TRAYNOR, J.
Defendant appeals from a judgment entered in favor of plaintiff in an action for a refund of certain sales taxes, interest and penalties paid under protest, after trial before the court without a jury.
Although other issues were tried in the action, the sole question presented on this appeal is whether plaintiff is required to pay a sales tax with respect to a certain transfer to Pacific Pipeline & Engineers, Ltd., by plaintiff on March 14, 1949, of machinery and equipment valued at $201,230.50. [731]*731Defendant determined that plaintiff was required to pay a tax of $6,491.78.
Prior to February 24, 1949, plaintiff and Engineers, Ltd., jointly owned Pacific Pipeline & Engineers, Ltd., which was engaged in the pipeline construction business. On February 24, 1949, an agreement was entered into by the three corporations and certain individuals providing for a reorganization of Pacific Pipeline & Engineers, Ltd., and plaintiff and for a territorial division of the pipeline business. On March 12, 1949, plaintiff entered into an agreement with Pacific Pipeline & Engineers, Ltd., providing for the exchange of certain properties to carry out the agreement of February 24th, and on March 14, 1949, the exchange occurred. The trial court determined that the sale was an occasional sale under sections 6367 and 6006.5 of the Revenue and Taxation Code.
The transfer in question was unquestionably a sale1 at retail2 of tangible personal property. It is conceded that the gross receipts from the sale must be included in the measure of the tax imposed by section 60513 of the Revenue and Taxation Code, unless the sale was an occasional sale under sections 63674 and 6006.5. Section 60195 was enacted [732]*732subsequent to the transfer here involved and is therefore not considered.
Section 6006.5 defines an occasional sale as follows: “ ‘Occasional sale’ includes: (a) A sale of property not held or used by a seller in the course of an activity for which he is required to hold a seller’s permit, provided such sale is not one of a series of sales sufficient in number, scope and character to constitute an activity requiring the holding of a seller’s permit; (b) Any transfer of all or substantially all the property held or used by a person in the course of such an activity when after such transfer the real or ultimate ownership of such property is substantially similar to that which existed before such transfer. For the purposes of this section, stockholders, bondholders, partners, or other persons holding an interest in a corporation or other entity are regarded as having the ‘real or ultimate ownership’ of the property of such corporation or other entity.”
The undisputed evidence shows that the sale was one of a series of sales sufficient in number, scope and character to constitute an activity requiring the holding of a seller’s permit and was therefore not an occasional sale under subdivision (a) of section 6006.5. Plaintiff’s own evidence shows that in 19 separate sales, in addition to the sale in question, it sold at various times from 1947 through 1950, 65 items of equipment for a total of $41,879.22. Three sales took place within six months preceding the sale in question and two in the month following. The items sold from 1947 to 1950 included trucks, automobiles, generators, a compressor, a steam cleaner, cranes, trailers, tar pots, and a dynamometer. The items sold in the sale in question included trucks, an automobile, generators, compressors, steam cleaners, cranes and crane attachments, trailers, and tar pots.
Although they involved sales prior to the enactment of section 6006.5 the following cases are directly in point, for they involved essentially the same question that section 6006.5, subdivision (a), presents, namely, was the sale one of a series of sales sufficient in number, scope and character to constitute an activity requiring the seller to hold a seller’s permit. In fact, the words of the statute “number, scope and character” were apparently taken from this court’s opinion in Northwestern Pacific R. R. Co. v. State Board of Equalization, 21 Cal.2d 524, 529 [133 P.2d 400], That case held that five sales of rolling stock over a three year period for about $100,000 could not be regarded as casual or isolated sales, [733]*733and that the seller was therefore a retailer and the tax applied. Market Street Ry. Co. v. California State Board of Equalization, 137 Cal.App.2d 87, 95 [290 P.2d 20], involved about 900 sales totaling about $100,000 during a 15-year period. Considering the “number, scope, and character of the transfers,” the court held the seller to be a retailer. Los Angeles City High School Dist. v. State Board of Equalization, 71 Cal.App.2d 486, 488, 489 [163 P.2d 45], held that sales of buildings, improvements, and equipment not needed by the school districts, averaging two to three sales per quarter over a three-year period were sufficient to make the sellers retailers and subject to the tax. Moreover, Sutter Packing Co. v. State Board of Equalization, 139 Cal.App.2d 889, 895-896 [294 P.2d 1083], involving a sale after the enactment of section 6006.5, held that a sale consummated on June 1, 1949, was one of a series and that the gross receipts therefrom must be included in the measure of the tax although they totaled $700,000 and the gross receipts from the largest sale since 1945 had totaled only $12,063.69. The court there stated: ‘ ‘ There appears to be nothing, however, inherently different in the nature of the items sold in the final sales than in the earlier sales of used equipment, although it is true that it was a much larger sale of a greater variety of items.”
It is immaterial whether or not the property transferred was used for field operations. Moreover, not only is there no evidence that the various sales to others were not sales of field equipment, but plaintiff’s own exhibits disclose that the property transferred was the sort of property in which plaintiff dealt as a seller. Thus, plaintiff’s list of items in the sale to Pacific Pipeline & Engineers, Ltd., includes 80 trucks, 1 automobile, 33 generators, 31 tar pots, 25 trailers, 3 cranes and 16 crane attachments, 3 steam cleaners, 20 compressors and 1 dynamometer and its list of retail sales to others includes 36 trucks, 13 automobiles, 4 generators, 2 tar pots, 3 trailers, 2 cranes, 1 steam cleaner, 1 compressor, and 1 dynamometer. Nor is it material that there were no similar sales between the two corporations, for in any series of sales by a retailer there is ordinarily a different purchaser in each sale, and the fact that the sales are not to the same purchaser serves to demonstrate “an activity requiring the holding of a seller’s permit.” Furthermore, the fact that three corporations were involved in the whole deal has no bearing on the question whether the sale was “one of a series,” but is relevant only in determining [734]
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TRAYNOR, J.
Defendant appeals from a judgment entered in favor of plaintiff in an action for a refund of certain sales taxes, interest and penalties paid under protest, after trial before the court without a jury.
Although other issues were tried in the action, the sole question presented on this appeal is whether plaintiff is required to pay a sales tax with respect to a certain transfer to Pacific Pipeline & Engineers, Ltd., by plaintiff on March 14, 1949, of machinery and equipment valued at $201,230.50. [731]*731Defendant determined that plaintiff was required to pay a tax of $6,491.78.
Prior to February 24, 1949, plaintiff and Engineers, Ltd., jointly owned Pacific Pipeline & Engineers, Ltd., which was engaged in the pipeline construction business. On February 24, 1949, an agreement was entered into by the three corporations and certain individuals providing for a reorganization of Pacific Pipeline & Engineers, Ltd., and plaintiff and for a territorial division of the pipeline business. On March 12, 1949, plaintiff entered into an agreement with Pacific Pipeline & Engineers, Ltd., providing for the exchange of certain properties to carry out the agreement of February 24th, and on March 14, 1949, the exchange occurred. The trial court determined that the sale was an occasional sale under sections 6367 and 6006.5 of the Revenue and Taxation Code.
The transfer in question was unquestionably a sale1 at retail2 of tangible personal property. It is conceded that the gross receipts from the sale must be included in the measure of the tax imposed by section 60513 of the Revenue and Taxation Code, unless the sale was an occasional sale under sections 63674 and 6006.5. Section 60195 was enacted [732]*732subsequent to the transfer here involved and is therefore not considered.
Section 6006.5 defines an occasional sale as follows: “ ‘Occasional sale’ includes: (a) A sale of property not held or used by a seller in the course of an activity for which he is required to hold a seller’s permit, provided such sale is not one of a series of sales sufficient in number, scope and character to constitute an activity requiring the holding of a seller’s permit; (b) Any transfer of all or substantially all the property held or used by a person in the course of such an activity when after such transfer the real or ultimate ownership of such property is substantially similar to that which existed before such transfer. For the purposes of this section, stockholders, bondholders, partners, or other persons holding an interest in a corporation or other entity are regarded as having the ‘real or ultimate ownership’ of the property of such corporation or other entity.”
The undisputed evidence shows that the sale was one of a series of sales sufficient in number, scope and character to constitute an activity requiring the holding of a seller’s permit and was therefore not an occasional sale under subdivision (a) of section 6006.5. Plaintiff’s own evidence shows that in 19 separate sales, in addition to the sale in question, it sold at various times from 1947 through 1950, 65 items of equipment for a total of $41,879.22. Three sales took place within six months preceding the sale in question and two in the month following. The items sold from 1947 to 1950 included trucks, automobiles, generators, a compressor, a steam cleaner, cranes, trailers, tar pots, and a dynamometer. The items sold in the sale in question included trucks, an automobile, generators, compressors, steam cleaners, cranes and crane attachments, trailers, and tar pots.
Although they involved sales prior to the enactment of section 6006.5 the following cases are directly in point, for they involved essentially the same question that section 6006.5, subdivision (a), presents, namely, was the sale one of a series of sales sufficient in number, scope and character to constitute an activity requiring the seller to hold a seller’s permit. In fact, the words of the statute “number, scope and character” were apparently taken from this court’s opinion in Northwestern Pacific R. R. Co. v. State Board of Equalization, 21 Cal.2d 524, 529 [133 P.2d 400], That case held that five sales of rolling stock over a three year period for about $100,000 could not be regarded as casual or isolated sales, [733]*733and that the seller was therefore a retailer and the tax applied. Market Street Ry. Co. v. California State Board of Equalization, 137 Cal.App.2d 87, 95 [290 P.2d 20], involved about 900 sales totaling about $100,000 during a 15-year period. Considering the “number, scope, and character of the transfers,” the court held the seller to be a retailer. Los Angeles City High School Dist. v. State Board of Equalization, 71 Cal.App.2d 486, 488, 489 [163 P.2d 45], held that sales of buildings, improvements, and equipment not needed by the school districts, averaging two to three sales per quarter over a three-year period were sufficient to make the sellers retailers and subject to the tax. Moreover, Sutter Packing Co. v. State Board of Equalization, 139 Cal.App.2d 889, 895-896 [294 P.2d 1083], involving a sale after the enactment of section 6006.5, held that a sale consummated on June 1, 1949, was one of a series and that the gross receipts therefrom must be included in the measure of the tax although they totaled $700,000 and the gross receipts from the largest sale since 1945 had totaled only $12,063.69. The court there stated: ‘ ‘ There appears to be nothing, however, inherently different in the nature of the items sold in the final sales than in the earlier sales of used equipment, although it is true that it was a much larger sale of a greater variety of items.”
It is immaterial whether or not the property transferred was used for field operations. Moreover, not only is there no evidence that the various sales to others were not sales of field equipment, but plaintiff’s own exhibits disclose that the property transferred was the sort of property in which plaintiff dealt as a seller. Thus, plaintiff’s list of items in the sale to Pacific Pipeline & Engineers, Ltd., includes 80 trucks, 1 automobile, 33 generators, 31 tar pots, 25 trailers, 3 cranes and 16 crane attachments, 3 steam cleaners, 20 compressors and 1 dynamometer and its list of retail sales to others includes 36 trucks, 13 automobiles, 4 generators, 2 tar pots, 3 trailers, 2 cranes, 1 steam cleaner, 1 compressor, and 1 dynamometer. Nor is it material that there were no similar sales between the two corporations, for in any series of sales by a retailer there is ordinarily a different purchaser in each sale, and the fact that the sales are not to the same purchaser serves to demonstrate “an activity requiring the holding of a seller’s permit.” Furthermore, the fact that three corporations were involved in the whole deal has no bearing on the question whether the sale was “one of a series,” but is relevant only in determining [734]*734whether it was an occasional sale under subdivision (b) of section 6006.5.
Plaintiff has not met the burden of proof placed upon it by section 60916 of the Bevenue and Taxation Code to show that the sale was an occasional sale under subdivision (b) of section 6006.5. The reorganization pursuant to which the sale took place was not a liquidation, but a territorial division of the “pipeline business” between two corporations. There is no finding and no evidence that the sale involved all or substantially all of the property held or used by the plaintiff. Plaintiff’s allegations and proof and the court’s findings indicate only that the transfer was an exchange of “certain properties” and “certain equipment” and the reorganization agreement expressly excludes an undisclosed amount of plaintiff’s property from the transfer. Moreover, there is no finding and no evidence that the real or ultimate ownership of the property sold was substantially similar before and after the transfer. The evidence indicates the contrary.7 [735]*735Thus, the reorganization agreement provided that the purchaser, Pacific Pipeline & Engineers, Ltd., was to be owned and operated jointly by Roy Price and Engineers, Ltd. Although G. W. Abernathy had a substantial interest in the seller, Pacific Pipeline Construction Company, both before and after the reorganization, he apparently had no interest in the purchaser, Pacific Pipeline & Engineers, Ltd., after the reorganization. In the present state of the record, therefore, it cannot reasonably be held that the real or ultimate ownership of the property after the transfer was “substantially similar to that which existed before such transfer.”
Since neither subdivision (a) nor subdivision (b) of section 6006.5 applies to the sale in question, and since no other provision of law exempts it from the operation of section 6051, that section controls. It follows that the gross receipts from the sale were properly included in the measure of the tax.
Despite the undisputed evidence demonstrating that the sale in question was one of a series of sales sufficient in number, scope and character to constitute an activity requiring the holding of a seller’s permit, and despite the absence in the record of any evidence that the sale was a transfer of all or substantially all the property held or used by plaintiff in the course of such activity or of any evidence that after the transfer the real or ultimate ownership of the property [736]*736was substantially similar to that which existed before the transfer, it is contended that the finding of the court that the sale was an occasional sale is binding on this court. The two inescapable answers to this contention are: (1) Even regarded as a finding of fact the court ⅛ finding is without any evidence to support it, and (2) the so-called finding, involving as it does, “the construction of a statute and its applicability to a given situation” is actually a conclusion of law (Estate of Madison, 26 Cal.2d 453, 456 [159 P.2d 630]) that is patently erroneous under the express language of the statute and previous controlling decisions.
The judgment is reversed.
Gibson, C. J., Carter, J., and Spence, J., concurred.
McComb, J., dissented.