(PC) Brummett v. Martinez

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 MELVIN RAY BRUMMETT, JR., Case No. 1:21-cv-00086-ADA-BAM (PC) 12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING DEFENDANT’S MOTION 13 v. FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT 14 LOPEZ, et al., (ECF No. 59) 15 Defendants. FOURTEEN (14) DAY DEADLINE 16 17 I. Introduction 18 Plaintiff Melvin Ray Brummett, Jr. (“Plaintiff”) is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and 19 in forma pauperis in this civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. This action proceeds 20 against Defendant Martinez (“Defendant”) for retaliation in violation of the First Amendment and 21 deliberate indifference to risk of harm in violation of the Eighth Amendment. 22 Currently before the Court is Defendant’s motion for summary judgment, filed January 23 12, 2023. (ECF No. 59.) Plaintiff filed his opposition on March 7, 2023, (ECF No. 72), and 24 Defendant filed a reply on March 22, 2023, (ECF No. 73). The motion is fully briefed. Local 25 Rule 230(l). 26 For the reasons set forth below, the Court recommends that Defendant’s motion for 27 summary judgment be denied. 28 /// 1 II. Legal Standard 2 Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings, disclosure materials, discovery, 3 and any affidavits provided establish that “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and 4 the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A material fact is 5 one that may affect the outcome of the case under the applicable law. See Anderson v. Liberty 6 Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A dispute is genuine “if the evidence is such that a 7 reasonable [trier of fact] could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id. 8 The party seeking summary judgment “always bears the initial responsibility of informing 9 the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the pleadings, 10 depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, 11 which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. 12 Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). The exact nature of this responsibility, however, varies 13 depending on whether the issue on which summary judgment is sought is one in which the 14 movant or the nonmoving party carries the ultimate burden of proof. See Soremekun v. Thrifty 15 Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir. 2007). If the movant will have the burden of proof at 16 trial, it must “affirmatively demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could find other than for 17 the moving party.” Id. (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323). In contrast, if the nonmoving party will 18 have the burden of proof at trial, “the movant can prevail merely by pointing out that there is an 19 absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.” Id. 20 If the movant satisfies its initial burden, the nonmoving party must go beyond the 21 allegations in its pleadings to “show a genuine issue of material fact by presenting affirmative 22 evidence from which a jury could find in [its] favor.” F.T.C. v. Stefanchik, 559 F.3d 924, 929 23 (9th Cir. 2009) (emphasis omitted). “[B]ald assertions or a mere scintilla of evidence” will not 24 suffice in this regard. Id. at 929; see also Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 25 U.S. 574, 586 (1986) (“When the moving party has carried its burden under Rule 56[], its 26 opponent must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material 27 facts.”) (citation omitted). “Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of 28 fact to find for the non-moving party, there is no ‘genuine issue for trial.’” Matsushita, 475 U.S. 1 at 587 (quoting First Nat’l Bank of Arizona v. Cities Serv. Co., 391 U.S. 253, 289 (1968)). 2 In resolving a summary judgment motion, “the court does not make credibility 3 determinations or weigh conflicting evidence.” Soremekun, 509 F.3d at 984. Instead, “[t]he 4 evidence of the [nonmoving party] is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn 5 in [its] favor.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. Inferences, however, are not drawn out of the air; the 6 nonmoving party must produce a factual predicate from which the inference may reasonably be 7 drawn. See Richards v. Nielsen Freight Lines, 602 F. Supp. 1224, 1244–45 (E.D. Cal. 1985), 8 aff’d, 810 F.2d 898 (9th Cir. 1987). 9 In arriving at these findings and recommendations, the Court carefully reviewed and 10 considered all arguments, points and authorities, declarations, exhibits, statements of undisputed 11 facts and responses thereto, if any, objections, and other papers filed by the parties. Omission of 12 reference to an argument, document, paper, or objection is not to be construed to the effect that 13 this Court did not consider the argument, document, paper, or objection. This Court thoroughly 14 reviewed and considered the evidence it deemed admissible, material, and appropriate. 15 III. Discussion 16 A. Undisputed Material Facts (“UMF”)1 17 1. At all relevant times, Plaintiff Melvin Ray Brummett, Jr. was housed at Substance Abuse 18 Treatment Facility and State Prison (“SATF”) in Corcoran, California. (Second Am. 19 Compl., ECF No. 45.) 20 2. At all relevant times, Defendant Martinez was employed as a Laundry Materials & Stores 21 Supervisor I (M&SS-1) at SATF. He worked in this role from October 19, 2019 to March 22 7, 2021. Defendant still works at SATF. Since March 8, 2021, he has worked as a

23 1 See Defendant’s Statement of Undisputed Facts. (ECF No. 59-2.) Plaintiff did not comply with the rules in preparing his opposition, including by failing to reproduce Defendant’s Statement of Undisputed Facts and providing 24 “a citation to the particular portions of any pleading, affidavit, deposition, interrogatory answer, admission, or other document relied upon in support” of any disputed facts, or providing a statement of disputed facts. Local Rule 25 260(b). As a result, Defendant’s Statement of Undisputed Facts is accepted except where brought into dispute by Plaintiff’s verified second amended complaint or opposition to the summary judgment motion, both signed under 26 penalty of perjury. See Jones v. Blanas, 393 F.3d 918, 923 (9th Cir. 2004) (verified complaint may be used as an opposing affidavit if it is based on pleader’s personal knowledge of specific facts which are admissible in evidence); 27 Johnson v. Meltzer, 134 F.3d 1393, 1399–1400 (9th Cir. 1998) (same, with respect to verified motions). Unless otherwise indicated, disputed and immaterial facts are omitted from this statement and relevant objections are 28 overruled. 1 Canteen M&SS-1. (Declaration of A. Martinez (“Martinez Decl.”), ¶ 1.) 2 3. In May of 2020, Plaintiff was assigned as an inmate worker to the F Facility laundry. 3 (Declaration of J. Barba (“Barba Decl.”), ¶ 3 and Ex. 2, Plaintiff’s Inmate Assignment 4 History.) 5 4. Plaintiff admits that it is a condition of work at the F Facility Laundry to not steal. “Any 6 stealing is ground for losing the job.” Plaintiff admits that not following assigned tasks is 7 also grounds for reassignment. (Deposition of Plaintiff (“Brummett Depo.”), ECF No. 66, 8 pp. 9–10.) 9 5. Inmate Steven Moore, CDCR# AK-2727, declares that on or about May 24, 2020, he and 10 inmate Walter Slone, CDCR# F-32883, were informed by Defendant A. Martinez that 11 Plaintiff had told on inmate Slone for stealing new clothes, and on or about May 26, 2020, 12 inmate Moore told Plaintiff prior to work what Defendant had done. (Declaration Under 13 Penalty of Perjury of Steven Moore, CDCR# AK-2727, ECF No. 68, p. 17.) 14 6. Plaintiff declares that on or about May 26, 2020, inmate Moore informed Plaintiff that 15 Defendant had told both inmates Moore and Slone that Plaintiff had snitched on inmate 16 Slone for stealing. (Second Am. Compl, ECF No. 45, p. 4, ¶ 3; Plaintiff’s Opposition to 17 Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 68, p. 1, ¶ 1; Brummett Depo. at 25:1–11 18 (internal pagination).) 19 7. Defendant denies telling inmate Slone and inmate Moore that Plaintiff gave him 20 information about them stealing from the laundry. (Martinez Decl., ¶ 8.) 21 8. On May 26, 2020, Defendant’s log entry for the laundry facility sets forth that he caught 22 “Brummett taking a few new towels.” On May 28, 2020, Defendant’s entry in the laundry 23 log sets forth “Noticing Brummett has been showing anger and has been stubborn towards 24 tasks asked of him. Told Chavez about it.” (Martinez Decl., ¶ 2 and Ex. A, Laundry Log; 25 Barba Decl., ¶ 2 and Ex. 1, Laundry Log.) 26 9. Plaintiff claims inmate Slone “socked [him] on the side of the head” on or about May 26, 27 2020. Plaintiff admits that he did not file a complaint, notify any correctional staff, or 28 report the alleged incident to any correctional staff or inmates about any altercation with 1 inmate Slone. Further, he admits he did not seek treatment or medication, admits no one 2 saw the alleged hit, and admits that no one saw any injury. (Brummett Depo., ECF No. 3 66, pp. 11–13; Opp’n Brief, ECF No. 68, p. 2.) 4 10. Plaintiff claims that on May 27, 2020 there was a conversation in the yard about the 5 snitching, but it never became physical, and there was no injury. (Second Am. Compl., 6 ECF No. 45, p. 9, ¶ 5; Brummett Depo., ECF No. 66, p. 14.) 7 11. Plaintiff was reassigned to a different job assignment on June 11, 2020. (Barba Decl., 8 ¶¶ 3–4 and Exs. 2–3.) 9 12. Plaintiff filed a 602 grievance on May 26, 2020 and admits he was able to fully pursue the 10 grievance process. (Second Am. Compl., ECF No. 45, pp. 4, ¶ 5; 8, ¶ 5; ECF No. 68, pp. 11 36–45) 12 B. Eighth Amendment – Deliberate Indifference 13 1. Parties’ Positions 14 Defendant contends that Plaintiff has not alleged any physical injury or even a de minimis 15 physical injury as a result of the alleged violation of his Eighth Amendment rights. Plaintiff 16 claims, without any evidence except for his self-serving testimony, that inmate Slone “socked 17 [him] on the side of the head,” but he did not seek treatment or medication, no one saw the 18 alleged hit, and no one saw any injury. UMF No. 9. Plaintiff also that the alleged May 27, 2020 19 discussion in the yard did not become physical or result in any injuries. Plaintiff has provided 20 evidence of only theoretical and speculative risks of harm, which cannot establish a constitutional 21 claim. Because Plaintiff has not shown a more than de minimis physical injury, his claim fails 22 under 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e). 23 In opposition, Plaintiff argues that when inmate Slone socked him in the side of his head, 24 Plaintiff was almost knocked out, and he was left with a knot on the side of his head. This is an 25 injury that is more than de minimis. The Court must accept the version of facts most favorable to 26 Plaintiff, the non-moving party, in ruling on Defendant’s motion for summary judgment. 27 In reply, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s opposition merely restates his allegations from 28 the complaint, offering only speculative beliefs and unsupported conclusory allegations. 1 2. Analysis 2 Defendant misconstrues the legal standards for both the physical injury requirement of 3 both 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e) and a claim for deliberate indifference on the basis that an inmate is 4 advertised as a snitch to other inmates. 5 Section 1997e(e) provides that a prisoner may not obtain compensatory damages based on 6 mental or emotional injury alone, without a showing of a more than de minimis physical injury 7 from the particular constitutional violation. See 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e) (“No Federal civil action 8 may be brought by a prisoner confined in a jail, prison, or other correctional facility, for mental or 9 emotional injury suffered while in custody without a prior showing of physical injury.”); Oliver v. 10 Keller, 289 F.3d 623, 627 (9th Cir. 2002). 11 In this action, there is no indication that Plaintiff seeks damages solely on the basis of a 12 mental or emotional injury. With respect to his Eighth Amendment claim, Plaintiff specifies the 13 following as his injury: “Martinez caused Brummett to have a physical altercation with Inmate, 14 Slone, and racial confrontation on the recreation yard with several other black inmates.” (ECF 15 No. 45, p. 8.) Further, Plaintiff states the following in his request for relief: “Brummett 16 respectfully demands a Jury Trial were it will be determined whether he is entitled to 17 ‘compensatory damages,’ ‘punitive damages,’ or ‘nominal damages.’” (Id. at 13 (unedited text).) 18 Further, it is far from undisputed that Plaintiff suffered no physical injuries, de minimis or 19 otherwise, as a result of Defendant advertising him as a snitch to inmates Slone and Moore. 20 Plaintiff testified under penalty of perjury at his deposition, and declared again under penalty of 21 perjury in his opposition brief, that after Defendant told Slone that Plaintiff snitched, Slone 22 socked him in the side of the head and left a knot. UMF No. 9. In addition, inmate Moore’s 23 declaration, also signed under penalty of perjury, supports that Plaintiff had a heated argument 24 with Slone on the day in question, and inmate Moore walked away to avoid any further 25 involvement in the interaction. (ECF No. 68, p. 17.) While Plaintiff’s statements may be self- 26 serving, they are not conclusory or lacking in detailed facts. See F.T.C. v. Publ’g Clearing 27 House, Inc., 104 F.3d 1168, 1171 (9th Cir. 1997), as amended (Apr. 11, 1997) (“A conclusory, 28 self-serving affidavit, lacking detailed facts and any supporting evidence, is insufficient to create 1 a genuine issue of material fact.”). Plaintiff specifically explains that he did not report the 2 incident with Slone for fear of being labeled a snitch (again), as it would have been obvious to 3 inmate Slone that Plaintiff was the one who reported him for any assault. (ECF No. 68, p. 4.) 4 Even assuming that Defendant is correct that Plaintiff suffered no physical injuries, 5 Defendant has cited to no authority, and the Court is aware of none, that requires a showing of 6 physical injury to state a claim for deliberate indifference after an officer labels an inmate a snitch 7 in front of other inmates. Rather, the Ninth Circuit and other Courts in this District have found 8 that physical harm or threats of physical harm are sufficient to demonstrate that a defendant was 9 deliberately indifferent. See Valandingham v. Bojorquez, 866 F.2d 1135, 1139 (9th Cir. 1989); 10 Morgan v. MacDonald, 41 F.3d 1291, 1294 (9th Cir. 1994); Green v. Chamberlain, 2019 WL 11 3302346, at *7 (E.D. Cal. Jul. 22, 2019). Plaintiff declares that he was threatened with retaliation 12 as a result of Defendant informing inmates Moore and Slone that Plaintiff was a snitch when he 13 was confronted on May 27, 2020 by a group of inmates, which was witnessed by inmate Smith. 14 UMF No. 10; (ECF No. 68, p. 34). 15 Finally, the “undisputed” facts themselves demonstrate a dispute of fact regarding whether 16 Defendant ever advertised Plaintiff as a snitch to inmates Slone and Moore in the first instance. 17 While Defendant “denies telling inmate Slone and inmate Moore that [Plaintiff] gave him 18 information about them stealing from the laundry,” UMF No. 7, Plaintiff has submitted his own 19 testimony and that of inmate Moore in contradiction, UMF Nos. 5, 6. Summary judgment on this 20 claim would therefore be inappropriate on the record before the Court. 21 As there remains a dispute of fact regarding key elements of this claim, nothing in section 22 1997e(e) precludes Plaintiff from attempting to recover for compensatory, punitive, or nominal 23 damages that are not based on mental or emotional injuries, Plaintiff has declared under penalty 24 of perjury that he suffered physical injuries, and Plaintiff submitted other evidence—undisputed 25 by Defendant—that he experienced threats of retaliation from other inmates. Defendant’s motion 26 for summary judgment as to Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claim is denied. 27 /// 28 /// 1 C. First Amendment – Retaliation 2 1. Parties’ Positions 3 Defendant argues that he denies telling inmates Slone and Moore that Plaintiff was a 4 snitch, and Plaintiff cannot show that Defendant took any adverse action against Plaintiff for an 5 alleged threat. Rather, the laundry log shows that Plaintiff tried to steal new towels on May 26, 6 2020, and was stubborn regarding tasks on May 28, 2020, each providing grounds to be removed 7 from the job assignment, and Plaintiff was reassigned shortly afterward. Even if Defendant’s 8 alleged threat to remove Plaintiff from the laundry facility and Plaintiff subsequent reassignment 9 were sufficient to be considered adverse action against Plaintiff, Plaintiff has not shown a chilling 10 effect on Plaintiff’s ability to pursue the grievance process, because Plaintiff later filed a 602 11 grievance and was able to fully pursue the grievance process. 12 In opposition, Plaintiff contends that he does not have to show that his speech was 13 actually inhibited or suppressed, only that the adverse action at issue would chill or silence a 14 person of ordinary firmness from future First Amendment activities. Defendant’s self-serving 15 declaration states that he witnessed Plaintiff trying to steal new towels and being stubborn 16 regarding tasks, but if this were true Plaintiff would have received an RVR for either offense. 17 The reason for Plaintiff’s job removal is vigorously contested and is a genuine issue as to a 18 material fact. 19 In reply, Defendant argues that mere speculation that a defendant acted out of retaliation is 20 not enough. The record supports multiple grounds for Plaintiff’s job reassignment. Further, 21 Plaintiff’s reassignment shows that he suffered no loss in wages, because Plaintiff was not 22 eligible for pay at the laundry facility, but upon reassignment as a Library Clerk, Plaintiff was 23 compensated. As Plaintiff cannot prove retaliatory intent or any damages, this claim fails. 24 2. Analysis 25 As with Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claim, there remains a material dispute of fact 26 regarding Plaintiff’s First Amendment retaliation claim. Defendant argues that there were 27 legitimate reasons for Plaintiff’s reassignment from the laundry facility. UMF No. 8. 28 Meanwhile, Plaintiff contends that it was only after he informed Defendant that he planned to file 1 a grievance against him that Defendant threatened Plaintiff with job reassignment and began to 2 record justifications for that reassignment. (See ECF No. 68.) 3 The parties’ arguments regarding the veracity or admissibility of the laundry logs 4 supporting Defendant’s contentions are inappropriate for the summary judgment stage. While it 5 is true that Plaintiff must do more than attack the credibility of Defendant’s evidence to defeat 6 summary judgment, see Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. Argonaut Ins. Co., 701 F.2d 95, 97 (9th Cir. 7 1983), Plaintiff has done so. Plaintiff provided his own testimony, under penalty of perjury, that 8 it was only after Plaintiff informed Defendant that he intended to file a grievance against 9 Defendant that Defendant threatened to remove Plaintiff from his job assignment and began to 10 record grounds for Plaintiff’s job reassignment in the laundry log. (ECF No. 45, p. 5; ECF No. 11 68, p. 2.) 12 Defendant’s argument that Plaintiff suffered no chilling effect is also unavailing. As 13 Plaintiff correctly argues, Plaintiff need only allege that he suffered some other harm that is 14 “more than minimal,” even if his First Amendment rights were not actually chilled. See 15 Brodheim v. Cry, 584 F.3d 1262, 1269 (9th Cir. 2009); Rhodes v. Robinson, 408 F.3d 559, 568 16 n.11 (9th Cir. 2005). Further, even “the mere threat of harm can be an adverse action, regardless 17 of whether it is carried out because the threat itself can have a chilling effect. Brodheim, 584 F.3d 18 at 1270. Defendant’s only argument that Plaintiff did not suffer some other harm that was “more 19 than minimal” appears to be that Plaintiff was eventually reassigned to a job that was 20 compensated, where he was previously not eligible for pay. (ECF No. 73, p. 5.) However, this 21 argument is not persuasive. Eeven if true that Plaintiff was eventually reassigned to a 22 compensated job, at the time Plaintiff was contemplating filing his grievance against Defendant, 23 there was no indication that he would later receive a “better” job assignment if he was removed 24 from the laundry facility. To the extent Defendant is arguing that Plaintiff did not suffer any 25 economic damages from his removal and reassignment, that issue is not appropriate for the instant 26 summary judgment motion. 27 As there remains a dispute of fact regarding key elements of this claim, Defendant’s 28 motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiff’s First Amendment claim is denied. 1 D. Qualified Immunity 2 1. Parties’ Positions 3 Defendant argues that he is entitled to qualified immunity as to Plaintiff’s First 4 Amendment claim for retaliation,2 because there is no constitutional right to a particular inmate 5 job assignment, and even if true that Defendant did somehow violate the law, no reasonable 6 officer in Defendant’s position would believe that removing an inmate worker due to poor job 7 performance would be a violation of any constitutional rights. (ECF No. 59-1, p. 8.) 8 In opposition, Plaintiff contends that he has never argued that he was entitled to any 9 particular job assignment, only that he was removed from his job assignment in retaliation for 10 having submitted a staff complaint against Defendant. (ECF No. 68, p. 13.) Any reasonable 11 person would have known that these actions were extremely unlawful, and that officials can be on 12 notice that their conduct violations established law even in novel circumstances, and courts need 13 not have held that fundamentally similar conduct was unlawful to defeat qualified immunity. 14 In reply, Defendant argues again that because Plaintiff has not met his burden of 15 establishing that Defendant violated a clearly established right, and Defendant could have 16 reasonably believed that his conduct—removing an inmate worker due to poor job performance 17 who was subsequently assigned to another work assignment—was lawful, he is entitled to 18 qualified immunity. 19 2. Legal Standard 20 The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials from civil liability 21 where “their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of 22 which a reasonable person would have known.” Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 23 (2009) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)). “‘Qualified immunity gives 24 government officials breathing room to make reasonable but mistaken judgments,’ and ‘protects 25 all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.’” Stanton v. Sims, 571 26 U.S. 3, 6 (2013) (citations omitted).

27 2 Defendant did not argue that he is entitled to qualified immunity as to Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claim. Accordingly, the Court does not address Plaintiff’s arguments with respect to qualified immunity regarding his 28 Eighth Amendment claim. 1 To determine if an official is entitled to qualified immunity the court uses a two-part 2 inquiry. Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 200 (2001). The court determines if the facts as alleged 3 state a violation of a constitutional right and if the right is clearly established so that a reasonable 4 official would have known that his conduct was unlawful. Saucier, 533 U.S. at 200. A district 5 court is “permitted to exercise their sound discretion in deciding which of the two prongs of 6 the qualified immunity analysis should be addressed first in light of the circumstances in the 7 particular case at hand.” Pearson, 555 U.S. at 236. The inquiry as to whether the right was 8 clearly established is “solely a question of law for the judge.” Dunn v. Castro, 621 F.3d 1196, 9 1199 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Tortu v. Las Vegas Metro. Police Dep’t., 556 F.3d 1075, 1085 (9th 10 Cir. 2009)). 11 It is not required that there be a case directly on point before concluding that the law is 12 clearly established, “but existing precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional 13 question beyond debate.” Stanton, 571 U.S. at 6 (quoting Ashcroft v. al–Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 741 14 (2011). A right is clearly established where it is “sufficiently clear that every reasonable official 15 would [have understood] that what he is doing violates that right.” Hines v. Youseff, 914 F.3d 16 1219, 1229 (9th Cir. 2019) (quoting Reichle v. Howards, 566 U.S. 658, 664 (2012)). In 17 determining if the right is clearly established, the court must consider the law, “in light of the 18 specific context of the case, not as a broad general proposition.” Hines, 914 F.3d at 19 1229 (quoting Mullenix v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 12 (2015) (per curiam)). 20 3. Analysis 21 As discussed above, there remains a material dispute of fact as to whether Plaintiff’s First 22 Amendment right against retaliation was violated. While Defendant contends that Plaintiff was 23 reassigned due to poor job performance, Plaintiff claims that the alleged poor job performance 24 was only recorded after he informed Defendant of his intention to file a grievance against 25 Defendant. In Bruce v. Ylst, the Ninth Circuit explained that “prison officials may not defeat a 26 retaliation claim on summary judgment simply by articulating a general justification for a neutral 27 process, when there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the action was taken in 28 retaliation for the exercise of a constitutional right.” 351 F.3d 1283, 1289 (9th Cir. 2003). On the 1 instant record, there is sufficient ambiguity for a jury to find that Defendant acted with a 2 retaliatory motive, even if it is also true that Plaintiff was performing poorly in his job assignment 3 or that Plaintiff received more compensation at his next job assignment. Id. (prison official who 4 uses valid procedure as subterfuge to obscure retaliation “cannot assert that [his action] served a 5 valid penological purpose, even though [the prisoner] may have arguably ended up where he 6 belonged.”) (emphasis removed). 7 Defendant may nevertheless be entitled to qualified immunity if the right at issue was not 8 “clearly established at the time of the challenged conduct.” Ashcroft, 563 U.S. at 735. 9 A prisoner’s general right against retaliatory punishment was clearly established well 10 before 2020, when the events at issue in this action occurred, e.g., Rhodes, 408 F.3d at 569, and 11 there is no dispute that Plaintiff was engaged in protected conduct. Though it remains disputed 12 whether Plaintiff was subject to the type of adverse action that would chill speech, or whether 13 Defendant acted solely with a retaliatory motive, “[f]or purposes of summary judgment on the 14 question of qualified immunity . . . we must presume the facts to be most favorable to the non- 15 moving party.” DiRuzza v. Cty. of Tehama, 206 F.3d 1304, 1314 (9th Cir. 2000). Thus, 16 assuming Plaintiff’s version of events is true, Defendant cannot claim that he could have 17 reasonably believed his conduct was lawful because he was advancing a legitimate penological 18 goal. Plaintiff alleges that he never performed poorly at his job in the laundry facility, and 19 Defendant only recorded such poor performance in retaliation and an attempt to remove Plaintiff 20 from his job assignment. 21 In 2003, the Ninth Circuit followed other circuits and clearly established that prison 22 officials may not abuse a valid procedure “as a cover or a ruse to silence and punish” an inmate. 23 Bruce, 35 F.3d at 1289. This holding was reaffirmed in 2016, four years prior to the events in this 24 action. Shepard v. Quillen, 840 F.3d 686, 692 (9th Cir. 2016). On the version of facts before the 25 Court, Plaintiff’s right against retaliation was therefore “sufficiently clear that a reasonable 26 official” in Defendant’s position would have understood “that what he [was] doing violate[d] that 27 right.” Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987). 28 /// 1 Accordingly, Defendant is not entitled to qualified immunity with respect to Plaintiff’s 2 First Amendment claim at this stage. 3 IV. Conclusion and Recommendations 4 For the reasons explained above, the Court finds that Defendant is not entitled to summary 5 judgment as to Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment or First Amendment claims, and Defendant is not 6 entitled to qualified immunity as to Plaintiff’s First Amendment claim. 7 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that Defendant’s motion for summary 8 judgment, (ECF No. 59), be denied. 9 These Findings and Recommendations will be submitted to the United States District 10 Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of Title 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within 11 fourteen (14) days after being served with these Findings and Recommendations, the parties may 12 file written objections with the court. The document should be captioned “Objections to 13 Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” The parties are advised that failure to file 14 objections within the specified time may result in the waiver of the “right to challenge the 15 magistrate’s factual findings” on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 838–39 (9th Cir. 16 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)). 17 IT IS SO ORDERED. 18

19 Dated: September 6, 2023 /s/ Barbara A. McAuliffe _ UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 20

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