[Cite as Ohmer v. Renn-Ohmer, 2013-Ohio-330.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
BUTLER COUNTY
RICHARD J. OHMER, :
Plaintiff-Appellant, : CASE NO. CA2012-02-020
: OPINION - vs - 2/4/2013 :
HOLLIE A. RENN-OHMER, :
Defendant-Appellee. :
APPEAL FROM BUTLER COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS DOMESTIC RELATIONS DIVISION Case No. DR2010-12-1500
M. Lynn Lampe, Adam C. Gelding, 1248 Nilles Road, Suite 7, Fairfield, Ohio 45014, for plaintiff-appellant
Richard B. Uhle, Jr., 285 Main Street, Batavia, Ohio 45103, for defendant-appellee
RINGLAND, J.
{¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Richard Ohmer ("Father"), appeals from a decision in the
Butler County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division, granting a divorce
between Father and defendant-appellee, Hollie Renn-Ohmer ("Mother"). This decision also
granted Mother sole custody of the parties' two minor children, awarded child and spousal
support in favor of Mother, and divided the parties' property. For the reasons outlined below, Butler CA2012-02-020
we reverse the decision of the trial court and remand the matter for further proceedings.
{¶ 2} The parties were married on June 11, 2005, and have two children born issue
of their marriage, Alexa, whose date of birth is July 13, 2006, and Rylan, whose date of birth
is May 4, 2008. Father is a staff physician at an urgent care facility and additionally works at
a managed care organization where he reviews medical worker compensation cases. Mother
has a gerontology degree and previously worked as a firefighter and paramedic. Mother
worked until some point during her pregnancy with the parties' first child. Sometime in 2010,
the parties were in the process of negotiating to file dissolution paperwork. However,
negotiations broke down after Father noticed Mother had been taking trips without him and
wearing new clothes and jewelry. Additionally, Father restrained Mother and forced her to
kiss him, further hindering the relationship.
{¶ 3} On December 22, 2010, Father filed for divorce. At this time, it appears Mother
was in Virginia visiting her paramour, Joseph Hill, whom she met online sometime in October.
The parties' two children were with her at some point during the Virginia trip. After Mother
returned to Ohio, she was served with the divorce complaint on December 27, 2010. The
next day, she left the marital residence with the children. On December 29, 2010, Mother
notified Father via email that she had moved out with the children. Mother offered to bring
the children to the marital residence on January 3, 2011, to spend the day with Father.
{¶ 4} On January 3, 2011, Father filed motions for contempt, an emergency hearing,
and ex parte orders. Father alleged that Mother left the marital residence with the parties'
two minor children and a few household items. Father also alleged that he did not know
where Mother had taken the children or where they were living. Father averred in his affidavit
that Mother sent him an email on December 29, 2010, stating that she had moved out with
the children. However, he did not reveal to the trial court that Mother offered to return the
children on January 3, 2011. The trial court granted Father's motion, and designated Father -2- Butler CA2012-02-020
legal custodian and residential parent of the parties' two minor children. The order also
stated Mother's parenting time was to be supervised until further order of the court.
{¶ 5} Following the ex-parte order limiting Mother's parenting time to supervised
visits, Mother did not see her children until January 27, 2011. On January 12, 2011, Mother
emailed Father and asked if her friend could pick up the children so she could visit with them.
Father was apparently uncomfortable with the situation, and did not allow Mother's friend to
pick up the children. Mother admittedly left for Virginia soon after she made the request.
The trial court found: "Dr. Ohmer then refused Ms. Renn-Ohmer any parenting time with the
children until 1/27/11, in spite of the fact that Dr. Ohmer was working 14 hour days and was
unavailable to exercise parenting time."
{¶ 6} After Mother returned from Virginia, the parties reached an agreement
regarding temporary orders. The parties agreed on a parenting schedule, child support, and
spousal support. With some modifications, the parenting schedule generally reflected Mother
as the residential parent and Father as the nonresidential parent.
{¶ 7} A final divorce hearing was held in front of a judge on September 1 and 13,
2011. Father filed a proposed shared parenting plan, which Mother opposed. The trial court
found that Father's shared parenting plan was not in the children's best interest and
designated Mother the residential parent and legal custodian of the children. The trial court
stated: "The Court has reviewed the factors, but relies most heavily on the fact that Ms.
Renn-Ohmer has been the primary caregiver, that the parties are unable to work together in
the best interest of the children, Dr. Ohmer's denial of parenting time from January 3 to
January 27, 2011 and his continued justification for his behavior at trial."
{¶ 8} The trial court also awarded Mother spousal support, ordered Father to pay
child support, and divided the parties' property. A final divorce decree was filed on January
13, 2012. It is from this decree that Father timely appeals, asserting five assignments of -3- Butler CA2012-02-020
error for review.
{¶ 9} Because Father's first, second, and third assignments of error are related, we
will address them together.
{¶ 10} Assignment of Error No. 1:
{¶ 11} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF APPELLANT BY
DENYING APPELLANT'S MOTIONS TO ADMIT NEW EVIDENCE AFTER THE FINAL
HEARING BUT PRIOR TO THE TRIAL COURT'S DECISION, AS THE EVIDENCE WAS
RELEVANT TO THE CUSTODY DETERMINATION.
{¶ 12} Assignment of Error No. 2:
{¶ 13} THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN DESIGNATING
APPELLEE AS THE SOLE RESIDENTIAL PARENT AND LEGAL CUSTODIAN, AS THE
TRIAL COURT'S DECISION WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE
EVIDENCE.
{¶ 14} Assignment of Error No. 3:
{¶ 15} THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN DESIGNATING
APPELLEE AS THE SOLE RESIDENTIAL PARENT AND LEGAL CUSTODIAN, AS THE
TRIAL COURT MOST HEAVILY RELIED UPON APPELLANT'S "DENIAL OF PARENTING
TIME," HOWEVER, THE EVIDENCE DID NOT SUPPORT THIS FINDING.
{¶ 16} Father argues in his first assignment of error that the trial court abused its
discretion by not considering newly-discovered evidence which impacts the best interest of
the children. Specifically, Father argues that evidence he sought to introduce would show
that Mother failed to inform him of Alexa's significant behavioral issues at school which
required counseling. In addition, Father asserts that Mother failed to inform him of an injury
Rylan had sustained until after Rylan had been released from the emergency room. Father
argues in his second and third assignments of error that the trial court abused its discretion in -4- Butler CA2012-02-020
designating Mother the sole residential parent and legal custodian of the children.
Specifically, Father argues that the trial court's decision was against the manifest weight of
the evidence because Mother violated virtually every temporary court order during the
pendency of the divorce. Father asserts that Mother violated temporary orders by: taking the
children to Virginia without telling Father, moving the children into a new residence during the
pendency of the divorce without telling Father, enrolling the children into different schools
without telling Father when she did not have custody of the children, not informing the
schools of Father's contact information, and leaving the children with a third party when she
went to Virginia to visit her paramour. Furthermore, Father argues that the evidence did not
support the finding that Father denied Mother parenting time. Father asserts that Mother
only contacted Father one time regarding visitation in January. Father alleges that
supervised visitation did not occur because Father did not approve of the supervisor, and
immediately after Father's disapproval of the supervisor, Mother left Ohio to visit her
paramour in Virginia for the remainder of the month.
{¶ 17} First, we will address the issue related to new evidence. "The admission or
exclusion of relevant evidence rests within the sound discretion of the trial court." State v.
Sage, 31 Ohio St.3d 173 (1987), paragraph two of the syllabus. An appellate court will not
disturb evidentiary rulings absent an abuse of discretion that produced a material prejudice to
the aggrieved party. State v. Maurer, 15 Ohio St.3d 239, 265 (1984). An abuse of discretion
is more than an error of judgment; it means that the trial court was unreasonable, arbitrary, or
unconscionable in its ruling. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983).
{¶ 18} In In re Sullivan, 12th Dist. No. CA2002-03-061, 2003-Ohio-195, we found that
the trial court did not abuse its discretion by considering new evidence in a permanent
custody proceeding when the Children Services Board filed a "Motion to Reopen Permanent
Custody Proceedings" based on the discovery of new evidence. In Sullivan, the motion was -5- Butler CA2012-02-020
supported by an affidavit signed by a Children Services Board caseworker. Id. at ¶ 5. The
new evidence included information that the father in the case had previously concealed
information from the court, specifically regarding another child. Id. Furthermore, in Anderton
v. Hatfield, 10th Dist. No. 07AP-198, 2007-Ohio-7139, the Tenth Appellate District found that
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in hearing new evidence from a guardian ad litem
despite a long time lapse between the close of the parties' case and the motion when
grandmother may have suffered two heart attacks, one party had been evicted, and there
was a question as to where a child was attending school. Such evidence could have a
significant impact on the evaluation of the child's best interest. Id. at ¶ 22.
{¶ 19} Subsequent to Father filing his motion to admit new evidence, there was
evidence that Alexa visited the Mayerson Clinic, alluding to sexual abuse. However, because
this evidence was not initially before the trial court, we cannot consider it at this time.
Nevertheless, there was new evidence contained in Father's affidavit that the trial court
should have considered. New evidence contained in the affidavit included Alexa's behavioral
incidents at school and the fact that Alexa required counseling. In the affidavit, Father states
that Alexa had 161 behavioral episodes at school between September 1 and October 28,
2011. This evidence was not available for the hearings because Alexa was just beginning
kindergarten at the time. The root of Alexa's behavioral issues that may be discovered
through counseling could be vital to determining the children's best interest. Consequently,
we find that the trial court abused its discretion by not considering the new evidence.
{¶ 20} Because the trial court did not consider all relevant evidence in making the
custody determination, we find that the trial court necessarily abused its discretion by
designating Mother the sole residential parent and legal custodian of the parties' two minor
children. On remand, the trial court should consider this new evidence to determine the best
interest of the children, which may or may not change its evaluation of the weight of the -6- Butler CA2012-02-020
evidence. Father's first, second, and third assignments of error are all sustained.
{¶ 21} We do note, however, that Mother seems to be exhibiting a pattern of lack of
communication with Father. Father's motion to admit new evidence reflected a lack of
communication by Mother. Father averred that Mother enrolled Alexa in counseling at
Catholic Charities of Southwest Ohio without consulting him. Father also averred that Mother
did not notify him of an injury Rylan sustained until after he had been released from the
hospital. Furthermore, Mother had conferences with teachers on September 15, 2011 and
October 31, 2011, of which Father claims he received no notice. However, this is not new
evidence. There was ample evidence presented that Mother failed to consult with Father
about important decisions regarding the children, including where to send the children to
school, enrolling in dance lessons, and choice of pediatrician. Furthermore, Father's denial
of parenting time could be traced to a lack of communication. While not new evidence, we
are concerned that the affidavit attached the "Motion to Admit Evidence" indicates that the
lack of communication by Mother may be a continued pattern.
{¶ 22} Assignment of Error No. 4:
{¶ 23} THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN FINDING AN AWARD OF
SPOUSAL SUPPORT TO BE APPROPRIATE * * *.
{¶ 24} Father argues that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding Mother
spousal support for several reasons. First, Father argues that the trial court abused its
discretion in awarding Mother spousal support when Mother and her paramour are
cohabitating. Second, Father asserts that the trial court abused its discretion by not
considering Mother's need for support. Finally, Father contends that the trial court abused its
discretion in awarding Mother spousal support when, combined with the trial court's child
support order and allocation of debt, Father has negative monthly income.
{¶ 25} The trial court considered the appropriate factors to award spousal support as -7- Butler CA2012-02-020
enumerated by R.C. 3105.18(C)(1), and also considered the fact that Mother and her
paramour commingled finances. The trial court then awarded Mother $2,250 per month in
spousal support. Additionally, the trial court stated that "[t]he spousal support shall terminate
upon the death of either party, remarriage of Ms. Renn-Ohmer or cohabitation of Ms. Renn-
Ohmer in a partner like relationship as defined by Ohio law." With this statement, the trial
court impliedly found that the relationship between Mother and her paramour did not
constitute cohabitation as defined by Ohio law.
{¶ 26} Father argues that the trial court erred in making this determination because the
relationship between Mother and her paramour actually constitutes cohabitation as defined
by Ohio law. Father asserts that Mother and her paramour are cohabitating because Mother
lives in a house owned by her paramour, they are showing the children "how a husband and
wife or man and woman are supposed to behave," and their funds are commingled. In
contrast, Mother contends that her relationship with her paramour does not constitute
cohabitation because there was no evidence offered to show that they are actually living
together. We agree with Father.
{¶ 27} It is well-established that a trial court has broad discretion in determining
whether an award of spousal support is proper based on the facts and circumstances of each
case. Beamer v. Beamer, 12th Dist. No. CA2009-08-107, 2010-Ohio-3143, ¶ 23, citing
Kunkle v. Kunkle, 51 Ohio St.3d 64, 67 (1990). In turn, "absent an abuse of discretion, a
spousal support award will not be disturbed on appeal." Hutchinson v. Hutchinson, 12th Dist.
No. CA2009-03-018, 2010-Ohio-597, ¶ 16. An abuse of discretion is more than error of law
or judgment; it requires a finding that the trial court's attitude was unreasonable, arbitrary or
unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d at 219. A finding of "cohabitation
during the pendency of the divorce should logically be a factor to bar an original award of
support." Keith v. Keith, 12th Dist. No. CA2010-12-335, 2011-Ohio-6532, ¶ 9. However, it is -8- Butler CA2012-02-020
important to note that while cohabitation is a factor to be considered in awarding spousal
support, it does not serve as an outright bar of spousal support. Id. at 12.
{¶ 28} It is a question of fact determined by the trial court on a case-by-case basis as
to whether a particular relationship or living arrangement constitutes cohabitation. Marley v.
Marley, 12th Dist. No. CA97-03-072, 1997 WL 632866, *2 (Oct. 13, 1997); Guggenbiller v.
Guggenbiller, 9th Dist. No.10CA009871, 2011-Ohio-3622, ¶ 8. Consequently, an appellate
court will not overturn a trial court's finding in regard to cohabitation as long as it is supported
by some competent, credible evidence. Moore v. Moore, 12th Dist. No. CA95-05-013, 1996
WL 42329, *2 (Feb. 5, 1996); Austin v. Austin, 170 Ohio App.3d 132, 2007-Ohio-676, ¶ 6
(9th Dist.). In determining whether competent and credible evidence exists, "[a] reviewing
court should be guided by a presumption that the findings of a trial court are correct, since
the trial judge is best able to view the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures, and
voice inflections, and use those observations in weighing the credibility of the testimony."
Keith at ¶ 12, quoting Bey v. Bey, 3rd Dist. No. 10-08-12, 2009-Ohio-300, ¶ 15.
{¶ 29} Cohabitation contemplates a relationship that approximates, or is the functional
equivalent of, a marriage. Keeley v. Keeley, 12th Dist. Nos. CA99-07-075, CA99-080-080,
2000 WL 431362, * 1 (Apr. 17, 2000), citing Piscione v. Piscione, 85 Ohio App.3d 273, 275
(9th Dist.1992). There are three principal factors for courts to consider when determining
whether cohabitation exits, which are: (1) actually living together (2) of a sustained duration
(3) with shared expenses with respect to financing and day-to-day expenses. Keith at ¶ 11.
In turn, cohabitation "requires not only a relationship, sexual or otherwise, of a permanent,
continuing nature, but also some sort of monetary support between the spouse and the
paramour so as to be the functional equivalent of a marriage." Cravens v. Cravens, 12th
Dist. No. CA2008-02-033, 2009-Ohio-1733, ¶ 10.
{¶ 30} In this case, there was evidence presented that Mother and her paramour -9- Butler CA2012-02-020
purchased a home together. Mother provided a partial down payment consisting of closing
costs, and her paramour is responsible for the actual mortgage. Mother testified that the
mortgage of $1,800 per month was too high for her to pay, so she entered into a rental
agreement with her paramour to pay him $1,560.76 per month. Mother testified that she and
her paramour were "setting * * * a good example for [the children] of how a husband and wife
or man and woman are supposed to behave." When asked whether the relationship was
"more than casual," Mother responded "well, of course it is. He is carrying a mortgage for
me." Mother and her paramour opened a joint bank account in February 2011, so that the
paramour could transfer money to Mother faster in order to ensure she paid her bills on time.
Mother testified that her paramour did not intend to live with her because he is in the United
States Navy and stationed in Virginia. Nevertheless, Mother testified that her paramour has
stayed the night with her with the children present when he was in Ohio. Furthermore, he is
planning to move to Ohio when he retires from the Navy next year. Consequently, there is
evidence that Mother and her paramour live together when he is in Ohio in the house they
purchased together, their relationship is lasting in duration, and they share living expenses.
In light of this evidence, and the fact that Mother's paramour is in the United States Navy and
stationed in Virginia necessarily limits the amount of time he spends in Ohio, we find that
there is no competent credible evidence to support the trial court's finding that Mother and
her paramour are not cohabitating.
{¶ 31} As stated above, the mere fact that Mother and her paramour are cohabitating
does not bar an award of spousal support. However, the trial court included a clause in the
order that spousal support was to terminate upon Mother's cohabitation "in a partner like
relationship as defined by Ohio law." With this clause, we find that the award of spousal
support was an abuse of discretion as Mother and her paramour are cohabitating as defined
by Ohio law. Father's fourth assignment of error is sustained.
- 10 - Butler CA2012-02-020
{¶ 32} Assignment of Error No. 5:
{¶ 33} THE TRIAL COURT'S FAILURE TO INCLUDE THE SECOND MORTGAGE AS
MARITAL DEBT AND THE TRIAL COURT'S FINDING THAT [MOTHER'S] PREMARITAL
TAX DEBT WAS 100% MARITAL WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE
{¶ 34} Father argues the trial court erroneously found that a second mortgage on the
marital residence did not exist, and thus erred in failing to include it as marital debt.
Furthermore, Father argues the trial court erroneously found Mother's 2005 tax liability to be
from 2007, and thus erroneously included it in the marital debt. We agree.
{¶ 35} Prior to making any division of property, the trial court must determine what
property is marital and what property is separate. R.C. 3105.171(B); Brown v. Brown, 12th
Dist. No. CA2008-08-021, 2009-Ohio-2204, ¶ 11. To do this, the trial court must know what
constitutes "during the marriage." "During the marriage" typically means the period of time
between the date of the marriage through the date of the final divorce hearing. R.C.
3105.171(A)(2)(a). However, if a trial court determines that the use of one or both of these
dates would be inequitable, the trial court may choose dates that would be equitable in
determining marital property. R.C. 3105.171(A)(2)(b). Furthermore, when a trial court makes
a distributive award of property, the trial court "shall specify the dates it used in determining
the meaning of 'during the marriage.'" R.C. 3105.171(G). Property acquired during the
marriage is presumed to be marital. R.C. 3105.171; Vergitz v. Vergitz, 7th Dist. No. 05 JE
52, 2007-Ohio-1395, ¶ 12. Likewise, any property that was acquired by one spouse prior to
the date of the marriage is presumed to be separate. R.C. 3105.171. Although the statute
does not mention debt as an element of marital and separate property, the rules concerning
marital assets have been consistently applied to marital and separate debt. Marrero v.
Marrero, 9th Dist. No. 02CA008057, 2002-Ohio-4862, ¶ 43; Vergitz at ¶ 12. - 11 - Butler CA2012-02-020
{¶ 36} A trial court's classification of debt as marital or separate is reviewed under the
manifest weight of the evidence standard. Williams v. Williams, 12th Dist. No. CA2006-09-
103, 2007-Ohio-2996, ¶ 38. Manifest weight "concerns the inclination of the greater amount
of credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather than the other."
Baird v. Crop Prod. Servs., Inc., 12th Dist. Nos. CA2011-03-003, CA2011-04-005, 2012-
Ohio-4022, ¶ 17, citing Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, ¶ 12.
Furthermore, "[t]he appellate court must be guided by a presumption that the trial court's
factual findings are correct since the trial judge 'is best able to view the witnesses and
observe their demeanor, gestures and voice inflections, and use these observations in
weighing the credibility of the proffered testimony.'" Holland v. Garner, 12th Dist. No.
CA2009-09-226, 2010-Ohio-2963, ¶ 8, quoting McGuire v. Sprinkle, 12th Dist. No. CA2006-
06-069, 2007-Ohio-2705, ¶ 19. However, "the court of appeals shall give due regard to the
opportunity of the [trial court] to judge the credibility of the witnesses, and shall accept the
findings of fact of the [trial court] unless they are clearly erroneous." (Emphasis added.)
Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81, 97, 116 S.Ct. 2035 (1996).
{¶ 37} In this case, the trial court found that while Father testified regarding a second
mortgage with a balance of $57,000, he provided no documentation regarding this loan. The
trial court specifically found that the only debt owed to Wells Fargo was a VISA account that
required a monthly payment of $230. At a hearing, Father responded in the affirmative to a
leading question that the second mortgage was with Wells Fargo. However, Father
subsequently testified regarding a VISA balance owed to Wells Fargo regarding a loan to
replace windows. Concerning a second mortgage, Father testified that he owed a second
mortgage with a balance of $56,000 or $57,000 with a monthly payment of $668 per month.
Exhibit 10, a Chase bank statement, shows that a payment was made to Citimortgage for
$687.71 on July 26, 2011. This mortgage payment is in addition to the mortgage payment to - 12 - Butler CA2012-02-020
ASC for $1,092.08 made on July 18, 2011. This is also in addition to a $270 payment made
to Wells Fargo on July 8, 2011 as reflected in Exhibit 13. Consequently, there is clearly
evidence of a second mortgage. We find the trial court erred in not including the second
mortgage in the property division.
{¶ 38} The trial court also found Father and Mother to be jointly and severally liable for
the marital tax debts from both "2007 & 2009." On the property division worksheet, the trial
court specifically found that the amount owed on the 2007 tax debt was $45,570.64. The trial
court allocated half of this amount to Father. Despite the trial court finding that this tax debt
was from 2007, Mother testified that this tax debt was from 2005. Furthermore, Mother
identified Exhibit J as a "tax bill for myself." Exhibit J indicates that this tax liability was
incurred during the tax period of December 31, 2005. Consequently, the trial court's
classification of the 2005 tax debt as a 2007 marital debt was against the manifest weight of
the evidence.
{¶ 39} There is some discrepancy as to what constitutes "during the marriage." The
parties were married on June 11, 2005. The trial court specified the valuation date of
February 23, 2011, but it did not explicitly use the parties' date of marriage as the beginning
of the marriage. The trial court found the residence to be marital property, despite the
property being titled solely in Father's name and purchased prior to June 11, 2005. The trial
court found the residence constitutes marital property because the parties acknowledged
they were cohabitating in the residence since its purchase in 2004. Essentially, the trial court
found that utilizing the actual date of marriage to classify the residence as separate or marital
property was inequitable. Consequently, on remand, in addition to including the second
mortgage in the property division, the trial court must clarify the dates it used to constitute
"during the marriage," and whether utilizing the actual marriage date is inequitable. The trial
court must then apportion the 2005 tax debt as marital or separate debt accordingly. Father's
- 13 - Butler CA2012-02-020
fifth assignment of error is sustained.
{¶ 40} Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
S. POWELL, P.J., and PIPER, J., concur.
- 14 -