Patton v. People

35 P.3d 124, 2001 WL 1402559

• Court: Supreme Court of Colorado
• Decided: November 13, 2001
• Docket: No. 00SC82
• Status: Published

Opinions

Justice HOBBS

delivered the Opinion of the Court.

Petitioner Brand Patton pleaded guilty to one count of manufacturing and one count of possessing methamphetamine, a schedule II controlled substance, both counts in violation of section 18-18-405(1)(a), 6 C.R.S. (2000). We granted certiorari in People v. Patton, 7 P.3d 1057 (Colo.App.1999), to determine whether Patton could lawfully be convicted and punished on both counts pursuant to his guilty plea in light of the double jeopardy provisions of the Colorado and United States Constitutions.¹ The court of appeals held that Patton was not entitled to dismissal of either conviction. We disagree. Patton sufficiently demonstrated a double jeopardy violation, and we vacate his conviction and sentence for possession of methamphetamine.

I.

This case arises out of several different charges in multiple cases, each involving the manufacture and possession of methamphetamine. On February 4, 1997, police searched Patton's residence in Craig pursuant to a warrant, and discovered products and chemicals used to manufacture methamphetamine. The search, however, did not disclose the actual presence of methamphetamine in Patton's home. The prosecution filed a multi-defendant information in Case No. 97CR26, ²charging Patton with manufacturing methamphetamine, possessing methamphetamine, possessing ephedrine, conspiring to manufacture or distribute methamphetamine, conspiring to manufacture or distribute ephedrine, possession of a deadly weapon, and possession of drug paraphernalia. The information alleged that all charged offenses took place in Moffat County between October 1, 1996 and February 4, 1997.

Patton was released on bond, but was arrested again in July 1997, following another search of his house pursuant to a warrant. This search turned up methamphetamine residue on approximately four items in the home. In Case No. 97CR125, the People charged Patton by information with two counts of unlawful distribution, manufacturing, dispensing, sale, and possession of methamphetamine. The information also charged Patton with one count of conspiracy to commit unlawful distribution, manufacturing, dispensing, sale, and possession of methamphetamine. All offenses were alleged to have been committed between February 5, 1997 and July 17, 1997. The trial court subsequently ordered the two cases joined for further disposition.

In November 1997, the prosecution and Patton reached a plea agreement. The prosecution amended the count of unlawful manufacture of methamphetamine in the first case (97CR26) to charge manufacture during the period from October 1, 1996 to July 17, 1997. Patton agreed to plead guilty to that count, as well as to one count of unlawfully possessing methamphetamine between October 1, 1996 and February 4, 1997, a period five months shorter than the manufacture period. The prosecution agreed to dismiss all other counts against Patton in both pending cases.

In his written guilty plea advisement form, Patton agreed that there was a factual basis for entering his guilty pleas to both the manufacture and possession offenses, and waived any further establishment of a factual basis. In the course of the guilty plea proceeding, the prosecution offered two police affidavits to establish the factual basis of the charges. Patton did not object to the use of the affidavits. The trial court accepted Patton's guilty pleas and convicted him on the manufacturing and possession counts.

At the sentencing hearing, Patton admitted to the trial court that he had a methamphetamine addiction, and that he had produced "a small amount" of the drug for his own use. Patton also submitted a written statement to the trial court, which read in part:

I have been addicted to meth ... for a long time. I did make meth for my own use. [Other] people would make meth 'with me and keep some for their own use!

The trial court sentenced Patton to twelve years in the Department of Corrections on the manufacturing charge and six years in the Department of Corrections on the possession charge, the sentences to run concurrently.

Patton subsequently contested the trial court's sentence, arguing that the crime of possession of a controlled substance is a lesser-included offense of the crime of unlawful manufacture of that substance, because possession is a natural consequence of its manufacture. Patton asserted that conviction for both erimes violated the double jeopardy provision of both the Colorado and United States Constitutions. The court of appeals rejected Patton's claim, holding that "it is not evident from the face of the information and the record existing at the time defendant entered his guilty pleas that the convictions were based on identical conduct or even one continuing course of conduct." Patton, 7 P.3d at 1059. This appeal followed.

II.

We reverse the judgment of the court of appeals. We determine that Patton has sufficiently demonstrated a double jeopardy violation. Possession is a lesser-included offense of manufacture, and the information to which Patton pleaded guilty at the time of the providency hearing contained no allegation other than that Patton possessed the controlled substance in connection with manufacturing it. We order that the conviction and sentence for possession be vacated.

A.

Scope and Effect of a Guilty Plea

We begin by discussing the long-established principles of law concerning guilty pleas. "A plea of guilty is more than a confession which admits that the accused did various acts; it is itself a conviction; nothing remains but to give judgment and determine punishment." People v. Kyler, 991 P.2d 810, 816 (Colo.1999)(quoting Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 288, 242, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 28 L.Ed.2d 274 (1969))(internal quotation marks omitted). It follows that when a defendant enters a plea of guilty, he admits committing the substantive crime charged against him. See People v. Sandreschi, 849 P.2d 878, 875 (Colo.App.1992).

By pleading guilty, a defendant waives a number of important constitutional rights, including the right against self-incrimination, the right to trial by jury, the right to confront one's accusers, the right to a speedy and public trial, the right to insist at trial that the prosecution establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, and the right to present witnesses at trial on the defendant's behalf. People v. Schneider, 25 P.3d 755, 759-60 (Colo.2001); People v. Johnson, 999 P.2d 825, 832 (Colo.2000); People v. Lesh, 668 P.2d 1362, 1867 (Colo.1988). The General Assembly has provided that the court's acceptance of a guilty plea "acts as a waiver by the defendant of the right to trial by jury on all issues including the determination of the penalty to be assessed, and the acceptance of such plea also acts as a conviction for the offense." § 16-7-206(8), 6 C.R.S. (2000).

Because a guilty plea effectuates such an extensive waiver, a challenge to the conviction entered thereon is normally limited to whether the plea itself was voluntary and intelligent.³ See, e.g., Schneider, 25 P.8d at 760-61; Kyler, 991 P.2d at 816; see also United States v. Broce, 488 U.S. 563, 569, 109 S.Ct. 757, 102 L.Ed.2d 927 (1989)("[WJhen the judgment of conviction upon a guilty plea has become final and the offender seeks to reopen the proceeding, the inquiry is ordinarily confined to whether the underlying plea was both counseled and voluntary.").

A narrow exception to this rule permits collateral attacks on guilty pleas where the court lacked the power to enter the conviction or impose the sentence in the first instance. United States v. Broce, 488 U.S. 563, 569, 109 S.Ct. 757, 102 L.Ed.2d 927 (1989); Menna v. New York, 423 U.S. 61, 62, 96 S.Ct. 241, 46 L.Ed.2d 195 (1975); Blackledge v. Perry, 417 U.S. 21, 80-31, 94 S.Ct. 2098, 40 LEd.2d 628 (1974). "[A] plea of guilty to a charge does not waive a claim that-judged on its face-the charge is one which the State may not constitutionally prosecute." Broce, 488 U.S. at 575, 109 S.Ct. 757 (emphasis in original). In Broce, the United States Supreme Court, describing Menna and Blackledge, emphasized that the double jeopardy inquiry focuses on whether the United States Constitution forbids the prosecution from bringing the defendant to court on the charges for the conviction under attack. Id. "Where the State is precluded by the United States Constitution from haling the defendant into court on a charge, ... a conviction on that charge [must] be set aside even if the conviction was entered pursuant to a counseled plea of guilty." Menna, 428 U.S. at 62, 96 S.Ct. 241 (citing Blackledge, 417 U.S. at 80, 94 S.Ct. 2098).

We now turn to Patton's contention that unlawful possession of a controlled substance in the course of its manufacture is a lesser-included offense of the manufacturing crime for purposes of double jeopardy analysis.

B.

Double Jeopardy and Lesser-Included Offenses

Under the Double Jeopardy Clauses of both the United States and Colorado Constitutions, the state may not punish a person twice for the same offense. U.S. Const. amend. V; Colo. Const. art. II, § 18. This protection specifically includes guarantees that the accused will not be subject to multiple punishments imposed in the same criminal prosecution for statutory offenses proscribing the same conduct. Boulies v. People, 770 P.2d 1274, 1278 (Colo.1989)⁴ For the purpose of determining whether double jeopardy principles bar multiple punishments for the same criminal conduct, we read the state and federal Double Jeopardy Clauses to be coextensive. People v. Leske, 957 P.2d 1080, 1085 n. 6 (Colo.1998); Boulies, 770 P.2d at 1278.

The Double Jeopardy Clauses do not prevent the legislature from specifying multiple punishments based upon the same criminal conduct. See U.S. Const. amend. V.; Colo. Const. art. II, § 18. "For purposes of both double jeopardy and merger, a defendant may be subjected to multiple punishments based upon the same criminal conduct as long as such punishments are 'specifically authorized' by the General Assembly." Leske, 957 P.2d at 1035; see also People v. Henderson, 810 P.2d 1058, 1061 (Colo.1991)(noting that "[t]he role of the constitutional guarantee is limited to assuring that the court does not exceed its legislative authorization"). In the absence of express legislative authorization, the court must ascertain whether the offenses are sufficiently distinguishable to permit imposition of multiple punishments. Ohio v. Johnson, 467 U.S. 493, 499 n. 8, 104 S.Ct. 2586, 81 LEd.2d 425 (1984); Leske, 957 P.2d at 1036.

We conduct a two-part inquiry in this regard. First, did the General Assembly clearly authorize separate punishments for the unlawful manufacture of a controlled substance and the unlawful possession entailed thereby? Second, if there was no such express authorization, are these offenses otherwise sufficiently distinguishable to permit multiple punishment? See Bowles, 770 P.2d at 1279.

1. Legislative Authorization

"Where the same conduct violates two statutory provisions, the first step in the double jeopardy analysis is to determine whether the legislature ... intended that each violation be a separate offense." Garrett v. United States, 471 U.S. 773, 778, 105 S.Ct. 2407, 85 LEd.2d 764 (1985). If the legislative intent to create separate offenses is clear from the face of the statute or the legislative history, our double jeopardy inquiry ends. Id. at 778-79, 105 S.Ct. 2407.

The manufacturing and possession charges against Patton were each brought pursuant to section 18-18-405. That section provides, in relevant part:

18-18~405. Unlawful distribution, manufacturing, dispensing, sale, or possession. (1)(a) Except as authorized by part 8 of article 22 of title 12, C.R.S., or by part 2 or 8 of this article, it is unlawful for any person knowingly to manufacture, dispense, sell, distribute, possess, or to possess with intent to manufacture, dispense, sell, or distribute a controlled substance....

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(2) Except as is otherwise provided for offenses concerning marihuana and marihuana concentrate in section 18-18-406 and offenses involving minors in section 18-18-407(1)(g), any person who violates any of the provisions in subsection (1) of this section:

(a) In the case of a controlled substance listed in schedule I or II of part 2 of this article,⁵ commits:

(I) A class 8 felony; except that a person commits a class 4 felony if such violation is based on the possession of a controlled substance listed in schedule II unless otherwise provided in paragraph (a) of subsection (8) of this seetion.

Section 18-18-405(1) does not expressly provide that possession in the course of manufacturing a controlled substance is a separately punishable offense. Nor do we view the language of section 18-18-405(@2)(a)(D), which characterizes possession as a class 4 felony rather than a class 3 felony, as authorizing separate punishment for such possession in the course of manufacture. Section 18-18-405(2)(a)(I) initially categorized possession as a class 3 felony. See ch. 71, see. 1, § 18-18-405, 1992 Colo. Sess. Laws 824, 856. In 1994, the section was amended as part of an omnibus crime bill to punish possession as a less serious offense. The legislators were primarily addressing possession for personal use. See ch. 287, see. 24, § 18-18-405, 1994 Colo. Sess. Laws 1714, 1728.

The legislative history of the 1994 amendment clarifies that the separate classification for possession in section 18-18-405(2)(a)(I) was not intended to cover possession of a drug in the course of its manufacture.⁶ We conclude that the statutes do not authorize separate punishments for unlawful manufacture of a controlled substance and possession in the course thereof.

2. The Statutory Elements Test

The General Assembly has provided that "Iwlhen any conduct of a defendant establishes the commission of more than one offense, the defendant may be prosecuted for each such offense." § 18-1-408(1), 6 C.R.S. (2000). However, a defendant may not be punished multiple times for the same conduct if "[olne offense is included in the other." § 18-1-408(1)(a). A lesser offense is "included" in a greater offense when it "is established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the commission of the offense charged." § 18-1-408(5)(a).

We have construed section 18-1-408(5)(a) to require a comparison of the statutory elements of each offense in order to determine whether an offense is within the lesser-included category. See, e.g., Leske, 957 P.2d at 1036; People v. Garcia, 940 P.2d 357, 361 n. 3 (Colo.1997); Armintrout v. People, 864 P.2d 576, 579 (Colo.1993); People v. Rivera, 186 Colo. 24, 27, 525 P.2d 481, 433 (1974). We have described the "statutory elements test" as follows:

If proof of the facts establishing the statutory elements of the greater offense necessarily establishes all of the elements of the lesser offense, the lesser offense is included for the purposes of section 18-l-408(5)(a). If, however, each offense necessarily requires proof of at least one additional fact which the other does not, the strict clements test is not satisfied and a presumption arises that convictions for both offenses is consistent with legislative intent.

Leske, 957 P.2d at 1086 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted); see also Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304, 52 S.Ct. 180, 76 L.Ed. 306 (1932)(stating that "[the applicable rule is that where the same act or transaction constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be applied to determine whether there are two offenses or only one, is whether each provision requires proof of a fact which the other does not").

The elements of manufacture of a controlled substance are: 1) that the defendant; 2) in the State of Colorado, on or about the date and place charged; 3) knowingly or intentionally; 4) manufactured; 5) the controlled substance. CJI-Crim. 36:02 (1983). The elements of possession of a controlled substance are: 1) that the defendant; 2) in the State of Colorado, on or about the date or place charged; 83) knowingly and intentionally; 4) possessed; 5) the controlled substance. Id.; Richardson v. People, 25 P.3d 54, 56 (Colo.2001). The elements of both crimes are identical except for the terms "manufactured" and "possessed." We now examine the meaning of both terms.

The statutory definition of "manufacture" is "to produce, prepare, propagate, convert, or process a controlled substance, directly or indirectly, by extraction and chemical synthesis, and includes any packaging or repackaging of the substance or labeling or relabeling of its container." § 18-18-102(17), 6 C.R.S. (2000).⁷

"Possession" of a controlled substance does not have a statutory definition. The Colorado Jury Instructions identify the term to mean "the actual, physical possession, or the immediate and knowing dominion or control over the object or the thing allegedly possessed." CJI-Crim. 36(11).

Comparing the meanings of "manufacture" and "possession", it is evident that one who manufactures a controlled substance also possesses the substance in the course of manufacturing it. "Possession" requires immediate and knowing control over the substance. Logic dictates that such control is required in the production of the substance. This type of possession is therefore a lesser-included offense of the crime of manufacture.

In People v. Villapando, 984 P.2d 51 (Colo.1999), a defendant was charged with the unlawful use of marijuana and the possession of contraband (marijuana) in the first degree. After examining the definitions of "use" and "possession," we determined that "while it is possible to possess a controlled substance without using it, we can envision no seenario in which an individual could voluntarily use a controlled substance without first possessing it." Id. at 54. We therefore concluded that "the voluntary use of a controlled substance assumes possession." Id. at 55, see also People v. Cagle, 751 P2d 614, 620 (Colo.1988)(noting that "[to use the [psilocy-bin] mushroom, [the defendant] must first possess it"). Similarly, we can envision no scenario in which an individual can manufac-

ture methamphetamine without also possessing it. See id. at 54.

However, if the possession and the manufacture convictions are distinct offenses, criminal liability for both possession and manufacture may attach under section 18-18-405 without offending double jeopardy protections. See People v. Williams, 996 P.2d 237, 248 (Colo. that section 18-18-405(1)(a) punishes multiple drug offenses); see also People v. Melillo, 25 P.3d 769, 778-T9 (Colo.2001)(multiple sexual assaults on a child). Thé relevant question is whether the possession charge and the manufacturing charge "are directed at different sorts of eriminal conduct which may be independently punished." People v. Bloom, 195 Colo. 246, 248-49, 577 P.2d 288, 290 (1978)(possession of a controlled substance is not a lesser-included offense of the sale of a controlled substance); see also People v. Holcomb, 187 Colo. 371, 374, 532 P.2d 45, 46 (1975)(same). For example, a defendant may be convicted lawfully of both manufacture and possession of a controlled substance if the defendant is convicted of possessing the substance during one time period and manufacturing it in another time period, or separate transactions of possession and manufacture in the same time period. See People v. Thurman, 948 P.2d 69 (Colo.App.1997)(distribution, possession, and conspiracy); United States v. Miller, 870 F.2d 1067 (6th Cir.1989)(unlawful manufacture and possession); United States v. Zamora, 784 F.2d 1025 (10th Cir.1986)(same).

We now examine Patton's plea of guilty to both possession and manufacture of methamphetamine.

C. Patton's Guilty Plea

A presumption of regularity and validity attaches to a judgment of conviction resulting from a guilty plea. See People v. Naranjo, 840 P.2d 319, 325 (Colo.1992); People v. McClellan, 183 Colo. 176, 178, 515 P.2d 1127, 1128 (1978). This presumption applies to collateral attacks on the conviction "even when the question is waiver of constitutional rights." Parke v. Raley, 506 U.S. 20, 29, 118 S.Ct. 517, 121 LEd.2d 391 (1992). Consequently, "[a] defendant seeking to set aside a prior conviction obtained as the result of a guilty plea must initially make a prima facie showing that the guilty plea was constitutionally infirm." People v. Wade, 708 P.2d 1366, 1368 (Colo.1985).

A plea agreement acts as a contract that sets forth the obligations of both the prosecution and defense, as well as the consideration both sides obtained. Johnson, 999 P.2d at 829. The agreement must be attended by constitutional safeguards to ensure that the defendant is treated fairly by the government. Id. Once a valid agreement is reached, neither side may deprive the other of the benefit of its bargain. Id. at 882. Here, the prosecution dropped nearly all charges against Patton, consolidated two separate manufacturing charges into one, and kept only one charge of possession. In return, Patton relieved the prosecution of its burden of proving him guilty at trial of one manufacturing charge and one possession charge. Patton seeks to set aside his conviction and sentence for possession based on a Double Jeopardy claim.

Under Blackledge, Menna, and Broce, a guilty plea does not waive a valid double jeopardy claim of being punished twice for the same offense. We must determine whether the charges against Patton, "judged on the basis of the record that existed at the time the guilty plea was entered, [are] one[s] that the State may not constitutionally prosecute." United States v. Kaiser, 893 F.2d 1300, 1302 (11th Cir.1990). If the conviction appears on its face to be for possession of the controlled substance in connection with its manufacture, we must vacate the possession conviction as a lesser-included offense of the manufacture. The record of the charges against Patton at the time of the providency hearing supports his double jeopardy claim.

Pursuant to the plea bargain, Patton pleaded guilty to counts 17 and 18. Originally, these counts alleged manufacture and possession in. the same time period:

That on or between the Ist day of October, 1996 and the 4th day of February, 1997, in the County of Moffat, State of Colorado:

CoUNT XVII

Brand Mitchell Patton did unlawfully and knowingly, MANUFACTURE a Schedule II controlled substance, to-wit: Methamphetamine/Amphetamine; in violation of C.R.S. 18-18-204 and 18-18-40501)(a)(2)(a)(I), as amended UNLAWFUL DISTRIBUTION, MANUFACTURING, DISPENSING, SALE, AND POSSESSION OF A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE SCHEDULE II(F-3).

COUNT XVIII

Brand Mitchell Patton did unlawfully and knowingly possess a Schedule II controlled substance, to-wit: Methamphetamine/Amphetamine in violation of C.R.S. 18-18-405(1)(a)(2)(a)(I) and 18-18-204, as amended UNLAWFUL POSSESSION OF A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE SCHEDULE II(F-4).

The amended counts to which Patton pleaded guilty extended the period of manufacture an additional five months:

That on or between the 1st day of October, 1996 and the 17th day of July, 1997, in the County of Moffat, State of Colorado:

COUNT XVII

Brand Mitchell Patton did unlawfully and knowingly, MANUFACTURE a Schedule II controlled substance, to-wit: Methamphetamine/Amphetamine; in violation of C.R.S. 18-18-204 and 18-18-405(1)(a)(2)(a)(I), as amended UNLAWFUL DISTRIBUTION, MANUFACTURING, DISPENSING, SALE, AND POSSESSION OF A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE SCHEDULE II(F-3).

That on or between the Ist day of October, 1996 and the 4th day of February, 1997, in the County of Moffat, State of Colorado:

COUNT XVIII

Brand Mitchell Patton did unlawfully and knowingly possess a Schedule II controlled substance, to-wit: Methamphetamine/Amphetamine in violation of C.R.S. 18-18-405(1)(a)(2)(a)(T) and 18-18-204, as amended UNLAWFUL POSSESSION OF A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE SCHEDULE II(F-4). n

Under the structure of the counts upon which the convictions were based, the greater period of manufacture (alleged as a class 3 felony) included the lesser period of possession (alleged as a class 4 felony). The counts did not set forth distinct periods or transactions that would differentiate the possession charge from being anything other than a lesser-included offense of manufacture. Cf. Broce, 488 U.S. at 570, 109 S.Ct. 757 ("Just as a defendant who pleads guilty to a single count admits guilt to the specified offense, so too does a defendant who pleads guilty to two counts with facial allegations of distinct offenses concede that he has committed two separate crimes.").

The double jeopardy clauses prevent conviction and eumulative punishment for the greater and lesser included offense when the legislature has not provided for such punishment. See Kaiser, 893 F.2d at 1303 ("While the government may charge a defendant with both a greater and a lesser included offense and may prosecute those offenses at a single trial, the court may not enter separate convictions or impose cumulative punishments for both offenses unless the legislature has authorized such punishment.").

Under the applicable double jeopardy test for guilty pleas, we must base our decision on the structure of the information and guilty plea at the time of the providency hearing and cannot inquire into the facts underlying the guilty plea or take into account statements made at the sentencing hearing. See Broce, 488 U.S. at 574-75, 109 S.Ct. 757 (factual inquiry foreclosed by guilty plea); Taylor v. Whitley, 933 F.2d 325, 328 (5th Cir.1991)(double jeopardy violation must appear on the face of the indictments or record). Section 18-1-408(1)(a) prohibits the conviction of both the greater and lesser included offense. See Leske, 957 P.2d at 1035-36 n. 8 (observing that strict elements test examines charging document and does not involve an analysis of the evidence at trial).

Here the double jeopardy violation appears on the face of the information and guilty plea record. A different case would have been presented if the counts to which Patton pleaded guilty recited that the period of the possession exceeded the period of manufacture or that Patton possessed the controlled substance independently of his manufacture of it, for example, as a result of obtaining it from another source. We conclude that Patton pleaded guilty to both the greater and lesser included offenses for the same transaction. The double jeopardy clauses require us to vacate the lesser-included offense because our legislature has not provided for separate punishment under these cireumstances.

IIL

Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals. We remand this case with an instruction for the trial court to vacate the possession conviction and sentence.

Justice COATS dissents, and Justice RICE joins in the dissent. Justice KOURLIS does not participate.

1 . We granted certiorari on the following issue: "'Where the record at the providency hearing establishes possession of an illegal drug only in conjunction with the manufacture of that drug, does the offense of possession of methamphetamine merge with the offense of manufacture, so that conviction of both offenses is a violation of guarantees against double jeopardy under the Colorado and United States Constitutions?"

2 . The search of Patton's home and his subsequent arrest were part of a larger effort by local and federal drug enforcement authorities to locate laboratories for the manufacture of methamphetamine and amphetamine. The information in Case No. 97CR26 listed seven defendants including Patton.

3 . The court must advise the defendant of the rights the defendant will waive if the court accepts the plea, as well as the maximum and minimum penalties the court may impose. § 16-7-206(1)(a). The defendant's guilty plea must be voluntary, intelligent, and supported by the record. People v. Wade, 708 P.2d 1366, 1368 (Colo.1985).

4 . The constitutional guarantee against double jeopardy serves several purposes: "It protects against a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal. It protects against a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction. And it protects against multiple punishments for the same offense." Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S. 161, 165-66, 97 S.Ct. 2221, 53 LEd.2d 187 (1977); North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 717, 89 S.Ct. 2072, 23 LEd.2d 656 (1969).

5 . Methamphetamine is classified as a schedule II controlled substance. § 6 C.R.S. (2000).

6 . The General Assembly discussion included testimony that "pure possession" of small amounts of drugs "for personal use only" could be "handled very appropriately and appropriate sentences can be given under the class four category." Hearing on H.B. 94-1126 before the Senate Judiciary Committee, 59th General Assembly, Second Session (January 27, 1999). See also People v. Pierrie, 30 P.3d 816, 819 (Colo.App.2001), cert. denied, No. 01SC350 (Sept. 10, 2001).

7 . The definition does not include activities by a practitioner in the course of the practitioner's professional practice. § 18-18-102(17).