Oyster Optics, LLC v. Ciena Corporation, AT&T, Inc.

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 OYSTER OPTICS, LLC, Case No. 20-cv-02354-JSW

8 Plaintiff, CLAIMS CONSTRUCTION ORDER v. 9 Re: Dkt. Nos. 113, 116, 120 10 CIENA CORPORATION, Defendant. 11

12 13 The Court has been presented with a technology tutorial and briefing leading up to a 14 hearing pursuant to Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 517 U.S. 370 (1996). This Order 15 construes three of the disputed claim terms selected by the parties, which appear in the patent at 16 issue in this case, United States Patent No. 6,665,500 (the “’500 Patent”): (1) phase modulate (and 17 variants); (2) amplitude modulate (and variants); and (3) interferometer. The Court will issue a 18 supplemental order construing the term “mode” after the supplemental briefing on that term is 19 closed. The Court will set the date for a further case management conference in that supplemental 20 order. 21 BACKGROUND 22 A. Procedural History. 23 Plaintiff, Oyster Optics, LLC (“Oyster”) originally alleged that Defendant, Ciena 24 Corporation (“Ciena”), infringed U.S. Patent No. 6,665,500 (the “’500 Patent”) and U.S. Patent 25 No. 10,554,297 (the “’297 Patent”).1 However, after the parties filed their Markman briefs, Ciena 26

27 1 This is one of three related cases before this Court, in which Oyster alleges Ciena infringes its patents. On August 10, 2020, the Court issued a claim construction order in the first case, 1 moved to stay pending inter partes reviews (“IPR”) of both patents. The Court granted that 2 motion on April 22, 2021. (Dkt. No. 65.) On August 27, 2021, the parties stipulated to dismiss 3 claims and counterclaims relating to the ’297 Patent. The parties also stipulated that they would 4 jointly move to terminate the IPR proceedings on that patent. (Dkt. No. 71.) 5 On September 10, 2021, the parties filed a joint status report and advised the Court that the 6 Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“PTAB”) issued a final written decision with respect to the first 7 IPR relating to the ’500 Patent and found claims 1, 2, 4, 6-9, and 17-19 invalid. The PTAB 8 concluded that the petitioner in that IPR did not prove that dependent claim 5 was invalid. The 9 parties filed cross-appeals of that decision with the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal 10 Circuit. The PTAB denied, on procedural grounds, a second IPR which challenged independent 11 claim 16. Oyster then moved to lift the stay and represented it would limit its claims to Claims 5 12 and 16. The Court granted that motion over Ciena’s objection. (Dkt. No. 84.) 13 B. The Technology At Issue and Claims of the ’500 Patent. 14 The ’500 Patent pertains to a “dual-mode optic telecommunications system and method” 15 and relates to “transmitters and receivers for fiber optic networks.” (Mirzaie Decl., ¶ 6, Ex. E 16 (’500 Patent Title, 1:9-10).)2 In general, 17 18 asserted in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,620,327 and 8,374,511, including two of the terms at issue here: 19 “phase modulate” and “phase modulator.” (Dkt. No. 113-1, Declaration of Reza Mirzaie (“Mirzaie Decl.”), ¶ 2, Ex. A (“Oyster I Markman” at 18:3-20:25).) The parties stipulated to dismiss the 20 third case, Oyster Optics v. Ciena Corp., 21-cv-2241-JSW, on February 4, 2022.

21 In addition to this action, Oyster has two actions pending in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas asserting infringement of the ’500 Patent against (1) 22 Infinera Corporation, Coriant (USA) Inc,, Coriant North America, LLC, and Coriant Operations, Inc. (“Infinera”) and (2) Cisco Systems, Inc. (“Cisco”). On July 23, 2022, the Infinera court 23 issued a claim construction order construing the term “phase modulate”, and its variants, as used in Claims 1 and 16 of the ’500 Patent. (Mirzaie Decl., ¶ 3, Ex. B (“Infinera Order” at 16.) 24

On May 4, 2021, the Cisco court issued a claim construction order in which it construed 25 the terms “phase-modulated” (and its variants), “amplitude-modulated” (and its variants), “amplitude-modulated signals”, “phase-modulated signals,” and “mode.” (Id. ¶ 9, Ex. G (“Cisco 26 Markman” at 27).) The parties stipulated to dismiss the Cisco case on February 24, 2022. (Id. ¶ 10, Ex. K.) The Court will address those opinions in the analysis. 27 1 optical communications system[s] communicate[] data by modulating light, which is a form of electromagnetic wave. A 2 continuous light wave is defined by certain characteristics, including its amplitude, frequency, and phase. … Modulation is the process of 3 encoding the data that is to be communicated in the light wave, by changing one or more of the characteristics of the light wave as a 4 representative of data,” including phase or amplitude. 5 (Declaration of Michael Lebby, Ph.D., D. Eng., ¶¶ 24-25) 3; see also Oyster I Markman at 1:24- 6 2:2.) 7 In current4 fiber optic networks, an electronic data stream is fed to a laser amplitude modulator. The laser amplitude modulator typically 8 pulses or alters the laser output to create an amplitude-modulated optical signal representative of the electronic data stream. The laser 9 amplitude modulator and laser thus define a transmitter for transmitting the optical signal over an optical fiber, which is then 10 received by a receiver. The receiver for the amplitude-modulated optical signals of the optical data typically includes a photodiode to 11 convert the optical signals back into the electronic data stream. 12 The reading of the amplitude-modulated optical data signals using a photodiode is straightforward: the optical signals either produce an 13 electric output at the photodiode or they do not. As a result, an output electronic data stream of zeroes and ones is generated. 14 15 (’500 Patent at 1:12-27.) 16 However, amplitude-modulated signals can be tapped easily; therefore, they are not always 17 secure. (Id. at 1:28-37.) In contrast, phase-modulated signals are more secure: “any tap to obtain 18 enough light to read the phase-modulated signal is easily detectable.” (Id. at 5:45-48.) According 19 to the patentee, although phase-modulation was more secure, prior art “phase-modulated based 20 systems” were not “compatible with existing receivers.” (Id. at 2:21-23.) 21 The patentee then explained that an object of the ’500 Patent was to provide transmitters 22 and receivers for transmitting and receiving “either phase-modulated or amplitude modulated 23 optical signals.” (Id. at 2:26-31 (emphasis added).) The ’500 Patent also provides for a “dual 24

25 3 The Lebby Declaration is located at Dkt. No. 116-3, ECF pp. 103-133, as Exhibit F to the 26 Supplemental Declaration of Daniel Blumenthal. Dr. Lebby was addressing the term phase modulate and its variants in the U.S. Patent 6,594,055 (“the ’055 Patent”) Patent in connection 27 with Oyster III. 1 mode-optical transmission system” and a method for transporting optical data in two modes. (Id. 2 at 4:4-26; see also id. at 2:41-46, 3:46-51.) 3 Claim 1 of the ’500 Patent, from which asserted claim 5 depends, recites: 4 1. An optical data transmitter comprising: 5 a laser; 6 a phase modulator for phase modulating light from the light source; and 7 a controller having an input for receiving an electronic data stream, 8 the controller in a first mode controlling the phase modulator so as to create phase-modulated optical signals in the light from the laser 9 as a function of the electronic data stream and the controller in a second alternate mode amplitude-modulating the light from the laser 10 as a function of the electronic data stream, the first mode and the second mode occurring at different times. 11 12 (Id. at 8:28-40 (disputed terms emphasized).) 13 Claim 5 recites “[t]he transmitter as recited in claim 4 [“[t]he transmitter as recited in claim 14 1 wherein the controller has a switch for switching between the first and second modes”] wherein 15 the switch is operator-activated.” (Id. at 8:48-50.) The parties agreed that, for claim 5, the term 16 “the controller in a second alternate mode amplitude-modulating the light from the laser as a 17 function of the electronic data stream” means “the controller in a second alternating mode 18 amplitude-modulating the light from the laser as a function of the same electronic data stream as in 19 the first mode.” (Dkt. No. 119, Amended Final Joint Claim Construction Statement at 2:10-14 20 (emphasis added).) 21 Claim 16 recites: 22 16. A dual-mode optical transmission system comprising: 23 a transmitter having a laser for transmitting amplitude-modulated signals in a first mode and phase-modulated signals in a second mode 24 and a controller for switching an output of the laser between the first mode and the second mode, the second mode occurring at a different 25 time than the first mode; 26 an optical fiber connected to the transmitter; and 27 a receiver having an interferometer being connected to the optical 1 (Id. at 10:1-10 (disputed terms emphasized).) 2 The Court will address additional facts as necessary in the analysis. 3 ANALYSIS 4 A. Legal Standard. 5 Claim construction is a question of law for the Court. Markman, 517 U.S. at 384. “The 6 purpose of claim construction is to determine the meaning and scope of the patent claims asserted 7 to be infringed.” O2 Micro Int’l Ltd. v. Beyond Innovation Tech. Co., 521 F.3d 1351, 1360 (Fed. 8 Cir. 2008). The Court has an obligation “to ensure that questions of the scope of the patent claims 9 are not left to the jury.” Every Penny Counts, Inc. v. American Express Co., 563 F.3d 1378, 1383 10 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (quotation omitted). Accordingly, the Court must ensure that the parties’ disputes 11 are “fully resolved” and assign “a fixed, unambiguous, legally operative meaning to the claim.” 12 Id. 13 Claim terms are generally given “their ordinary and customary meaning” – i.e., “the 14 meaning that the terms would have to a person of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the 15 invention.” Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1312-13 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc). There are 16 only two exceptions to this rule: “1) when a patentee sets out a definition and acts as [their] own 17 lexicographer, or 2) when the patentee disavows the full scope of a claim term either in the 18 specification or during prosecution.” Thorner v. Sony Computer Entm’t Am. LLC, 669 F.3d 1362, 19 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2012). The Federal Circuit does “not require explicit redefinition or disavowal.” 20 Trustees of Columbia Univ. v. Symantec Corp., 811 F.3d 1359, 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2016). 21 In determining the ordinary and customary meaning, the claim language “provide[s] 22 substantial guidance as to the meaning of particular claim terms.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1314. 23 However, a person of ordinary skill in the art is “deemed to read the claim term not only in the 24 context of the particular claim in which the disputed term appears, but in the context of the entire 25 patent, including the specification.” Id. at 1313. The scope of the claims must always be 26 “determined and confirmed with a full understanding of what the inventors actually invented and 27 intended to envelop with the claim.” Id. at 1316 (quoting Renishaw PLC v. Marposs Soceta’ per 1 language and most naturally aligns with the patent’s description of the invention” governs. Id. 2 Accordingly, the specification “is always highly relevant to the claim construction analysis” and 3 usually “dispositive.” Id. at 1315. 4 In addition to the claims and the specification, the prosecution history may be used “to 5 provide[] evidence of how the PTO and the inventor understood the patent.” Id. at 1317. “Any 6 explanation, elaboration, or qualification presented by the inventor during patent examination is 7 relevant, for the role of claim construction is to capture the scope of the actual invention that is 8 disclosed, described and patented.” Fenner Inv., Ltd. v. Cellco P’ship, 778 F.3d 1320, 1323 (Fed. 9 Cir. 2015) (internal citations and quotations omitted). The claims, specification, and prosecution 10 history together constitute the “intrinsic evidence” that forms the primary basis for claim 11 construction. Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1312-17 (citation omitted). Courts may also consider extrinsic 12 evidence, such as technical dictionaries and expert testimony, “if the court deems it helpful in 13 determining the true meaning of language used in the patent claims” and if it does not contradict 14 the intrinsic evidence. Id. at 1318 (internal quotations and citations omitted). 15 B. Claims Construction. 16 1. Claim term: “phase modulate” and variants. 17 The term “phase modulate” and variants on that term are used in claim 5, through 18 independent claim 1, and in claim 16. The parties propose the following constructions: 19 Oyster’s Proposed Constructions Ciena’s Proposed Constructions [emphasis 20 denotes Ciena’s competing proposal] 21 “phase modulate” means “alter the phase of “phase modulate[ing]” means “alter[ing] the light to create an optical signal having a phase phase of light to create an optical signal 22 that is representative of data” having a phase of light that is representative of data, wherein the phase modulating does not 23 include amplitude modulating” “phase modulator” – no construction other “phase modulator” means “a device that alters 24 than construction for “phase modulate” the phase of light to create an optical signal 25 that is representative of data. The phase modulator does not perform amplitude 26 modulation.” “phase modulated [optical] signals” – no “phase modulated [optical] signals” means 27 construction other than construction for phase “[optical] signals having a phase that is [optical] signals is not representative of 1 data.” 2 a. “phase modulate” 3 In contrast to Oyster I, the parties’ primary dispute about the term “phase modulate” is 4 whether the term excludes amplitude modulation.5 The Court begins by resolving that dispute and 5 then proceeds to construe the specific variants addressed by the parties. The text of the asserted 6 claims does not provide clear guidance. Claim 17 provides for phase modulating light in a first 7 mode, whereas in dependent claim 18, “during the first transmission mode the light is not 8 amplitude modulated,” and in dependent claim 19, during the second transmission mode the light 9 is “both amplitude-modulated and phase-modulated.” Thus, the phrase as used in unasserted 10 claims 17-19 provides some support for Oyster’s construction. Cf. SunRace Roots Enter. Co. v. 11 SRAM Corp., 336 F.3d 1298, 1303 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (noting general presumption that each claim 12 has a different scope and doctrine of claim differentiation is “especially strong when the limitation 13 in dispute is the only meaningful difference between an independent and dependent claim”). 14 The specification also provides support for Oyster’s construction. For example, in the 15 Summary of the Invention, the patentee stated that “[t]he present invention thus permits a phase- 16 modulated transmission mode or an amplitude-modulated transmission mode, or both a phase and 17 amplitude modulated transmission mode, which can permit the transmitter to work with different 18 types of receivers.” (’500 Patent at 2:41-47 (emphasis added).) The patentee also described a 19 “receiver for receiving optical signals, the optical signals including both phase-modulated optical 20 signals and direct amplitude-modulated optical signals” and stated that “under certain 21 circumstances a mixture of phase and amplitude modulation could be possible. (Id. at 3:47-50 22 (emphasis added), 4:37-41; see also id. at 3:62-64.) 23

24 5 In Oyster I, Oyster argued that the term “phase modulated” excluded the use of amplitude modulation.” (See Oyster I Markman at 18:5-7.) This Court construed the term “phase modulate” 25 and “phase modulator” to mean “alter the phase of light without substantially altering amplitude to create an optical signal having a phase that is representative of data. ‘Substantially altered’ means 26 that amplitude changes are detectable by the energy level detector.” (Id. at 20:22-25.) However, the patents at issue in that suit were directed to different inventions, and the Court based its 27 construction in part on statements in the specifications of those patents that are not present in the 1 Oyster also argues that the Infinera and Cisco courts each adopted the construction it 2 proposes here. (Infinera Markman at 16; Cisco Markman at 27.) “In the interest of uniformity 3 and correctness,” a court may consult “the claim analysis of different district courts on the 4 identical terms in the context of the same patent. Finisar Corp. v. DirecTV Group, Inc., 523 F.3d 5 1323, 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2008). Because the Infinera and Cisco opinions are “interjurisdictional” 6 opinions, the Court has given them “reasoned deference, with such deference turning on the 7 persuasiveness of the order[s].” Visto Corp. v. Sproqit Techs., Inc., 445 F. Supp. 2d 1104, 1108- 8 09 (N.D. Cal. 2006) (internal citation and quotations omitted). The Court finds each order highly 9 persuasive and the courts’ reasoning in those cases further support this Court’s construction of the 10 term “phase modulate.” 11 Accordingly, the Court construes the term “phase modulate” to mean “alter the phase of 12 light to create an optical signal having a phase that is representative of data.” 13 b. “phase modulated [optical] signals” 14 Ciena proposes that these terms be construed to include the requirement that “the 15 amplitude of the [optical] signal is not representative of data,” and it incorporates the arguments 16 presented on the term “phase modulate.” For the reasons set forth above, the Court does not find 17 Ciena’s arguments persuasive. 18 Accordingly, the Court provides no construction for these terms other than its construction 19 of the term “phase modulate.” 20 c. “phase modulator” 21 Finally, Ciena argues that that Oyster’s proposed construction of phase modulate does not 22 account for the grammatical distinction between the noun form (“claim modulator”) and the verb 23 form (“claim modulate”) of the term. Oyster does not dispute that a phase modulator is 24 “something” that phase modulates, and it agreed with the Court’s proposal at the Markman 25 hearing to add “a device that” to the construction. 26 Accordingly, the Court construes the term “phase modulator” to mean “a device that alters 27 the phase of light to create an optical signal having a phase that is representative of data” 1 The term “amplitude-modulate” and variants thereof also are used in both of the asserted 2 claims. The parties propose the following constructions: 3 4 Oyster’s Proposed Construction Ciena’s Proposed Construction “altering the amplitude of light to create an “altering the amplitude of light to create an 5 optical signal that is representative of data.” optical signal having an amplitude that is 6 representative of data. The use of amplitude modulation does not include phase 7 modulation.” 8 9 For the reasons articulated above, the Court is not persuaded by Ciena’s argument that 10 construction of this term should exclude phase-modulation. However, the Court does concur with 11 Ciena’s proposal that this phrase should be construed to mirror the construction of the term “phase 12 modulate,” and Oyster agreed with that proposal at the hearing. 13 Accordingly, the Court construes the term “amplitude-modulate[ing] to mean “alter[ing] 14 the amplitude of light to create an optical signal having an amplitude that is representative of 15 data.” 16 3. Claim term: “a receiver having an interferometer”6 17 This phrase appears in claim 16, and the parties agree that the construction of this phrase 18 should include the phrase “a receiver having a device that.” They disagree about how to construe 19 what the interferometer does, and their proposed constructions are: 20 21 Oyster’s Proposed Construction Ciena’s Proposed Construction “…performs a measurement using the “… splits received light into a first wave and a 22 interference phenomena produced by one or second wave, delays the first wave relative to more signal beams of light and one or more the second wave, recombines the delayed first 23 reference beams of light” wave and the second wave, and detects an 24 intensity of the recombined waves” 25 Neither party supports their proposed construction based on specific claim language. 26 Oyster argues that the specification does not teach the use of any particular type of interferometer 27 ] and argues that Ciena’s proposed construction impermissibly limits the term to a preferred 2 |} embodiment. Ciena argues that its construction reflects the fact that neither the °500 Patent, nor 3 || the ’055 Patent”, describe any interferometer other than the one described in the specification as 4 || part of “the present invention.” 5 The specification provides that the “receiver includes an interferometer for reading the 6 || phase-modulated signals” and provides that “the receiver also may read delayed amplitude- 7 || modulated signals through the interferometer.” (500 Patent at 3:50-55.) A preferred embodiment 8 of a receiver of the invention is depicted in Figure 2 and reproduced below with the interferometer 9 || outlined. The description of that preferred embodiment contains repeated references to splitting 10 || beams and delayed signals. (500 Patent at 6:36-39, 6:59-67.) 1] 37 pO | 33 39 | |x | 0 22 31 32. 4s =[PICTER 23 344° 48 36 | 42 NA KA Tan oly BT IS Rete) 25 90 | | ml 3a | 41 2 17 | | | 30 45 18 □ L or Lo LE Led 19 . Fig. 2 21 22 The patentee concludes the description of the interferometer as follows: 23 The interferometer 40 comprising coupler/splitter 34 and 36, fibers 43 and 45, delay fiber 46, and depolarizer 48 functions as an optical 24 exclusive-or gate with one input leg delayed for signals arriving at input 41 of coupler 34. Interferometer 40 as a whole thus optically 25 and physically “decodes” the signal OP produced by the delayed- feedback exclusive-or gate 118.

27 28 7 The ’055 Patent is incorporated by reference into the ’500 Patent. See ’500 Patent at 2:51- 56.

1 (Id. at 7:19-29.) 2 Ciena argues, in part, that its construction is supported by the fact that the patentee 3 disparaged prior art using “Sagnac interferometer-based systems.”8 (’500 Patent at 1:47-2:3.) 4 According to the specification Sagnac interferometers are “expensive to build and operate, and do 5 not work particularly well with existing systems.” (Id. at 2:1-3.) Oyster does not dispute that the 6 patentee criticized the use of those systems for the reasons stated. It also notes the patentee also 7 distinguished Sagnac interferometer-based systems because the receiver in those systems contain 8 the light source, “as opposed to the current installed base where the transmitter has the light 9 source.” (Id. at 1:65-67.) Claim 16 expressly provides that the laser, i.e. the light source, is part 10 of the transmitter. (Id. at 10:2.) 11 In Openwave Sys. v. Apple Inc., on which Ciena relies, the patents-in-suit were directed to 12 mobile intelligent devices (e.g., early smart phone technology), and the parties disputed whether 13 the term “mobile device” included mobile devices containing “computer modules.” 808 F.3d 509, 14 512 (Fed. Cir. 2015). The district court determined the inventor had limited the claims to mobile 15 devices that used microcontrollers by disparaging prior art devices for a number of reasons, 16 including their size and cost. The Federal Circuit affirmed. Id. at 512, 517. It noted the 17 specification was “rife with remarks that disparage and, therefore, disclaim mobile devices that 18 incorporate computer modules,” a point the plaintiff conceded. Id. at 514; see also id. (“Such 19 remarks permeate the specification.”). In contrast to Openwave, the specification of the ’500 20 Patent is not “rife” with criticisms of prior art interferometers; nor can the Court conclude the few 21 disparaging remarks permeate the specification that warrant adopting Ciena’s proposed 22 construction. The Court also is not persuaded that Oyster’s proposed construction is broad enough 23 to recapture Sagnac based interferometers. 24 Ciena also argues the repeated references to delays and splitting as well as the disclosure of 25 a single embodiment support its construction. The Federal Circuit has “repeatedly warned against 26 confining claims to” preferred embodiments, even when those embodiments are specifically 27 1 described, unless it is clear that “the patentee … intends for the claims and the embodiments in the 2 specification to be strictly coextensive.” Phillips, 415 F.3d at 1323; see also Saunders Group, Inc. 3 v. Comfortrac, Inc., 492 F.3d 1326, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (“A patent that discloses only one 4 embodiment is not necessarily limited to that embodiment.”). In addition, use of the term “the 5 present invention” can, but does not “automatically”, limit the meaning of claim terms. Netcraft 6 Corp. v. eBay, Inc., 549 F.3d 1394, 1398 (Fed. Cir. 2008). 7 Although the Court will not adopt Ciena’s proposed construction in full, it is persuaded by 8 Ciena’s argument that, when read in context, the specification suggests the interferometer must 9 split and recombine light to measure interference phenomena. Indeed, in its reply brief, Oyster 10 argues that “Ciena has not justified limiting the interferometer of claim 16 to one specific 11 configuration, excluding other ways of splitting and combining light to make measurements using 12 interference.” (Reply Br. at 6:2-5 (emphasis added).)9 The inventor’s testimony about his 13 definition of an interferometer also supports a construction that provides for separating and 14 recombining light. (See, e.g., December 15, 2017 Deposition of Peter Snawertd at 51:14-23 15 (testifying that “interferometer has a reference leg, a signal leg and the two are recombined to re- 16 create a signal from an input. The Oyster patents have an interferometer in them,” and in his 17 definition signal leg is delayed).)10 Finally, the specification provides that, in the secure data 18 transmission mode, “[t]he phase-modulated signal must be read with an interferometer having a 19 proper delay path….” (’500 Patent at 5:45-48 (emphasis added).) 20 Accordingly, the Court modifies its proposed construction and construes the term “receiver 21 having an interferometer” to mean “a receiver having a device that performs a measurement using 22 the interference phenomena produced by the splitting and recombining of one or more beams of 23 light where at least one of those beams of light is delayed before recombining with other beams of 24 9 Construing the term to require separation and combination of light also would comport 25 with standard dictionary definitions. See, e.g., www.collinsdictionary.com (defining interferometer in optics as a “device that separates a beam of light into two ray beams, usually by 26 means of reflection, and that brings the rays together to produce interference, used to measure wavelength, index of refraction, and astronomical distances”) (last visited July 6, 2022). 27 1 |] light.” 2 IT IS SO ORDERED. ~~) 3 || Dated: July 11, 2022 / } 4 / JEF $.WHITE// © 5 United yt Distrigg Judge 6 / jf 7 8 9 10 11 2

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