Parker v. Manzano

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: March 4, 2024
• Docket: 3:22-cv-00001
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 DEREK RICHARD PARKER, Case No.: 3:22-cv-00001-RBM-SBC

12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ 13 v. MOTION TO DISMISS

14 MIMI MANZANO, et al., [Docs. 35, 42] 15 Defendants. 16 17 18 Presently before the Court is Defendants Mimi Manzano, Christopher J. Marco, and 19 Ymelda Valenzuela’s (collectively, “Defendants”) Motion to Dismiss (“Motion”) 20 Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint for Damages (“Amended Complaint”). (Doc. 35.) 21 Plaintiff Derek Richard Parker (“Plaintiff”), appearing pro se, filed an Opposition to the 22 Motion (Doc. 37), and Defendants filed a Reply (Doc. 39). The Court found the matter 23 suitable for determination on the papers and without oral argument pursuant to Civil Local 24 Rule 7.1(d)(1). (Doc. 41.) For the reasons discussed below, Defendants’ Motion is 25 GRANTED. 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 A. Procedural Background 3 The Court dismissed Plaintiff’s initial Complaint, which alleged violation of his 4 rights under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment by Defendants and sought a remedy 5 under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 6 388 (1971). (Doc. 23 (Order dismissing initial Complaint); Compl. at 1.1) The Court 7 dismissed Plaintiff’s Fourteenth Amendment claim with prejudice because Plaintiff alleged 8 only violations against federal actors. (Doc. 23 at 4–5.)2 Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment 9 Bivens claim against Defendants in their official capacities was dismissed with prejudice 10 as barred by sovereign immunity. (Id. at 6.) Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment Bivens claim 11 against Defendants in their personal capacities was dismissed with prejudice because it 12 arose in a new Bivens context and special factors counseled hesitation in extending Bivens 13 to that new context. (Id. at 5–9.) Despite dismissing Plaintiff’s claims with prejudice 14 because Plaintiff’s Fourteenth Amendment and Bivens claims were foreclosed as a matter 15 of law, the Court granted Plaintiff leave to amend because he is proceeding pro se. (Id. at 16 9.) However, the Court explicitly stated, “Plaintiff is specifically advised that his amended 17 pleading may not allege Fourteenth or Bivens claims against Defendants” and that 18 “conclusory allegations unsupported by specific allegations of fact are insufficient to 19 properly comply with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” (Id.) 20 After the Court granted Plaintiff’s request for an extension of time to file an amended 21 complaint (Docs. 32–33), Plaintiff filed his Amended Complaint. (Doc. 34.) 22 B. Allegations of the Amended Complaint 23 For purposes of ruling on the instant Motion, the Court assumes the following facts 24 alleged in the Amended Complaint are true. 25 /// 26 27 1 The Court cites the CM/ECF electronic pagination unless otherwise noted. 2 Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint indicates inclusion of the Fourteenth Amendment claim 28 was an error and the issue is abandoned. (Am. Compl. at 5.) 1 “On May 21, 2020, Plaintiff was informed that his father, Richard Wayne Parker, … 2 was given ‘immediate release’ from his four life sentences after serving 22 years in federal 3 prison.” (Am. Compl. at 5.) Plaintiff wanted to have Parker live with him in Oceanside 4 while he served his five years of supervised release. (Id.) A probation officer from Orange 5 County contacted Plaintiff and “noted the highly secured location for the firearms, …[a] 6 secured combination lock gun safe, in a locked closet/gun room, in a locked home office 7 was adequate for US Probation.” (Id.) 8 “Almost immediately after this approval, the US Probation Office for the Southern 9 District took the case and Defendant Manzano became the case agent.” (Id.) “Manzano 10 quickly reversed approval for the weapons to be secured in the home.” (Id. at 6.) Plaintiff 11 informed Manzano that he “would move the subject firearms to secure gun safes in the 12 homes of law enforcement who were his long-time friends” and “[t]his would negate any 13 concerns for US Probation since the residence of the person on supervised release is by law 14 their only area of responsibility.” (Id.) Manzano indicated Plaintiff would be required to 15 provide the names and addresses of those safeguarding his firearms. (Id.) Plaintiff emailed 16 Manzano asking for the regulations that gave her authority to require this information “on 17 persons unrelated to his father’s supervision.” (Id.) 18 “Manzano refused to provide a copy of the regulations; nor would she give the 19 citation and statute numbers of the fictional regulations.” (Id.) “Manzano informed the 20 Plaintiff that her supervisor would speak to him by phone on the matter, [and] Supervisor 21 … Valenzuela … left a voicemail.” (Id.) Plaintiff asserts that not receiving a written 22 response “is by federal definition ‘consciousness of guilt’ … evidenced that they knew 23 they were committing misconduct and sought to prevent giving written evidence of that 24 misconduct.” (Id. at 6; see also id. at 4 (“Defendant refused all attempts to communicate 25 in writing via email which indicates consciousness of guilt.”).) 26 “Plaintiff did not want to violate the trust of his friends and would not give a list of 27 the proposed law enforcement officers; instead he told Manzano he would submit and place 28 the firearms in storage.” (Id. at 6–7.) “Manzano stated this was acceptable only if he 1 provided a copy of the storage agreement to her.” (Id. at 7.) “Plaintiff emailed the storage 2 contract to … Manzano.”3 (Id.) “Manzano coerced Plaintiff to disclose the complete lists 3 of firearms owned by him and to disclose their physical locations with full knowledge that 4 such information is protected by the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution and requires a 5 search warrant supported by probable cause that a crime is being committed.” (Id. at 3.) 6 Plaintiff alleges that requiring him to provide the locations of his firearms is “quite 7 probably a [f]ederal crime,” and “[f]ederal agents cannot use coercion to force submission 8 to non-existent federal law or procedure – in this case, denying Plaintiff’s father’s use of 9 [Plaintiff’s residence] if Plaintiff did not submit to unlawful coercion contrary to his Fourth 10 Amendment Rights.” (Id. at 8.) 11 “The firearms were later stolen in a burglary upon the storage locker.” (Id. at 7.) 12 Plaintiff alleges “[o]nly three persons knew the lockers’ contents: Plaintiff, the storage 13 facility manager, and Defendant Manzano.” (Id.) “The unit of the Plaintiff was the only 14 one burglarized; only firearms were taken while over 1000 rounds of ammunition was left 15 untouched, and the cameras had been conveniently out of position.” (Id. (citing police case 16 number).) “[O]ne firearm is known to have been recovered – taken during a drug arrest.” 17 (Id. (citing a separate police case number).) Plaintiff asserts “[f]irearms that were safely 18 and lawfully secured are now at large among the criminal community due to the unlawful 19 coercion of the Defendants and Defendant Manzano’s fixation with the lawfully owned 20 firearms.” (Id.) “Had Defendants not coerced the Plaintiff and prevented placement with 21 law enforcement officers, these firearms would not be at large and in the hands of 22 criminals.” (Id. at 9.) 23 /// 24

25 3 Plaintiff asserts that “[t]his is verifiable in Probation Records.” (Am. Compl. at 7.) 26 Defendants have provided the storage agreement that Plaintiff relies on in the Amended Complaint as an exhibit to their Motion (Doc. 35-2) with a Declaration indicating the 27 storage contract provided by Plaintiff to Defendants redacted the unit number at the storage 28 facility. (Decl. of Stephanie Sotomayer [Doc. 35-1] (“Sotomayer Decl.”) ¶ 2.) 1 Plaintiff argues that “[o]nce Plaintiff stated that the firearms would be removed from 2 [his residence] and he offered US Probation the opportunity to fully search and inspect, 3 there was no need to continue to fixate on the firearms locations.” (Id. at 8.) Manzano 4 “declined an offer to search the residence to document the firearms were not present.” (Id. 5 at 3.) The Amended Complaint alleges Valenzuela joined Manzano in requiring the list of 6 firearms and location and in refusing to provide written regulations permitting the conduct. 7 (Id. at 3–4.) As to Marco, Plaintiff alleges “he attempted to conceal the Freedom of 8 Information Act requests for the non-existent policies and procedures cited to obtain the 9 descriptions and locations of the Plaintiff’s firearms in violation of his Fourth Amendment 10 rights.” (Id. at 4.)4 11 Plaintiff argues “that using coercion to force a citizen to unwillingly provide specific 12 location information details about his private property is a search, no different than a 13 physical search.” (Id. at 9.) He alleges that “using coercion and false regulations to obtain 14 knowledge about personal private property is an unlawful search.” (Id.) Plaintiff asserts 15 claims against each Defendant in both their “personal and professional capacities.” (Id. at 16 3–4.) Plaintiff seeks $150,000 in monetary compensation from each Defendant in their 17 official capacity, $150,000 in monetary compensation from each Defendant in their 18 personal capacity, punitive damages, and compensation for all costs of this action. (Id. at 19 9–10.) 20 21

22 4 Plaintiff states he brought a prior action alleging violations under the Freedom of Information Act that was dismissed. (Am. Compl. at 2 (identifying Parker v. United States 23 Probation Office et al., Case No. 3:21-cv-01373-DMS-DEB (S.D. Cal. 2021)). The earlier 24 case was dismissed without leave to amend. Parker v. United States Probation Office, Case No. 3:21-cv-1373, 2021 WL 5163316, at *1 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 5, 2021). In addition to 25 finding amendment of FOIA claims would be futile because the defendants were exempt 26 from FOIA, the court also explained that amending the complaint to add a civil rights claim against federal employees would also be futile because the facts alleged did not implicate 27 any of the three existing Bivens contexts and “that ‘expanding the Bivens remedy is now a 28 ‘disfavored’ judicial activity.’” Id. (quoting Ziglar v. Abbasi, 582 U.S. 120, 135 (2017)). 1 II. LEGAL STANDARD 2 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a party may move to dismiss a 3 complaint for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4 12(b)(6). Under Rule 12(b)(6), an action may be dismissed for failure to allege “enough 5 facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 6 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual 7 content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable 8 for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Twombly, 9 550 U.S. at 556). “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but 10 it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant acted unlawfully.” Id. (citing 11 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556–57). For purposes of ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court 12 “accept[s] factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe[s] the pleadings in the 13 light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. 14 Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008). 15 However, the Court is “not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a 16 factual allegation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). Nor is the 17 Court “required to accept as true allegations that contradict exhibits attached to the 18 Complaint or matters properly subject to judicial notice, or allegations that are merely 19 conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” Daniels-Hall v. 20 Nat’l Educ. Ass’n, 629 F.3d 992, 998 (9th Cir. 2010). “In sum, for a complaint to survive 21 a motion to dismiss, the non-conclusory factual content, and reasonable inferences from 22 that content, must be plausibly suggestive of a claim entitling the plaintiff to relief.” Moss 23 v. U.S. Secret Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). 24 III. DISCUSSION 25 In his Amended Complaint and in his Opposition, Plaintiff still alleges and argues a 26 violation of the Fourth Amendment based on an unreasonable search, a claim the Court 27 already dismissed. (Doc. 23.) He continues to claim that for his father to live in his home 28 while under supervision by federal probation for the five years following his father’s 1 release from federal prison, the Defendants coerced him into disclosing the location of the 2 firearms and providing documentation of the location by submitting the storage agreement 3 for the location. (Am. Compl. at 4–8; Doc. 37 at 3–4.) He asserts this is an unlawful search 4 without probable cause under the Fourth Amendment. (Am. Compl. at 3–4, 8–9; Doc. 37 5 at 4–5.) 6 Setting aside whether these allegations plausibly allege an unreasonable search 7 under the Fourth Amendment, Plaintiff cannot state a Fourth Amendment claim against 8 federal employees based on these allegations. The only avenue available for an alleged 9 Fourth Amendment violation by a federal employee is under Bivens, and, as the Court 10 explained in its previous order, allowing a claim under Bivens based on these allegations 11 would impermissibly extend Bivens into a new context when special factors counsel against 12 doing so. (Doc. 23 at 6–9.) 13 A. No Fourth Amendment Claim 14 A Fourth Amendment claim against the federal Defendants in their personal 15 capacities for an unreasonable search cannot proceed without an extension of Bivens, and 16 an extension of Bivens is not permissible here. 17 1. No Fourth Amendment Claim Against Federal Defendants 18 Without Bivens 19 Plaintiff has removed the word “Bivens” from his Amended Complaint, however he 20 is still attempting to assert a violation of his constitutional rights under the Fourth 21 Amendment against federal employees based on an unreasonable search. Plaintiff has not 22 and cannot state a damages claim for a Fourth Amendment violation against these federal 23 employees on this basis. 24 There is no direct claim under the Fourth Amendment for constitutional violations 25 by federal employees. See Pettibone v. Russell, 59 F.4th 449, 454 (9th Cir. 2023) (noting 26 that Congress “has not created a general cause of action to redress violations of the 27 Constitution by federal officers.”); see Ziglar, 582 U.S. at 130 (“[I]n the 100 years leading 28 up to Bivens, Congress did not provide a specific damages remedy for plaintiffs whose 1 constitutional rights were violated by agents of the Federal Government.”); Corr. Servs. 2 Corp. v. Malesko, 534 U.S. 61, 70 (2001) (“In 30 years of Bivens jurisprudence we have 3 extended its holding only twice, to provide an otherwise nonexistent cause of action against 4 individual officers alleged to have acted unconstitutionally.”) (emphasis added). As 5 numerous courts have explained, while 42 U.S.C. § 1983 permits a claim for damages “if 6 a state official violates his or her constitutional rights … Congress did not create an 7 analogous statute for federal officials.” Ziglar, 582 U.S. at 130 (emphasis added); Harper 8 v. Nedd, 71 F.4th 1181, 1184–85 (9th Cir. 2023) (“Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, plaintiffs may 9 sue state officials acting under the color of state law for money damages for violating the 10 constitution. No federal statute, however, extends a cause of action against federal 11 officials.”) (emphasis added). 12 Bivens allowed a claim to “enforce a damages remedy to compensate persons injured 13 by federal officers who violated the prohibition against unreasonable search and seizures.” 14 Ziglar, 582 U.S. at 131 (citing Bivens, 403 U.S. at 397). However, as the Court explained 15 in its previous Order and reiterates below, “[t]he Supreme Court ‘has made clear that 16 expanding the Bivens remedy is now a disfavored judicial activity,’” (Doc. 23 at 6 (quoting 17 Ziglar, 582 U.S. at 135)), and “Plaintiff’s Bivens claim is foreclosed as a matter of law.” 18 (Id. at 9.) 19 2. No Extension of Bivens 20 Given the Court has previously dismissed Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment Bivens 21 claim, the Court will not repeat the entirety of its prior analysis on this issue. (Doc. 23 at 22 5–9.) However, the Court reiterates a number of points. 23 “Following Bivens, the [Supreme] Court recognized just two other types of implied 24 damages claims under the Constitution,” implying a right of action under the Due Process 25 Clause of the Fifth Amendment for gender-based discrimination and implying a right of 26 action under the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause of the Eighth Amendment. 27 Harper, 71 F.4th at 1185 (citing Davis v. Passman, 442 U.S. 228, 248–49 (1979) and 28 Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14, 16 n.1 (1980)). “The Supreme Court has never recognized 1 another Bivens claim in the last 43 years” and “has consistently refused to extend Bivens 2 in the twelve times the issue has come before it.” Id. 3 The Supreme Court has laid out a two-step inquiry when evaluating a litigant’s 4 request to expand Bivens. Hernandez v. Mesa, 140 S. Ct. 735, 743 (2020). “We first 5 inquire whether the request involves a claim that arises in a ‘new context’ or involves a 6 ‘new category of defendants.’” Id. (quoting Malesko, 534 U.S. at 68). A context is “‘new’ 7 if it is ‘different in a meaningful way from previous Bivens cases decided by th[e] 8 [Supreme] Court.’” Id. (quoting Ziglar, 582 U.S. at 139). If the court finds that the Bivens 9 claim arises in a new context, then the court proceeds to the second step, which “ask[s] 10 whether there are any ‘special factors [that] counse[l] hesitation’ about granting the 11 extension,” id. (quoting Ziglar, 582 U.S. at 136) (internal quotation marks omitted), such 12 as “the absence of affirmative action by Congress.” Ziglar, 582 U.S. at 136 (quoting 13 Carlson, 446 U.S. at 18). “[I]f we have reason to pause before applying Bivens in a new 14 context or to a new class of defendants[,] we reject the request.” Hernandez, 140 S. Ct. at 15 743. 16 Here, Plaintiff’s claim arises in a new Bivens context. Plaintiff appears to 17 acknowledge this in his Opposition, stating “[t]his is definitely a new situational 18 presentation of a Fourth Amendment violation,” although he goes on to argue “it does not 19 make the presentation incorrect.” (Doc. 37 at 5.) 20 Although Bivens implied a damages remedy under the Fourth Amendment, the 21 Supreme Court has made clear that Bivens does not extend to all Fourth Amendment 22 claims. Hernandez, 140 S. Ct. at 743 (“A claim may arise in a new context even if it is 23 based on the same constitutional provision as a claim in a case in which a damages remedy 24 was previously recognized.”). Additionally, this case differs from Bivens in meaningful 25 ways. In Bivens, the Supreme Court held the plaintiff had an implied cause of action to 26 compensate him for damages he incurred after agents from the Federal Bureau of Narcotics 27 entered plaintiff’s apartment, performed a warrantless search, arrested plaintiff for alleged 28 narcotics violations, “manacled petitioner in front of his wife and children, and threatened 1 to arrest the entire family.” Bivens, 403 U.S. at 389, 396–97. Here, unlike Bivens, Plaintiff 2 does not claim the use of excessive force or an unconstitutional arrest, nor has Plaintiff 3 alleged that any Defendant performed an unconstitutional search of Plaintiff’s person or 4 home. Instead, Plaintiff alleges that for his father to be able to live in his home while under 5 supervision by federal probation, Defendants required him to provide documentation 6 regarding where his firearms would be stored outside of the home. (Am. Compl. at 5–7.) 7 Defendants required this even though Plaintiff preferred and offered to allow them to 8 search his home. (Id. at 3, 8.) Additionally, Plaintiff alleges Defendants did not provide 9 him with the policies or regulations supporting this requirement when he requested them. 10 (Am. Compl. 4, 6, 8.) Even though he brings them under the Fourth Amendment, these 11 allegations present a very different context than Bivens. 12 Turning to the second step of the inquiry, the Court also finds “there are factors that 13 counsel hesitation” here. Hernandez, 140 S. Ct. at 744 (when the claim asserted “arise[s] 14 in a new context, we must proceed to the next step and ask whether there are factors that 15 counsel hesitation.”) As the Court explained in dismissing Plaintiff’s initial Complaint, 16 “the Supreme Court has counseled against expanding Bivens in situations which risk 17 imposing a ‘burden and demand’ on federal officials which ‘might well prevent them—or, 18 to be more precise, future officials like them—from devoting the time and effort required 19 for the proper discharge of their duties.’” (Doc. 23 at 8 (quoting Ziglar, 582 U.S. at 141).) 20 Here, Defendants were tasked with monitoring Plaintiff’s father’s supervised release 21 following his release from federal prison. (Am. Compl. at 5–6.) Plaintiff’s own allegations 22 illustrate the burden and demand added if a claim like this is recognized. Instead of federal 23 probation officers determining what is required for a home to be safe and secure for an 24 individual on federal supervision through inquiry and documentation, Plaintiff asserts that 25 they should not have required the documentation for his father to live there and should have 26 instead searched his home. Based on Plaintiff’s claim, not only would Defendants be 27 tasked with assessing whether a home is safe for an individual on federal supervision, but 28 they would be required to do so on the terms demanded by the home owner. Where, as 1 here, the “impact on governmental operations systemwide” would be great if the Court 2 were to imply a Bivens remedy, “[t]hese and other considerations may make it less probable 3 that Congress would want the Judiciary to entertain a damages suit in a given case.” Ziglar, 4 582 U.S. at 136–37; see also Harper, 71 F.4th at 1185–86 (explaining that “[i]f there is 5 any reason to think that judicial intrusion into a given field might be harmful or 6 inappropriate,’ or ‘even if there is the potential for such consequences, a court cannot afford 7 a plaintiff a Bivens remedy.”) (quoting Egbert v. Boule, 596 U.S. 482, 496 (2022). 8 Additionally, as the Court previously explained, “a Bivens action is not a proper 9 vehicle for altering an entity’s policy,” Ziglar, 582 U.S. at 140 (quotations and citations 10 omitted), and Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint challenges the way Defendants document 11 that firearms have been removed from a residence housing a person on federal supervision. 12 Given numerous factors counsel hesitation in extending Bivens to Plaintiff’s claim, the 13 Court finds Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment claim is foreclosed as a matter of law and further 14 amendment would be futile. Plaintiff’s claim is DISMISSED. 15 B. No Official-Capacity Claims Against Federal Defendants 16 Defendants also seek dismissal of Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment claim against 17 Defendants in their official capacities because Plaintiff has not identified any waiver of 18 sovereign immunity. (Doc. 35 at 8–9.) 19 Even assuming Plaintiff could state a Bivens claim, it could not be brought against a 20 government official in their individual capacity “because such a suit would merely be 21 another way of pleading an action against the United States, which would be barred by the 22 doctrine of sovereign immunity.” (Doc. 23 at 6 (citing DaVinci Aircraft, Inc. v. United 23 States, 926 F.3d 1117, 1127 (9th Cir. 2009).) As alleged in the Amended Complaint, 24 Defendants are federal probation officers. Plaintiff cannot bring a claim against these 25 defendants in their official capacities because the United States has not waived sovereign 26 immunity for constitutional claims. Plaintiff’s claim against the Defendants in their official 27 capacities is DISMISSED. 28 1 C. Leave to Amend 2 Despite dismissing the claims of Plaintiff’s initial Complaint with prejudice, the 3 Court granted Plaintiff leave to amend given his pro se status. (Doc. 23 at 9.) Defendants 4 seek dismissal of the Amended Complaint with prejudice and without leave to amend 5 because the defects in the Amended Complaint cannot be cured.5 (Doc. 35 at 5.) 6 When determining whether to grant leave to amend, courts generally consider five 7 factors, known as the Foman factors as stated by the Supreme Court in Foman v. Davis, 8 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). These factors include: (1) undue delay; (2) bad faith on the part 9 of the party seeking leave to amend; (3) undue prejudice to the non-moving party; (4) 10 futility of amendment; and (5) whether the plaintiff has previously amended the complaint. 11 Id. 12 First, the Court finds amendment would be futile. Plaintiff’s claim is clearly based 13 on the theory that requiring him to provide documentation where his firearms have been 14 relocated without providing the policy or regulation authorizing that documentation, is an 15 unreasonable search under the Fourth Amendment. However, as the Court has explained, 16 he cannot succeed against the Defendants, federal employees, on this claim. Additional 17 facts will not cure the deficiency of Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment claim. See Sanchez v. 18 L.A. Dep’t of Transp., 39 F.4th 548, 562 (9th Cir. 2022) (affirming dismissal without leave 19 to amend when “no additional facts could possibly have cured the deficiency with his 20 constitutional claims.”). The futility of amendment alone warrants dismissal without leave 21 to amend. Bonin v. Calderon, 59 F.3d 815, 845 (9th Cir. 1995) (“Futility of amendment 22 can, by itself, justify the denial of a motion to amend.”). 23 Plaintiff’s prior opportunity to amend also weighs against granting Plaintiff leave to 24 amend. The Court’s “discretion to deny leave to amend is particularly broad where plaintiff 25 has previously amended the complaint.” Ascon Props., Inc. v. Mobile Oil Co., 866 F.2d 26 27 5 Defendants additionally seek dismissal based on qualified immunity. (Doc. 35 at 14– 18.) However, given the Court finds Plaintiff’s claim cannot proceed, the Court need not 28 reach this additional basis for dismissing Plaintiff’s claim. 1 1149, 1160 (9th Cir. 1989). Plaintiff seeks “leave to amend this complaint to remedy 2 defects prior to trial” in his Amended Complaint and asserts that “[d]ismissal of this case 3 without a full round of discovery will give clear evidence that the Defendant’s misconduct 4 is known to be a fact and that a protective position by the Court is in play.” (Doc. 34 at 10; 5 Doc. 37 at 6.) However, Plaintiff has had an opportunity to amend his claim and made 6 only minimal changes in the allegations and asserted the same claim, a Fourth Amendment 7 claim. While he removed the word “Bivens” from his Amended Complaint, his factual 8 allegations and legal claim based on an unreasonable search under the Fourth Amendment 9 remain the same. The Court also finds Plaintiff’s reference to the Privacy Act of 1974 in 10 his Opposition does not warrant granting leave to amend again. Plaintiff does not state a 11 Privacy Act claim in the Amended Complaint or the Opposition, which is itself not a 12 permissible way to amend a pleading. Additionally, Defendants accurately explain in their 13 Reply that they, as individual defendants, are not proper defendants for a Privacy Act claim. 14 (Doc. 39 at 6 (“Under the Privacy Act, the only proper defendant is a federal agency.”) 15 (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552a(g)(1)). 16 As to Plaintiff’s arguments regarding discovery, “pleading standards must be met 17 before ‘unlocking the doors of discovery.’” Estate of Strickland v. Nevada County, 69 18 F.4th 614, 623 (9th Cir. 2023) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678–79). As discussed above 19 and in the Court’s prior Order, the only way this claim can proceed against federal 20 employees is under Bivens and extending Bivens to this claim is not permissible. Plaintiff 21 is not entitled to discovery when he cannot state a claim. See Webb v. Trader Joe’s Co., 22 999 F.3d 1196, 1204 (9th Cir. 2021) (“We cannot condone the use of discovery to engage 23 in ‘fishing expeditions” when there is no basis for a claim). 24 Finally, because further amendment would be futile, this case is DISMISSED with 25 prejudice. Id. (dismissal with prejudice proper when is it clear “that the complaint could 26 not be saved by amendment”). 27 /// 28 /// I IV. CONCLUSION 2 For the reasons discussed above, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 35) is 3 ||GRANTED. Plaintiff's case is DISMISSED with prejudice and without leave to 4 |}amend. Plaintiffs Request for a Ruling (Doc. 42), filed after briefing on this Motion was 5 complete, is DENIED as moot. 6 IT IS SO ORDERED. 7 Dated: March 4, 2024 Fe Le ; ? L 8 HON. RUTH BERMUDEZ MONTENEGRO 9 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 14