed to notice or act on Decedent’s 10 catastrophic weight loss; (6) failed to ensure a continuity of care with a single clinician; (7) failed to 11 follow-up his recommendation for psychological evaluation after Dr. Celosse left CCI in December 12 2017; and (8) failed to obtain a second opinion from another psychiatrist regarding his discounting 13 Decedent’s mental health concerns as not “genuine.” (Doc. 164 pp. 8-9). Importantly, Dr. Khan 14 specifically finds that Defendant’s discontinuance of Decedent’s medications for psychosis, mood and 15 depression, without a definitive diagnosis, was beyond gross negligence and demonstrates deliberate 16 indifference. Id. at 6-7. Dr. Khan likewise opines that Defendant’s order not to see Decedent for 11 to 17 12 weeks following his last contact with Decedent was medically unacceptable and demonstrates 18 deliberate indifference. Id. at 7. 19 Defendant’s suggestion that he was not authorized to undertake any higher level of care given 20 his position and, thus, could not have been deliberately indifferent towards Decedent, is clouded by 21 disputed issues of material fact. Thus, for instance, while Defendant characterizes himself as a mere 22 “consultant” and not a supervisor of other medical professionals at CCI delivering care, Dr. Khan attests 23 that, in fact, as chief of psychiatry at CCI, Defendant was the leader of Decedent’s treatment team. 24 Similarly, while Defendant characterizes his involvement in Decedent’s care as marginal and secondary 25 to the direct care of onsite providers such as Dr. Celosse, Defendant retained the ability to control 26 Decedent’s prescription regimen and actively evaluated Decedent and regularly assessed his mental 27 health in a manner reflecting that this involvement was greater than suggested. 28 1 Separately, the undersigned finds unpersuasive Defendant’s argument that, even considering any 2 purported disputed facts as summarized above, “[a]ll that is left is [a] difference of opinion” between 3 Defendant and Decedent or between Defendant and other medical professionals that does not rise to 4 level of deliberate indifference. (Doc. 163 at 5-6). It is true that the Court of Appeals has held that 5 differences of medical opinion do not arise to deliberate indifference where the challenged treatment 6 was medically acceptable – for instance, where the dispute involves a decision to undertake (or forgo) 7 surgery instead of treating a medical issue in an alternative manner, or a decision to treat a medical 8 condition with one medication instead of another acceptable medication. See Sanchez, 891 F.2d at 242; 9 Toguchi, 391 F.3d at 1058. In contrast here, as summarized above, Defendant fails to rebut Plaintiffs’ 10 showing that disputed issues of material fact remain that show his “chosen course of treatment ‘was 11 medically unacceptable under the circumstances,’ and was chosen ‘in conscious disregard of an 12 excessive risk to [Decedent’s] health.” Toguchi, 391 F.3d at 1058. See Snow v. McDaniel, 681 F.3d 13 978, 988 (9th Cir. 2012) (“The defendants argue that this was merely a difference of opinion that cannot 14 amount to deliberate indifference. We disagree. Based on the unchallenged medical records and 15 inferences drawn in favor of Snow, a reasonable jury could conclude that the decision of the non- 16 treating, non-specialist physicians to repeatedly deny the recommendations for surgery was medically 17 unacceptable under all of the circumstances.”). 18 While a jury could find that Defendant reasonably did not appreciate the extent of the medical 19 risk Decedent faced or that Defendant took objectively reasonable measures to abate the risk he did 20 perceive, on this record, the facts taken in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs reveal a jury could 21 conclude Defendant’s conduct constitutes deliberate indifference. 22 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATION 23 Based on the foregoing, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED: 24 1. Plaintiffs’ motions to exclude Defendant’s expert witness (Docs. 161, 162) are DENIED; 25 2. Defendant’s motion to disqualify Plaintiff’s expert witness (Doc. 175) is DENIED; and 26 3. Plaintiffs’ motion to strike Defendant’s reply brief (Doc. 166) is DENIED. 27 /// 28 /// 1 And IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED: 2 1. Defendant’s motion for summary judgment (Doc. 163) be DENIED. 3 These Findings and Recommendations will be submitted to the United States District Juds 4 || assigned to this case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within 14 days after beit 5 || served with a copy of these Findings and Recommendations, a party may file written objections wi 6 || the Court. Local Rule 304(b). The document should be captioned, “Objections to Magistrate Judge 7 || Findings and Recommendations” and shall not exceed 15 pages without leave of Court and good cau: 8 || shown. The Court will not consider exhibits attached to the Objections. To the extent a party wishes 9 || refer to any exhibit(s), the party should reference the exhibit in the record by its CM/ECF document ar 10 || page number, when possible, or otherwise reference the exhibit with specificity. Any pages filed 11 || excess of the 15-page limitation may be disregarded by the District Judge when reviewing these Findin; 12 || and Recommendations under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(I)(C). A party’s failure to file any objections with 13 || the specified time may result in the waiver of certain rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.: 14 || 834, 839 (9th Cir. 2014). 15 |) TT IS SO ORDERED. 16 Haar Dated: _ November 22, 2024 17 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28