Caton, J.
The first question to be considered arises upon the demurrer to the two first counts in the declaration, and this involves a construction of the special agreeihent on which those counts are based. By the agreement, as shown by these counts, the plaintiffs agreed to construct and deliver to the defendant sixteen locomotives, for which they were to be paid by the defendant, a certain stipulated price as the locomotives were delivered. The plaintiffs aver that they completed and delivered five of the engines, and were proceeding to construct the others, for which they had provided three thousand dollars worth of material, peculiarly adapted for that purpose, but which for other purposes was nearly valueless. The plaintiffs then aver that the defendant failed to pay for one of the locomotives on delivery, and for the last one delivered, they failed to pay at all, by means whereof the plaintiffs were prevented from completing their contract, whereby they lost the profits which they otherwise would have made, and also the value of the material on hand, to their damage, of ten thousand dollars.
It will be observed that these counts do not go for the value or price of the machine delivered and not paid for, but for the damages sustained in being prevented from completing the contract, and the question is, whether the failure to pay for the articles delivered as stipulated, was such a breach of the contract, as authorized the plaintiffs to abandon it and recover what profits they might have made by completing it. I have examined all the authorities referred to "by counsel, and have made diligent search myself, but have found no case where the plaintiff has been allowed to recover for losses sustained, by not being permitted to complete the contract, unless he has been prevented from going on with his work, by the positive affirmative act of the other party, or where the other party has neglected to do some act, without which, the plaintiff could not, in the nature of things, go on with his contract, as where he refused to furnish a place whereon to erect a building, or to furnish material which, by the contract, was to be put in the works and which was to be provided by him. In such a case, the act agreed to be done is clearly a condition precedent and indispensable to enable the other party to go on. Where the act, which the defendant was bound to do, is, by the terms of the contract, made a condition precedent, to the performance by the plaintiff, either in the nature of things, or evidently in the contemplation of the parties at the time the contract was entered into, then the failure to do the act does of itself prevent the other party from performing, as much as if he were forbidden to perform it. Rut no where have I found a case, where the failure to pay the consideration for the work as it progresses, according to the terms of the agreement, has been held such an act or omission, on the part of the defendant, as to prevent the other party from completing the contract. It is undoubtedly true that the failure to malee such payments may, in point of fact, leave the other party without the means or credit to go on and complete the job, but such is not the necessary result of such a failure, and we cannot safely adopt it as a conclusion of law, that it does prevent the party from going on. The prompt payment of such installments might be indispensable to enable a .party of some means and credit to go on, while another of larger means and more extended credit might be able to complete the contract, without embarrassment or sacrifice. Can we inquire into the actual fact, and see whether the non-payment did really stop the plaintiff or not, and thus administer one measure of law to a poor man and another to the rich ? A stronger may, in like manner, prevent the party from performing h contract, and even subject him to damages for non-performance, by failing to pay him money promptly when due, still he cannot be liable for the damages thus resulting, as the consequence of the failure to pay the money. The law has necessarily prescribed different consequences, and another and uniform measure of damages for a failure to pay money when due, and ordinarily it is the same whether it be due in instalhnents as the work progresses, or when the job is completed and the whole is due. The defendant might owe the plaintiff upon another account, to become due at a specified time, upon which the plaintiff relies for the means of completing the contract at the time he enters into it, and a failure to pay such money, would be as likely to prevent him from going on with the work, as if it were an installment'due upon the work itself, and there would be as much propriety, both in reason and in law, to permit him to say that the defendant had thereby prevented him from fulfilling his contract, and call upon him to pay for what profits he would have made, had he not been thus prevented from going on with the work. When money becomes due upon the partial completion of a contract, it is difficult to, say that it is any more than so much money due the party, and which ought to be paid, to enable him to complete that or some other enterprise as his interests or inclinations may dictate; and to thus distinguish it from money which may be due him upon any other account. If the money is paid when due, it cannot be distinguished from other money which the contractor may receive from the same or other parties. He may apply it in the farther execution of the contract, or to other purposes, as he may choose. The party paying it, has no right to insist upon its application or expenditure in any particular way.
A contract, no doubt, may be so drawn as to make the payment of a part of the consideration by installments as the work progresses, or at stated times, independently of the progress of the work; a condition precedent to the further prosecution of the work, and make its non-payment such a substantial violar tion of the contract as to authorize the other party to abandon the work and sue upon it, as for having been prevented from bompleting it by the act of the party who had thus failed to perform such condition precedent. But the law cannot infer such a consequence from the ordinary obligation to pay money at a particular time, or upon a completion of a specified part of the work. In order to give a contract such an effect, it should contain some provision showing that it was the intention of the parties, that the non-payment of the money as stipulated, should produce such a result upon their rights. Ho doubt parties have a right to make such a contract, and it is the duty of courts to give effect to the intentions of the parties when that is manifest, even regardless of technical and arbitrary rules of construction, when such rule would defeat the evident intention of the parties, but such intention must be found in the expressions used in the contract, and is not to be guessed at as being probable, from the extent or magnitude of the contract, when there are no expressions in the contract evincing such intention, which would be required, to authorize such construction, were the subject matter of the contract less important, or the amount of the payments withheld more insignificant.
In this case, we have a contract for the manufactory and delivery of sixteen engines, each to he paid for on delivery, without any expression or intimation, that the parties expected or intended that any extraordinary consequences were to follow, if the money was not paid when due. All that the contract provides is, that so much in money and so much in bonds shall become due upon the delivery of each engine.
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Caton, J.
The first question to be considered arises upon the demurrer to the two first counts in the declaration, and this involves a construction of the special agreeihent on which those counts are based. By the agreement, as shown by these counts, the plaintiffs agreed to construct and deliver to the defendant sixteen locomotives, for which they were to be paid by the defendant, a certain stipulated price as the locomotives were delivered. The plaintiffs aver that they completed and delivered five of the engines, and were proceeding to construct the others, for which they had provided three thousand dollars worth of material, peculiarly adapted for that purpose, but which for other purposes was nearly valueless. The plaintiffs then aver that the defendant failed to pay for one of the locomotives on delivery, and for the last one delivered, they failed to pay at all, by means whereof the plaintiffs were prevented from completing their contract, whereby they lost the profits which they otherwise would have made, and also the value of the material on hand, to their damage, of ten thousand dollars.
It will be observed that these counts do not go for the value or price of the machine delivered and not paid for, but for the damages sustained in being prevented from completing the contract, and the question is, whether the failure to pay for the articles delivered as stipulated, was such a breach of the contract, as authorized the plaintiffs to abandon it and recover what profits they might have made by completing it. I have examined all the authorities referred to "by counsel, and have made diligent search myself, but have found no case where the plaintiff has been allowed to recover for losses sustained, by not being permitted to complete the contract, unless he has been prevented from going on with his work, by the positive affirmative act of the other party, or where the other party has neglected to do some act, without which, the plaintiff could not, in the nature of things, go on with his contract, as where he refused to furnish a place whereon to erect a building, or to furnish material which, by the contract, was to be put in the works and which was to be provided by him. In such a case, the act agreed to be done is clearly a condition precedent and indispensable to enable the other party to go on. Where the act, which the defendant was bound to do, is, by the terms of the contract, made a condition precedent, to the performance by the plaintiff, either in the nature of things, or evidently in the contemplation of the parties at the time the contract was entered into, then the failure to do the act does of itself prevent the other party from performing, as much as if he were forbidden to perform it. Rut no where have I found a case, where the failure to pay the consideration for the work as it progresses, according to the terms of the agreement, has been held such an act or omission, on the part of the defendant, as to prevent the other party from completing the contract. It is undoubtedly true that the failure to malee such payments may, in point of fact, leave the other party without the means or credit to go on and complete the job, but such is not the necessary result of such a failure, and we cannot safely adopt it as a conclusion of law, that it does prevent the party from going on. The prompt payment of such installments might be indispensable to enable a .party of some means and credit to go on, while another of larger means and more extended credit might be able to complete the contract, without embarrassment or sacrifice. Can we inquire into the actual fact, and see whether the non-payment did really stop the plaintiff or not, and thus administer one measure of law to a poor man and another to the rich ? A stronger may, in like manner, prevent the party from performing h contract, and even subject him to damages for non-performance, by failing to pay him money promptly when due, still he cannot be liable for the damages thus resulting, as the consequence of the failure to pay the money. The law has necessarily prescribed different consequences, and another and uniform measure of damages for a failure to pay money when due, and ordinarily it is the same whether it be due in instalhnents as the work progresses, or when the job is completed and the whole is due. The defendant might owe the plaintiff upon another account, to become due at a specified time, upon which the plaintiff relies for the means of completing the contract at the time he enters into it, and a failure to pay such money, would be as likely to prevent him from going on with the work, as if it were an installment'due upon the work itself, and there would be as much propriety, both in reason and in law, to permit him to say that the defendant had thereby prevented him from fulfilling his contract, and call upon him to pay for what profits he would have made, had he not been thus prevented from going on with the work. When money becomes due upon the partial completion of a contract, it is difficult to, say that it is any more than so much money due the party, and which ought to be paid, to enable him to complete that or some other enterprise as his interests or inclinations may dictate; and to thus distinguish it from money which may be due him upon any other account. If the money is paid when due, it cannot be distinguished from other money which the contractor may receive from the same or other parties. He may apply it in the farther execution of the contract, or to other purposes, as he may choose. The party paying it, has no right to insist upon its application or expenditure in any particular way.
A contract, no doubt, may be so drawn as to make the payment of a part of the consideration by installments as the work progresses, or at stated times, independently of the progress of the work; a condition precedent to the further prosecution of the work, and make its non-payment such a substantial violar tion of the contract as to authorize the other party to abandon the work and sue upon it, as for having been prevented from bompleting it by the act of the party who had thus failed to perform such condition precedent. But the law cannot infer such a consequence from the ordinary obligation to pay money at a particular time, or upon a completion of a specified part of the work. In order to give a contract such an effect, it should contain some provision showing that it was the intention of the parties, that the non-payment of the money as stipulated, should produce such a result upon their rights. Ho doubt parties have a right to make such a contract, and it is the duty of courts to give effect to the intentions of the parties when that is manifest, even regardless of technical and arbitrary rules of construction, when such rule would defeat the evident intention of the parties, but such intention must be found in the expressions used in the contract, and is not to be guessed at as being probable, from the extent or magnitude of the contract, when there are no expressions in the contract evincing such intention, which would be required, to authorize such construction, were the subject matter of the contract less important, or the amount of the payments withheld more insignificant.
In this case, we have a contract for the manufactory and delivery of sixteen engines, each to he paid for on delivery, without any expression or intimation, that the parties expected or intended that any extraordinary consequences were to follow, if the money was not paid when due. All that the contract provides is, that so much in money and so much in bonds shall become due upon the delivery of each engine. By its terms, it simply gives the party a cause of action for that amount, which may be sued for and recovered, if not paid at the time. The contract provides for no other penalty or liability, and the law imposes ho other, except, perhaps, that this violation of the contract by the defendant in failing to make the payment, may justify the plaintiffs in treating the contract as rescinded, and in suing for the amount due, in an- action for goods sold and delivered, or the plaintiffs were at liberty to bring an action upon the contract and recover the amount due, treating the agreement to pay, as mutual and independent, so far as the contract remained unexecuted on their part, and still go on and complete it, and at the end recover the full amount due on the contract, and thus realize the profits which they now allege they have lost, by not completing it. This they were at liberty to do. The defendant did not refuse to receive any more locomotives under the contract, or forbid the plaintiffs to go on and complete it, or in any way put it out of their power to fulfill it, as was done in every case referred to by counsel, or which I have been able to find. Upon these two first counts the plaintiffs do not claim to recover the amount due, for the locomotives delivered, but only for the value of materials on hand and the loss of profits. The amount due was recovered under other counts.
We think the court properly sustained the demurrer, and its judgment must be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.