1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 MALANJE PHEA, No. 2:20-cv-1081 AC P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER AND FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 JASON JACOBO, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff, a state prisoner proceeding pro se, seeks relief pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and 18 has requested leave to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915. 19 I. Application to Proceed In Forma Pauperis 20 Plaintiff has submitted a declaration that makes the showing required by 28 U.S.C. 21 § 1915(a). ECF No. 7. Accordingly, the request to proceed in forma pauperis will be granted. 22 Plaintiff is required to pay the statutory filing fee of $350.00 for this action. 28 U.S.C. 23 §§ 1914(a), 1915(b)(1). By this order, plaintiff will be assessed an initial partial filing fee in 24 accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1). By separate order, the court will direct 25 the appropriate agency to collect the initial partial filing fee from plaintiff’s trust account and 26 forward it to the Clerk of the Court. Thereafter, plaintiff will be obligated for monthly payments 27 of twenty percent of the preceding month’s income credited to plaintiff’s prison trust account. 28 These payments will be forwarded by the appropriate agency to the Clerk of the Court each time 1 the amount in plaintiff’s account exceeds $10.00, until the filing fee is paid in full. 28 U.S.C. 2 § 1915(b)(2). 3 II. Statutory Screening of Prisoner Complaints 4 The court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a 5 governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). The 6 court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims that are 7 “frivolous, malicious, or fail[] to state a claim upon which relief may be granted,” or that “seek[] 8 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b). 9 A claim “is [legally] frivolous where it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.” 10 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989); Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1227-28 (9th 11 Cir. 1984). “[A] judge may dismiss . . . claims which are ‘based on indisputably meritless legal 12 theories’ or whose ‘factual contentions are clearly baseless.’” Jackson v. Arizona, 885 F.2d 639, 13 640 (9th Cir. 1989) (quoting Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 327), superseded by statute on other grounds as 14 stated in Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000). The critical inquiry is whether a 15 constitutional claim, however inartfully pleaded, has an arguable legal and factual basis. 16 Franklin, 745 F.2d at 1227-28 (citations omitted). 17 “Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only ‘a short and plain statement of the 18 claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,’ in order to ‘give the defendant fair notice of 19 what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 20 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (alteration in original) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 21 (1957)). “Failure to state a claim under § 1915A incorporates the familiar standard applied in the 22 context of failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).” Wilhelm v. 23 Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1121 (9th Cir. 2012) (citations omitted). In order to survive dismissal 24 for failure to state a claim, a complaint must contain more than “a formulaic recitation of the 25 elements of a cause of action;” it must contain factual allegations sufficient “to raise a right to 26 relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (citations omitted). “‘[T]he 27 pleading must contain something more . . . than . . . a statement of facts that merely creates a 28 //// 1 suspicion [of] a legally cognizable right of action.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting 5 Charles 2 Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1216 (3d ed. 2004)). 3 “[A] complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to 4 relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting 5 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual 6 content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 7 misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). In reviewing a complaint under this 8 standard, the court must accept as true the allegations of the complaint in question, Hosp. Bldg. 9 Co. v. Trs. of the Rex Hosp., 425 U.S. 738, 740 (1976) (citation omitted), as well as construe the 10 pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and resolve all doubts in the plaintiff’s favor, 11 Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969) (citations omitted). 12 III. Complaint 13 The complaint states a total of ten claims, one against each of ten defendants. ECF No. 1. 14 It appears from plaintiff’s allegations that he was convicted in Sacramento County of sex crimes 15 against minors. The first seven claims implicate the validity of the conviction(s); the final three 16 claims challenge plaintiff’s classification within CDCR and his consequent ineligibility for 17 sentencing relief under various California criminal justice reforms. More specifically, the 18 complaint alleges that the following conduct violated plaintiff’s civil rights. 19 Claim One alleges that Detective Jason Jacobo of the Elk Grove Police Department 20 fabricated evidence against plaintiff, filed unfounded charges, and improperly obtained search 21 warrants. ECF No. 1 at 4-5. Claim Two alleges that Assistant District Attorney Shelly McGill 22 filed false charges and engaged in various acts of misconduct in relation to plaintiff’s prosecution. 23 Id. at 6-7. Claim Three alleges that Assistant Public Defender Amanda Benson provided 24 ineffective assistance in numerous specified ways. Id. at 8-9. Claims Four through Seven allege 25 various types of judicial misconduct by, respectively, Superior Court Judges David W. Abbott, 26 Steve White, Kevin J. McCormick, and Timothy M. Frawley. ECF No. 1 at 10-17.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 MALANJE PHEA, No. 2:20-cv-1081 AC P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER AND FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 JASON JACOBO, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff, a state prisoner proceeding pro se, seeks relief pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and 18 has requested leave to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915. 19 I. Application to Proceed In Forma Pauperis 20 Plaintiff has submitted a declaration that makes the showing required by 28 U.S.C. 21 § 1915(a). ECF No. 7. Accordingly, the request to proceed in forma pauperis will be granted. 22 Plaintiff is required to pay the statutory filing fee of $350.00 for this action. 28 U.S.C. 23 §§ 1914(a), 1915(b)(1). By this order, plaintiff will be assessed an initial partial filing fee in 24 accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1). By separate order, the court will direct 25 the appropriate agency to collect the initial partial filing fee from plaintiff’s trust account and 26 forward it to the Clerk of the Court. Thereafter, plaintiff will be obligated for monthly payments 27 of twenty percent of the preceding month’s income credited to plaintiff’s prison trust account. 28 These payments will be forwarded by the appropriate agency to the Clerk of the Court each time 1 the amount in plaintiff’s account exceeds $10.00, until the filing fee is paid in full. 28 U.S.C. 2 § 1915(b)(2). 3 II. Statutory Screening of Prisoner Complaints 4 The court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a 5 governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). The 6 court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims that are 7 “frivolous, malicious, or fail[] to state a claim upon which relief may be granted,” or that “seek[] 8 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b). 9 A claim “is [legally] frivolous where it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.” 10 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989); Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1227-28 (9th 11 Cir. 1984). “[A] judge may dismiss . . . claims which are ‘based on indisputably meritless legal 12 theories’ or whose ‘factual contentions are clearly baseless.’” Jackson v. Arizona, 885 F.2d 639, 13 640 (9th Cir. 1989) (quoting Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 327), superseded by statute on other grounds as 14 stated in Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000). The critical inquiry is whether a 15 constitutional claim, however inartfully pleaded, has an arguable legal and factual basis. 16 Franklin, 745 F.2d at 1227-28 (citations omitted). 17 “Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only ‘a short and plain statement of the 18 claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,’ in order to ‘give the defendant fair notice of 19 what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 20 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (alteration in original) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 21 (1957)). “Failure to state a claim under § 1915A incorporates the familiar standard applied in the 22 context of failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).” Wilhelm v. 23 Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1121 (9th Cir. 2012) (citations omitted). In order to survive dismissal 24 for failure to state a claim, a complaint must contain more than “a formulaic recitation of the 25 elements of a cause of action;” it must contain factual allegations sufficient “to raise a right to 26 relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (citations omitted). “‘[T]he 27 pleading must contain something more . . . than . . . a statement of facts that merely creates a 28 //// 1 suspicion [of] a legally cognizable right of action.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting 5 Charles 2 Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1216 (3d ed. 2004)). 3 “[A] complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to 4 relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting 5 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual 6 content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 7 misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). In reviewing a complaint under this 8 standard, the court must accept as true the allegations of the complaint in question, Hosp. Bldg. 9 Co. v. Trs. of the Rex Hosp., 425 U.S. 738, 740 (1976) (citation omitted), as well as construe the 10 pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and resolve all doubts in the plaintiff’s favor, 11 Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969) (citations omitted). 12 III. Complaint 13 The complaint states a total of ten claims, one against each of ten defendants. ECF No. 1. 14 It appears from plaintiff’s allegations that he was convicted in Sacramento County of sex crimes 15 against minors. The first seven claims implicate the validity of the conviction(s); the final three 16 claims challenge plaintiff’s classification within CDCR and his consequent ineligibility for 17 sentencing relief under various California criminal justice reforms. More specifically, the 18 complaint alleges that the following conduct violated plaintiff’s civil rights. 19 Claim One alleges that Detective Jason Jacobo of the Elk Grove Police Department 20 fabricated evidence against plaintiff, filed unfounded charges, and improperly obtained search 21 warrants. ECF No. 1 at 4-5. Claim Two alleges that Assistant District Attorney Shelly McGill 22 filed false charges and engaged in various acts of misconduct in relation to plaintiff’s prosecution. 23 Id. at 6-7. Claim Three alleges that Assistant Public Defender Amanda Benson provided 24 ineffective assistance in numerous specified ways. Id. at 8-9. Claims Four through Seven allege 25 various types of judicial misconduct by, respectively, Superior Court Judges David W. Abbott, 26 Steve White, Kevin J. McCormick, and Timothy M. Frawley. ECF No. 1 at 10-17. 27 Claims Eight through Ten allege respectively that Correctional Counselor S. Borge, 28 Supervisor Mrs. Mills, and CCRA E. Racacho, all of Duel Vocational Institution, provided false 1 case status information, refused to correct false case status information, and misclassified plaintiff 2 as a high security risk. As a result, plaintiff was transferred to a high security prison, subject to 3 involuntary placement in segregated housing, and wrongly deprived of consideration under 4 Propositions 36, 47, and 57. ECF No. 1 at 18-23. 5 Plaintiff seeks compensatory and punitive damages. Id. at 24. 6 IV. Failure to State a Claim 7 A. Claims One Through Seven Are Heck-Barred 8 In Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 487 (1994), the Supreme Court held that a prisoner 9 may not proceed on a claim for damages under § 1983 if a judgment favoring plaintiff “would 10 necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence.” In such a case, plaintiff is 11 foreclosed from proceeding absent proof that the conviction or sentence has been reversed, 12 expunged or invalidated. Id. at 486-487. Claims One through Seven of the complaint before the 13 court all necessarily imply the invalidity of plaintiff’s conviction. Each of these claims 14 challenges an aspect of the investigation, prosecution, and/or adjudication of the case against 15 plaintiff. Each claim includes an assertion of plaintiff’s innocence, and alleges directly or by 16 implication that defendant’s actions caused a wrongful conviction. Under Heck, plaintiff is 17 barred from bringing such claims for damages unless and until his conviction has been set aside. 18 B. The Judge and Attorney Defendants Are Not Amenable to Suit 19 A judge is absolutely immune from suits seeking monetary damages for acts performed in 20 his or her judicial capacity. Mireles v. Waco, 502 U.S. 9 (1991). Plaintiff’s allegations against 21 each of the four judicial defendants involve acts performed in their judicial capacities. Plaintiff 22 states that each judge violated his due process rights “through their private conduct,” see, e.g., 23 ECF No. 1 at 10, but immunity turns on the nature of the conduct and not on plaintiff’s 24 characterization of it. The factual statement as to each judge describes adjudicative acts taken in 25 plaintiff’s criminal case. Because the subject matter jurisdiction of superior court judges includes 26 criminal cases, none of the judicial defendants was acting in the “complete absence of all 27 jurisdiction,” such that they might be civilly liable for any wrongs done to plaintiff. See Miller v. 28 Davis, 521 F.3d 1142, 1147 (9th Cir. 2008). 1 Prosecutors performing their traditional functions as advocates are also immune from civil 2 liability for any misconduct they may commit. Kalina v. Fletcher, 522 U.S. 118, 125 (1997). 3 Plaintiff’s Claim Two alleges prosecutorial misconduct in the course of a criminal case. Because 4 the conduct at issue was “intimately associated with the judicial phase of the criminal process,” 5 absolute immunity applies. Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 430 (1976). 6 Although the protection afforded to public defenders is not an immunity, it is well- 7 established that a public defender is not a person who acts “under color of law” within the 8 meaning of § 1983. Polk County v. Dodson, 454 U.S. 312, 325 (1981). When a public defender 9 is “performing a lawyer’s traditional functions as counsel to a defendant in a criminal 10 proceeding,” a § 1983 claim therefore does not lie. Id. Here, plaintiff alleges ineffective 11 assistance of counsel leading to a wrongful conviction. This may be a cognizable basis for a 12 habeas claim, but it does not support a claim for damages as a matter of law. And potential 13 claims for legal malpractice do not come within the jurisdiction of the federal courts. Franklin v. 14 Oregon, 662 F.2d 1337, 1344 (9th Cir. 1981). Accordingly, Claim Three does not state any claim 15 for relief. 16 C. Claims Eight Through Ten Fail to Present a Federal Claim 17 Plaintiff’s allegations of error and misconduct in the prison classification process fail to 18 state a claim for relief under the due process clause. A prisoner has no liberty interest in his 19 security classification, and therefore a dispute regarding classification cannot support a due 20 process claim. See Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. 215, 224-25 (1976); Myron v. Terhune, 476 F.3d 21 716, 718 (9th Cir. 2007). The calculation of security classification and related matters are 22 governed exclusively by state law and CDCR policy, and therefore will not support a § 1983 23 claim. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (establishing liability for deprivation of rights under federal law). 24 To the extent that plaintiff challenges his exclusion from consideration for sentence reduction or 25 other benefits under various California criminal justice reforms, that is also a state law matter 26 which is outside the scope of this court’s review. Plaintiff may not “transform a state law issue 27 into a federal one merely by asserting a violation of due process.” Langford v. Day, 110 F.3d 28 1380, 1389 (9th Cir. 1996). 1 V. No Leave to Amend 2 Leave to amend need not be granted when amendment would be futile. Hartmann v. 3 CDCR, 707 F.3d 1114, 1130 (9th Cir. 2013). “Courts are not required to grant leave to amend if 4 a complaint lacks merit entirely.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1129 (9th Cir. 2000). Here, 5 none of the complaint’s defects can be cured by amendment. Plaintiff’s claims against numerous 6 absolutely immune defendants, his claim against his public defender, and all claims implying the 7 invalidity of his conviction fail as a matter of law and cannot be saved by the pleading of 8 additional facts. Plaintiff’s challenge to his prison classification fails to suggest any cognizable 9 federal claim or theory of relief. Accordingly, leave to amend should not be provided. 10 VI. Plain Language Summary of this Order for a Pro Se Litigant 11 Your application to proceed in forma pauperis is granted and you are not required to pay 12 the entire filing fee immediately. 13 The court has screened your complaint and finds that it does not state a claim for relief. 14 You cannot bring a civil rights lawsuit for damages that implies you were wrongfully prosecuted 15 and convicted. You must get your conviction overturned before you can sue anyone. Even if 16 your conviction is reversed, though, you can’t sue judges or prosecutors for things they do 17 handling cases. You can’t bring a section 1983 claim against a public defender, either. And you 18 can’t base a due process claim on your classification within CDCR. Because these problems with 19 your claims are not ones that can be fixed, the magistrate judge is recommending that your case 20 be dismissed. 21 CONCLUSION 22 In accordance with the above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 23 1. Plaintiff’s request for leave to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 7) is granted. 24 2. Plaintiff is obligated to pay the statutory filing fee of $350.00 for this action. Plaintiff 25 is assessed an initial partial filing fee in accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. 26 § 1915(b)(1). All fees shall be collected and paid in accordance with this court’s order to the 27 Director of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation filed concurrently 28 herewith. 1 3. The Clerk of Court is directed to randomly assign a district judge to this action. 2 It is FURTHER RECOMMENDED that: 3 1. The complaint be DISMISSED pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a), without leave to 4 || amend, for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted; and 5 2. This case be CLOSED. 6 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 7 || assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within fourteen (14) 8 | days after being served with these findings and recommendations, plaintiff may file written 9 || objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned 10 || “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Plaintiff is advised that 11 | failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District 12 || Court’s order. Martinez v. YIst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 13 | DATED: June 17, 2021. 14 ~ 15 ththienr—Chnp—e_ ALLISON CLAIRE 16 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28