(PC) Ibuado v. Federal Prison Atwater

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 6 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 7 8 GERALD IBUADO, Case No.: 1:22-cv-00651-AWI-BAM (PC) 9 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO DISMISS ACTION, WITH PREJUDICE, FOR 10 v. FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM, FAILURE TO OBEY COURT ORDER, AND FAILURE 11 FEDERAL PRISON ATWATER, et al., TO PROSECUTE 12 Defendants. (ECF No. 18)

13 FOURTEEN (14) DAY DEADLINE

14 15 I. Background 16 Plaintiff Gerald Ibuado (“Plaintiff”) is a former federal prisoner proceeding pro se and in 17 forma pauperis in this civil rights action pursuant Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of 18 Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971). 19 On November 8, 2022, the Court screened Plaintiff’s first amended complaint and issued 20 findings and recommendations that this action be dismissed for failure to state a cognizable claim 21 upon which relief may be granted. (ECF No. 14.) On January 10, 2023, Plaintiff filed a motion 22 requesting that the Court allow his case to proceed, and providing additional factual information 23 linking some of the named defendants to the allegations in the first amended complaint. (ECF 24 No. 17.) In light of Plaintiff’s pro se status and the new factual allegations, the Court found it 25 appropriate to vacate the pending findings and recommendations and grant Plaintiff leave to file a 26 second amended complaint that incorporates the new factual allegations. (ECF No. 18.) Plaintiff 27 was expressly warned that failure to file a second amended complaint would result in dismissal of 28 this action, with prejudice, for failure to obey a court order and failure to state a claim. (Id. at 3.) 1 Plaintiff’s second amended complaint was due on or before February 13, 2023. The deadline has 2 expired, and Plaintiff has failed to file an amended complaint or otherwise communicate with the 3 Court. 4 As such, the first amended complaint remains the operative complaint for screening 5 purposes. 6 II. Failure to State a Claim 7 A. Screening Requirement and Standard 8 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a 9 governmental entity and/or against an officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. 10 § 1915A(a). Plaintiff’s complaint, or any portion thereof, is subject to dismissal if it is frivolous 11 or malicious, if it fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or if it seeks monetary 12 relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915A(b). 13 A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the 14 pleader is entitled to relief . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not 15 required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere 16 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell 17 Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). While a plaintiff’s allegations are taken as 18 true, courts “are not required to indulge unwarranted inferences.” Doe I v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 19 572 F.3d 677, 681 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 20 To survive screening, Plaintiff’s claims must be facially plausible, which requires 21 sufficient factual detail to allow the Court to reasonably infer that each named defendant is liable 22 for the misconduct alleged. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotation marks omitted); Moss v. U.S. Secret 23 Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). The sheer possibility that a defendant acted unlawfully 24 is not sufficient, and mere consistency with liability falls short of satisfying the plausibility 25 standard. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotation marks omitted); Moss, 572 F.3d at 969. 26 B. Plaintiff’s Allegations 27 Plaintiff is currently out of custody. The events in the complaint are alleged to have 28 occurred while Plaintiff was in custody at the United States Penitentiary at Atwater, California. 1 Plaintiff names as defendants: (1) Federal Prison Atwater, (2) Mr. Zargoza, Lieutenant in the 2 SHU, (3) Mr. Lavya, Correctional Officer, (4) Mr. Placenica, Medical Staff member, (5) Dr. 3 Pattengi, medical staff, and (6) Mr. Hanson, administration. 4 In claim 1, Plaintiff alleges as follows:

5 Administration denied my complaint due to the side effects of Trazadone I was 6 taking for my PTSD. Medical Staff did not listen to me due to side effects from the prescribed medication Trazadone. I was refused medical attention due to my 7 side effects. I put in for medical on many occasions. I had severe side effects. I did stop the medication but I still had severe side effects. I went from Corrections 8 Officers to medical staff. They would not listen to the pain I had and the sever erection I had due to the side effects. I did comply with all that was told to me 9 and also the consent I signed. They rejected all my complaints I have all those 10 rejection complaints. On Dec. 1, 2020 I finally told pill line and I finally was taken to emergency room for further treatment on that day. 11 12 (ECF No. 13, pp. 3–4 (unedited text).) 13 In claim 2, Plaintiff alleges as follows:

14 Another rejection form that I put in. They denied my treatment again due to side effects from the medication Trazadone. Administrative Remedy Coordinator 15 denied my claim. I put in for treatment again. No response to my claim. They 16 would not listen to me again. I could not stand the pain anymore. All that they would give me is ibuprofen which did not help me at all. The erection was severe 17 so much in pain my penis was already purple in coloration. And they all knew this. And they ignored my request. I could not stand the pain no more. I told the 18 CO what was going on. I kept going to medical and they just ignored me. I need to have four surgeries all because no one would listen to me. I still suffer from all 19 this. It was wrong for them to ignore me on this. I can’t function right due to all 20 that happened at Atwater. My sufferings are severe. I’m still having to go to Drs. including Nuerologist. I have to go to counseling. 21 22 (Id. at 4–5 (unedited text).) 23 C. Discussion 24 Plaintiff’s complaint fails to comply with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 and fails to 25 state a cognizable claim. 26 1. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 27 Pursuant to Rule 8, a complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim 28 showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). Detailed factual allegations 1 are not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere 2 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citation omitted). Plaintiff must 3 set forth “sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on 4 its face.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). While factual allegations 5 are accepted as true, legal conclusions are not. Id.; see also Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556–57; Moss, 6 572 F.3d at 969. 7 Here, Plaintiff’s complaint is short, but it is not a plain statement of his claims showing 8 that he is entitled to relief. Plaintiff’s allegations are conclusory and do not state what happened, 9 when it happened, or which defendant was involved. Plaintiff does not allege what each 10 Defendant did which violated his rights. Plaintiff was informed in the Court’s screening order 11 that if Plaintiff files an amended complaint, it should be a short and plain statement of his claims, 12 and must include factual allegations identifying what happened, when it happened and who was 13 involved. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8. Plaintiff has been unable to cure this deficiency. 14 2. Supervisory Liability 15 To the extent Plaintiff seeks to hold any defendant liable based solely upon their 16 supervisory role, he may not do so. Liability may not be imposed on supervisory personnel for 17 the actions or omissions of their subordinates under the theory of respondeat superior. Iqbal, 556 18 U.S. at 676–77; Simmons v. Navajo Cty., Ariz., 609 F.3d 1011, 1020–21 (9th Cir. 2010); Ewing v. 19 City of Stockton, 588 F.3d 1218, 1235 (9th Cir. 2009); Jones v. Williams, 297 F.3d 930, 934 (9th 20 Cir. 2002). “A supervisor may be liable only if (1) he or she is personally involved in the 21 constitutional deprivation, or (2) there is a sufficient causal connection between the supervisor’s 22 wrongful conduct and the constitutional violation.” Crowley v. Bannister, 734 F.3d 967, 977 (9th 23 Cir. 2013) (citation and quotation marks omitted); accord Lemire v. Cal. Dep’t of Corrs. & 24 Rehab., 726 F.3d 1062, 1074–75 (9th Cir. 2013); Lacey v. Maricopa Cty., 693 F.3d 896, 915–16 25 (9th Cir. 2012) (en banc). “Under the latter theory, supervisory liability exists even without overt 26 personal participation in the offensive act if supervisory officials implement a policy so deficient 27 that the policy itself is a repudiation of constitutional rights and is the moving force of a 28 constitutional violation.” Crowley, 734 F.3d at 977 (citing Hansen v. Black, 885 F.2d 642, 646 1 (9th Cir. 1989)) (internal quotation marks omitted). 2 Plaintiff attempts to link supervisors by direct participation. But Plaintiff has failed to 3 allege what each supervisor did or did not do which allegedly violated Plaintiff’s constitutional 4 rights. 5 3. Linkage 6 The Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1983, requires that there be an actual connection or link 7 between the actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by 8 Plaintiff. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978); Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362 9 (1976). The Ninth Circuit has held that “[a] person ‘subjects another to the deprivation of a 10 constitutional right, within the meaning of section 1983, if he does an affirmative act, participates 11 in another’s affirmative acts or omits to perform an act which he is legally required to do that 12 causes the deprivation of which complaint is made.” Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th 13 Cir. 1978). 14 The amended complaint contains fewer allegations linking defendants to alleged violation 15 than did the original complaint. In fact, Plaintiff fails to link any named Defendant to any 16 conduct which allegedly violated Plaintiff’s constitutional rights. 17 4. Bivens Actions Following Ziglar v. Abbasi 18 Plaintiff was a federal prisoner and his claims proceed under Bivens. To date, the 19 Supreme Court has only recognized a Bivens remedy in the context of the Fourth, Fifth, and 20 Eighth Amendments. See Bivens, 403 U.S. 388 (Fourth Amendment prohibition against 21 unreasonable searches and seizures); Davis v. Passman, 442 U.S. 228 (1979) (Fifth Amendment 22 gender-discrimination); Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14 (1980) (Eighth Amendment Cruel and 23 Unusual Punishments Clause for failure to provide adequate medical treatment). The Supreme 24 Court has recently made clear that “expanding the Bivens remedy is now a disfavored judicial 25 activity,” and has “consistently refused to extend Bivens to any new context or new category of 26 defendants. Ziglar v. Abbasi, 137 S.Ct. 1843, 1857 (2017) (citations omitted); see Egbert v. 27 Boule, 142 S.Ct. 1793, 1797 (2022) (The Court reiterated that “a cause of action under Bivens is 28 ‘a disfavored judicial activity.”). 1 Traditionally, courts applied a two-part test to determine the appropriateness of extending 2 a Bivens cause of action. First, the Court examined whether the claim arises in a “new context” 3 or involves a “new category of defendants.” Hernandez v. Mesa, 140 S.Ct. 735, 743 (2020). 4 Second, if the claim does indeed arise in a new context, the Court assessed whether there exists 5 any “special factors counselling hesitation in the absence of affirmative action by Congress.” 6 Ziglar, 137 S.Ct. at 1857 (internal quotations omitted). However, the Supreme Court recently 7 reformulated this test. In Egbert, 142 S.Ct. at 1803, the Supreme Court determined that these two 8 steps can be distilled to one single inquiry; that is, “whether there is any reason to think that 9 Congress might be better equipped to create a damages remedy.” Further, the Court specified that 10 if there is even one rational reason to defer to Congress to afford a remedy, then “a court may not 11 recognize a Bivens remedy.” Id. Practically, the Court concluded that a rational reason for 12 deference to Congress will exist “in most every case.” Id. 13 Finally, the presence of an alternative remedial structure counsels against extending 14 Bivens to a new cause of action. The Court may not even determine the adequacy of the 15 alternative remedy, as this too is a task left to Congress. Egbert, 142 S.Ct at 1807. Indeed, “[s]o 16 long as Congress or the Executive has created a remedial process that it finds sufficient to secure 17 an adequate level of deterrence, the courts cannot second-guess that calibration by superimposing 18 a Bivens remedy.” Id. This remains true “even if a court independently concludes that the 19 Government’s procedures are ‘not as effective as an individual damages remedy.’” Id. (quoting 20 Bush v. Lucas, 462 U.S. 367, 372 (1983)). 21 In the instant case, Plaintiff’s medical claim does not present a new Bivens context. In 22 Carlson v. Green, the Supreme Court found that there was an available Bivens remedy for a 23 federal prisoner’s Eighth Amendment claim for failure to provide adequate medical treatment. 24 Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14 (1980). The Court will therefore consider whether Plaintiff states 25 a cognizable claim under the Eighth Amendment. 26 5. Eighth Amendment – Denial of Medical Care 27 A prisoner’s claim of inadequate medical care constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in 28 violation of the Eighth Amendment where the mistreatment rises to the level of “deliberate 1 indifference to serious medical needs.” Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006) 2 (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976)). The two-part test for deliberate 3 indifference requires Plaintiff to show (1) “a ‘serious medical need’ by demonstrating that failure 4 to treat a prisoner’s condition could result in further significant injury or the ‘unnecessary and 5 wanton infliction of pain,’” and (2) “the defendant’s response to the need was deliberately 6 indifferent.” Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096. 7 A defendant does not act in a deliberately indifferent manner unless the defendant “knows 8 of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 9 837 (1994). “Deliberate indifference is a high legal standard,” Simmons v. Navajo Cty. Ariz., 609 10 F.3d 1011, 1019 (9th Cir. 2010); Toguchi v. Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1060 (9th Cir. 2004), and is 11 shown where there was “a purposeful act or failure to respond to a prisoner’s pain or possible 12 medical need” and the indifference caused harm. Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096. In applying this 13 standard, the Ninth Circuit has held that before it can be said that a prisoner’s civil rights have 14 been abridged, “the indifference to his medical needs must be substantial. Mere ‘indifference,’ 15 ‘negligence,’ or ‘medical malpractice’ will not support this cause of action.” Broughton v. Cutter 16 Labs., 622 F.2d 458, 460 (9th Cir. 1980) (citing Estelle, 429 U.S. at 105–06). Even gross 17 negligence is insufficient to establish deliberate indifference to serious medical needs. See Wood 18 v. Housewright, 900 F.2d 1332, 1334 (9th Cir. 1990). 19 Plaintiff fails to state a cognizable Eighth Amendment claim. Plaintiff has stated a serious 20 medical need: he had side effects from medication which was causing a painful erection. But 21 Plaintiff fails to allege that any Defendant’s response was deliberately indifferent. Plaintiff 22 alleges he was in pain, but he does not allege who he told he had pain and what that Defendant’s 23 response was to that pain. Plaintiff alleges he told “a CO what was going on,” but does not allege 24 what the CO did in response, or if the CO is one of the named Defendants. Plaintiff alleges he 25 went to medical, but does not allege who in medical he spoke with and what that person’s 26 response was to his complaints. 27 In the attachment to the first amended complaint,1 Plaintiff first complained of pain on

28 1 The Court considers the complaint itself and exhibits filed concurrently with the complaint. Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(c) 1 November 29, 2020. He was instructed to stop taking Trazodone, and given Ibuprofen 800 mg. 2 When Plaintiff complained of pain again on December 1, 2020, Plaintiff was transported to the 3 emergency room on December 1, 2020. The attachment does not lend clarification as to which of 4 the Defendants were involved. Plaintiff fails to state what happened as to his care, how long was 5 the delay and who was involved. Despite being provided the relevant pleading standards and 6 instructed to identify which Defendant(s) violated his rights, Plaintiff has been unable to cure this 7 deficiency. 8 6. No Bivens Action against a Federal Agency 9 Plaintiff names as a defendant the Federal Penitentiary at Atwater. A Bivens claim is not 10 available against a federal agency. FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 486 (1994). Rather, under 11 Bivens, a plaintiff may sue a federal officer in his or her individual capacity for damages for 12 violating the plaintiff’s constitutional rights. See Bivens, 403 U.S. at 397. There is no respondeat 13 superior liability under Bivens. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676–77 (“In a § 1983 suit or a Bivens 14 action . . . the term “supervisory liability” is a misnomer.”) A government official is only liable 15 for his or her own misconduct. Id.; Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1205–08 (9th Cir. 2011), cert. 16 denied, 566 U.S. 982 (2012); Serra v. Lappin, 600 F.3d 1191, 1200 (9th Cir. 2010). 17 Because there is no vicarious liability in a Bivens claim, Plaintiff cannot maintain 18 a claim against Federal Prison in Atwater under respondeat superior. See Ward v. Nat’l 19 R.R. Corp., 2018 WL 2966962, at *2 (E.D. Cal. June 8, 2018). 20 III. Failure to Prosecute and Failure to Obey a Court Order 21 A. Legal Standard 22 Local Rule 110 provides that “[f]ailure . . . of a party to comply with these Rules or with 23 any order of the Court may be grounds for imposition by the Court of any and all sanctions . . . 24 within the inherent power of the Court.” District courts have the inherent power to control their 25 dockets and “[i]n the exercise of that power they may impose sanctions including, where 26 appropriate, . . . dismissal.” Thompson v. Hous. Auth., 782 F.2d 829, 831 (9th Cir. 1986). A

27 (“A copy of a written instrument that is an exhibit to a pleading is a part of the pleading for all purposes.”); see Steckman v. Hart Brewing, Inc., 143 F.3d 1293, 1295–96 (9th Cir. 1998) (“[courts] not required to accept as true 28 conclusory allegations which are contradicted by documents referred to in the complaint”) (citations omitted). 1 court may dismiss an action, with prejudice, based on a party’s failure to prosecute an action, 2 failure to obey a court order, or failure to comply with local rules. See, e.g., Ghazali v. Moran, 46 3 F.3d 52, 53–54 (9th Cir. 1995) (dismissal for noncompliance with local rule); Ferdik v. Bonzelet, 4 963 F.2d 1258, 1260–61 (9th Cir. 1992) (dismissal for failure to comply with an order requiring 5 amendment of complaint); Malone v. U.S. Postal Serv., 833 F.2d 128, 130–33 (9th Cir. 1987) 6 (dismissal for failure to comply with court order). 7 In determining whether to dismiss an action, the Court must consider several factors: 8 (1) the public’s interest in expeditious resolution of litigation; (2) the Court’s need to manage its 9 docket; (3) the risk of prejudice to the defendants; (4) the public policy favoring disposition of 10 cases on their merits; and (5) the availability of less drastic sanctions. Henderson v. Duncan, 779 11 F.2d 1421, 1423 (9th Cir. 1986); Carey v. King, 856 F.2d 1439, 1440 (9th Cir. 1988). 12 B. Discussion 13 Here, Plaintiff’s second amended complaint is overdue, and he has failed to comply with 14 the Court’s order. The Court cannot effectively manage its docket if Plaintiff ceases litigating his 15 case. Thus, the Court finds that both the first and second factors weigh in favor of dismissal. 16 The third factor, risk of prejudice to defendant, also weighs in favor of dismissal, since a 17 presumption of injury arises from the occurrence of unreasonable delay in prosecuting an action. 18 Anderson v. Air W., 542 F.2d 522, 524 (9th Cir. 1976). The fourth factor usually weighs against 19 dismissal because public policy favors disposition on the merits. Pagtalunan v. Galaza, 291 F.3d 20 639, 643 (9th Cir. 2002). However, “this factor lends little support to a party whose 21 responsibility it is to move a case toward disposition on the merits but whose conduct impedes 22 progress in that direction,” which is the case here. In re Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Products 23 Liability Litigation, 460 F.3d 1217, 1228 (9th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). 24 Finally, the Court’s warning to a party that failure to obey the court’s order will result in 25 dismissal satisfies the “considerations of the alternatives” requirement. Ferdik, 963 F.2d at 1262; 26 Malone, 833 at 132–33; Henderson, 779 F.2d at 1424. The Court’s January 11, 2023 order 27 vacating the previous findings and recommendations and granting Plaintiff an extension of time 28 to file his second amended complaint expressly warned Plaintiff that a failure to file a second 1 amended complaint would result in dismissal of this action, with prejudice, for failure to obey a 2 court order and failure to state a claim. (ECF No. 18, p. 3.) Thus, Plaintiff had adequate warning 3 that dismissal could result from his noncompliance. 4 Additionally, at this stage in the proceedings there is little available to the Court that 5 would constitute a satisfactory lesser sanction while protecting the Court from further 6 unnecessary expenditure of its scarce resources. Plaintiff is proceeding in forma pauperis in this 7 action, making monetary sanctions of little use, and the preclusion of evidence or witnesses is 8 likely to have no effect given that Plaintiff has ceased litigating his case. 9 IV. Recommendation 10 Accordingly, the Court finds that dismissal is the appropriate sanction and HEREBY 11 RECOMMENDS that this action be dismissed, with prejudice, for failure to state a claim 12 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A, for failure to obey a court order, and for Plaintiff’s failure to 13 prosecute this action. 14 These Findings and Recommendation will be submitted to the United States District Judge 15 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of Title 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen 16 (14) days after being served with these Findings and Recommendation, Plaintiff may file written 17 objections with the Court. The document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s 18 Findings and Recommendation.” Plaintiff is advised that failure to file objections within the 19 specified time may result in the waiver of the “right to challenge the magistrate’s factual 20 findings” on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 839 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. 21 Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)). 22 IT IS SO ORDERED. 23

24 Dated: February 28, 2023 /s/ Barbara A. McAuliffe _ UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 25

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