LOUIS J. CECI, J.
This case is before the court on a petition for review of a decision of the court of appeals, Oakley v. Fireman's Fund, 157 Wis. 2d 77, 459 [824]*824N.W.2d 461 (Ct. App. 1990). The majority of the court of appeals (Sundby, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) reversed an order of the circuit court for Dane county, Michael B. Torphy, Jr., Circuit Judge. The circuit court's order, in effect, denied Frederic R. Oakley's (Oakley) motion to recover attorney's fees from American Family Mutual Insurance Company (American Family).
One issue is presented by this review: whether an insured is entitled to a pro rata contribution toward his attorney's fees incurred in establishing a third party's liability to him and to his insurer by subrogation when the insurer participated in the action which established the third party's liability. We hold that an insured is not entitled to a contribution toward his attorney's fees from his insurer if his insurer participates in the action which establishes a third party's liability to the insurer by subrogation.
The facts relevant to this review are not in dispute. On September 24, 1987, Oakley was injured in a three-vehicle accident. One vehicle was driven by Oakley and insured by American Family. The driver of the second vehicle, James R. Freeman, was uninsured. The driver of the third vehicle, Warren Sproule, was an employee of the defendant Affiliated Carriage Systems, Inc. (Affiliated Carriage) and was insured by Fireman's Fund of Wisconsin (Fireman's Fund).
On January 12, 1988, Oakley collected $50,000.00 from American Family under his uninsured motorist policy and commenced this action against Affiliated Carriage and Fireman's Fund for damages he suffered in the collision.1 American Family participated in the action and was represented by its own counsel. At trial, the jury [825]*825apportioned causal negligence as follows: 5 percent to Oakley, 45 percent to Freeman (the uninsured motorist), and 50 percent to Sproule (an employee of Affiliated Carriage, Fireman's Fund's insured).
After verdict, the parties entered into a stipulation which provided in relevant part that Oakley incurred damages of $100,000.00 in the September 24, 1987, collision and that the parties would petition the circuit court for a declaration of American Family's right to subrogation from Fireman's Fund and Oakley's right to contribution toward his attorney's fees from American Family. By order filed July 27, 1988, the circuit court ruled that American Family was not entitled to subrogation from Fireman's Fund. Therefore, the circuit court did not decide whether Oakley had a right to contribution toward his attorney's fees from American Family.
Oakley and American Family appealed from the circuit court's order.2 Oakley argued that he was entitled to a pro rata contribution3 toward his attorney's fees from American Family because American Family benefited from the action he brought against Affiliated Carriage and Fireman's Fund. Oakley, 157 Wis. 2d at 83. The court of appeals agreed with Oakley after holding that American Family was entitled to subrogation from Fire[826]*826man's Fund. Id. at 79-80. The court of appeals reasoned that Oakley was entitled to attorney's fees from American Family because American Family is not entitled to subrogation until Oakley is made whole, and Oakley will not be made whole if attorney's fees are deducted from his recovery of $100,000.00 (the stipulated amount of Oakley's damages). Id. at 83-85 (citing Garrity v. Rural Mutual Ins. Co., 77 Wis. 2d 537, 546-47, 253 N.W.2d 512 (1977); Rimes v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins. Co., 106 Wis. 2d 263, 272, 316 N.W.2d 348 (1982); and 16 Couch, Cyclopedia of Insurance Law, sec. 61:61 (1968) [hereinafter Couch]).
American Family petitioned this court for review of the decision of the court of appeals, which we granted.
Application of the "make whole" doctrine of Garrity and Rimes to an undisputed set of facts is a question of law which we review independently and without deference to the decisions of lower courts. Blue Cross v. Fireman's Fund, 140 Wis. 2d 544, 548, 411 N.W.2d 133 (1987). Accordingly, we will review the issue raised in this case without deference to the lower courts' decisions.
The gravamen of the court of appeals' holding is that Oakley will not be "made whole" if he must pay attorney's fees from his recovery. We disagree for two reasons. First, the court of appeals overlooked the provisions of sec. 803.03(2)(b), Stats., which provide that a subrogor (an insured) is only entitled to a contribution toward his attorney's fees if he represents the interests of the subrogee (the insurer). Second, the court of appeals misconstrued Garrity and Rimes in light of the American rule that each party bears his own attorney's fees.
[827]*827Section 803.03(2)(b), Stats.,4 provides that a party which has a claim based on subrogation (the subrogee) has three options. First, the subrogee may participate in the prosecution of the action. Second, the subrogee may agree to have his interest represented by the party who caused the joinder by signing a written waiver of the right to participate in the action which expresses consent to be bound by the judgment in the action. Third, the subrogee may move the court to dismiss the action with or without prejudice.
If the second option is chosen, the party that represents the interests of the subrogee and obtains a judgment favorable to the subrogee may be awarded reasonable attorney's fees by the court. Id. Section 803.03(2)(b) does not provide for an award of attorney's fees to the subrogor if the subrogee chooses any of the other options provided for in sec. 803.03(2)(b).
In the case at bar, the subrogee, American Family, chose the first option provided for by sec. 803.03(2) (b): it [828]*828fully participated in the prosecution of the action by its own counsel from the filing of the pleadings through the briefing before this court. There is no indication that American Family chose the second option provided for by sec. 803.03(2)(b), the only option under which Oakley would be entitled to a contribution toward his attorney's fees. The record shows that American Family did not agree to have its interests represented by Oakley, nor did American Family sign a written waiver of its right to participate in the action which expressed consent to be bound by the judgment in the action.
Rather, as previously discussed, the record shows that American Family actively participated in all aspects of the litigation at the trial and appellate levels by its own counsel. Accordingly, Oakley is not entitled to attorney's fees as if American Family chose to have its interests represented by Oakley.
The court of appeals overlooked the provisions of sec. 803.03(2) (b) and reasoned that Oakley is entitled to a pro rata contribution toward his attorney's fees under the principle established in Garrity and Rimes
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LOUIS J. CECI, J.
This case is before the court on a petition for review of a decision of the court of appeals, Oakley v. Fireman's Fund, 157 Wis. 2d 77, 459 [824]*824N.W.2d 461 (Ct. App. 1990). The majority of the court of appeals (Sundby, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) reversed an order of the circuit court for Dane county, Michael B. Torphy, Jr., Circuit Judge. The circuit court's order, in effect, denied Frederic R. Oakley's (Oakley) motion to recover attorney's fees from American Family Mutual Insurance Company (American Family).
One issue is presented by this review: whether an insured is entitled to a pro rata contribution toward his attorney's fees incurred in establishing a third party's liability to him and to his insurer by subrogation when the insurer participated in the action which established the third party's liability. We hold that an insured is not entitled to a contribution toward his attorney's fees from his insurer if his insurer participates in the action which establishes a third party's liability to the insurer by subrogation.
The facts relevant to this review are not in dispute. On September 24, 1987, Oakley was injured in a three-vehicle accident. One vehicle was driven by Oakley and insured by American Family. The driver of the second vehicle, James R. Freeman, was uninsured. The driver of the third vehicle, Warren Sproule, was an employee of the defendant Affiliated Carriage Systems, Inc. (Affiliated Carriage) and was insured by Fireman's Fund of Wisconsin (Fireman's Fund).
On January 12, 1988, Oakley collected $50,000.00 from American Family under his uninsured motorist policy and commenced this action against Affiliated Carriage and Fireman's Fund for damages he suffered in the collision.1 American Family participated in the action and was represented by its own counsel. At trial, the jury [825]*825apportioned causal negligence as follows: 5 percent to Oakley, 45 percent to Freeman (the uninsured motorist), and 50 percent to Sproule (an employee of Affiliated Carriage, Fireman's Fund's insured).
After verdict, the parties entered into a stipulation which provided in relevant part that Oakley incurred damages of $100,000.00 in the September 24, 1987, collision and that the parties would petition the circuit court for a declaration of American Family's right to subrogation from Fireman's Fund and Oakley's right to contribution toward his attorney's fees from American Family. By order filed July 27, 1988, the circuit court ruled that American Family was not entitled to subrogation from Fireman's Fund. Therefore, the circuit court did not decide whether Oakley had a right to contribution toward his attorney's fees from American Family.
Oakley and American Family appealed from the circuit court's order.2 Oakley argued that he was entitled to a pro rata contribution3 toward his attorney's fees from American Family because American Family benefited from the action he brought against Affiliated Carriage and Fireman's Fund. Oakley, 157 Wis. 2d at 83. The court of appeals agreed with Oakley after holding that American Family was entitled to subrogation from Fire[826]*826man's Fund. Id. at 79-80. The court of appeals reasoned that Oakley was entitled to attorney's fees from American Family because American Family is not entitled to subrogation until Oakley is made whole, and Oakley will not be made whole if attorney's fees are deducted from his recovery of $100,000.00 (the stipulated amount of Oakley's damages). Id. at 83-85 (citing Garrity v. Rural Mutual Ins. Co., 77 Wis. 2d 537, 546-47, 253 N.W.2d 512 (1977); Rimes v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins. Co., 106 Wis. 2d 263, 272, 316 N.W.2d 348 (1982); and 16 Couch, Cyclopedia of Insurance Law, sec. 61:61 (1968) [hereinafter Couch]).
American Family petitioned this court for review of the decision of the court of appeals, which we granted.
Application of the "make whole" doctrine of Garrity and Rimes to an undisputed set of facts is a question of law which we review independently and without deference to the decisions of lower courts. Blue Cross v. Fireman's Fund, 140 Wis. 2d 544, 548, 411 N.W.2d 133 (1987). Accordingly, we will review the issue raised in this case without deference to the lower courts' decisions.
The gravamen of the court of appeals' holding is that Oakley will not be "made whole" if he must pay attorney's fees from his recovery. We disagree for two reasons. First, the court of appeals overlooked the provisions of sec. 803.03(2)(b), Stats., which provide that a subrogor (an insured) is only entitled to a contribution toward his attorney's fees if he represents the interests of the subrogee (the insurer). Second, the court of appeals misconstrued Garrity and Rimes in light of the American rule that each party bears his own attorney's fees.
[827]*827Section 803.03(2)(b), Stats.,4 provides that a party which has a claim based on subrogation (the subrogee) has three options. First, the subrogee may participate in the prosecution of the action. Second, the subrogee may agree to have his interest represented by the party who caused the joinder by signing a written waiver of the right to participate in the action which expresses consent to be bound by the judgment in the action. Third, the subrogee may move the court to dismiss the action with or without prejudice.
If the second option is chosen, the party that represents the interests of the subrogee and obtains a judgment favorable to the subrogee may be awarded reasonable attorney's fees by the court. Id. Section 803.03(2)(b) does not provide for an award of attorney's fees to the subrogor if the subrogee chooses any of the other options provided for in sec. 803.03(2)(b).
In the case at bar, the subrogee, American Family, chose the first option provided for by sec. 803.03(2) (b): it [828]*828fully participated in the prosecution of the action by its own counsel from the filing of the pleadings through the briefing before this court. There is no indication that American Family chose the second option provided for by sec. 803.03(2)(b), the only option under which Oakley would be entitled to a contribution toward his attorney's fees. The record shows that American Family did not agree to have its interests represented by Oakley, nor did American Family sign a written waiver of its right to participate in the action which expressed consent to be bound by the judgment in the action.
Rather, as previously discussed, the record shows that American Family actively participated in all aspects of the litigation at the trial and appellate levels by its own counsel. Accordingly, Oakley is not entitled to attorney's fees as if American Family chose to have its interests represented by Oakley.
The court of appeals overlooked the provisions of sec. 803.03(2) (b) and reasoned that Oakley is entitled to a pro rata contribution toward his attorney's fees under the principle established in Garrity and Rimes that a subrogee is not entitled to share in funds recovered from a tort-feasor until the subrogor is made whole. Oakley, 157 Wis. 2d at 83. To support its interpretation of Gar-rity and Rimes, the court of appeals quoted from Couch, sec. 61:61,5 which provides in relevant part that:
'it has been held, in absence of waiver to the contrary, that no right of subrogation against the insured exists upon the part of the insurer where the insured's actual loss exceeds the amount recovered from both the insurer and the wrongdoer, after deducting costs and expenses.'
[829]*829Id. at 84-85 (emphasis added by the court of appeals; footnotes omitted).
Neither Couch, Garrity, nor Rimes supports the court of appeals decision. To support its assertion that a subrogor is entitled to deduct his costs and expenses from the subrogee's interest in any recovery, Couch only cites cases in which the subrogee did not participate in the prosecution of the action against the tort-feasor(s).6 [830]*830However, in the case at bar, American Family did participate in the prosecution of the action. Thus, Couch does not support the court of appeals decision.
Couch also cites Rimes. However, as the court of appeals noted, the Garrity and Rimes courts did not consider whether the "make whole" rule is a "net make whole" rule which permits a subrogor to recover attorney's fees from the funds recovered from the tort-feasor before the subrogee may share in such funds. Oakley, 157 Wis. 2d at 84.
Moreover, Rimes suggests that a subrogor is "made whole" even if he must pay attorney's fees which effectively decrease the amount he recovers from the tort-feasor. The Rimes court itemized the subrogor's damages in order to show that the subrogor had not been "made whole" by the subrogee's payment of its policy limits. See Rimes, 106 Wis. 2d at 268-69. This detailed itemization did not include attorney's fees.
Furthermore, the Rimes court held:
Under Wisconsin law the test of wholeness depends upon whether the insured has been completely compensated for all the elements of damages, not merely those damages for which the insurer has indemnified the insured.
Id. at 275 (emphasis added).
In Wisconsin, attorney's fees are not an element of damages absent a statutory or contractual provision to the contrary. Lightcap v. Steenberg Homes, Inc., 160 [831]*831Wis. 2d 607, 615, 466 N.W.2d 904 (1991) (citing Murray v. Holiday Rambler, Inc., 83 Wis. 2d 406, 435, 265 N.W.2d 513 (1978)). Accordingly, Rimes suggests that an insured is "made whole" even if his attorney's fees, in effect, decrease the amount the insured recovers from a tort-feasor, because attorney's fees are not an element of damages.7
Moreover, since attorney's fees are not an element of damages, Garrity and Rimes are distinguishable from the case at bar. As we stated in Blue Cross:8
[T]he compelling equitable factor which defeated the subrogation right asserted in both Garrity and Rimes (the prospect of an insurer competing with its own insured for funds which are insufficient to make the insured whole) is not present in this case.
Blue Cross, 140 Wis. 2d at 551.
Under Wisconsin law, Oakley is "made whole" even if he must pay attorney's fees out of the funds he recovers from Freeman, Affiliated Carriage and its insurer, Fireman's Fund. Therefore, failing to require American Family to make a contribution toward Oakley's attorney's fees does not place American Family in competition with Oakley for funds which are insufficient to make Oakley whole. Accordingly, neither Garrity nor [832]*832Rimes the court of decision.9
Oakley advances two arguments in addition to the rationale of the court of appeals. First, Oakley argues that he is entitled to a contribution toward his attorney's fees under the "fund doctrine." Second, Oakley argues that since American Family's policy does not exclude coverage for attorney's fees, the policy should be interpreted to include coverage for attorney's fees. We disagree.
We established the "fund doctrine" in State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins. Co. v. Geline, 48 Wis. 2d 290, [833]*833300,179 N.W.2d 815 (1970), when we held that a subro-gee may be required to pay the subrogor's attorney a reasonable fee for enforcing the former's subrogation interest. However, we held in Geline that the fund doctrine only applies if three prerequisites are fulfilled. First, the fund — the money received from the tort-feasors — must be "created or brought into being solely by the efforts and steps taken by the attorney who claims an equitable right to fees therefrom." Id. at 301. Second, notice must be given to subrogees that an action has been commenced and a reasonable fee will be requested of the court for services rendered in recovering the subrogated interest unless the subrogee joins in the action as a party. Id. Third, the subrogee does not become a party to the action. Id.
The record shows that none of the prerequisites of the fund doctrine are present in the case at bar. Therefore, Oakley may not rely on Geline's fund doctrine to obtain a pro rata contribution toward his attorney's fees from American Family.
Furthermore, the terms of American Family's policy with Oakley (the policy) do not support his claim for a contribution toward his attorney's fees. Rather, they support American Family's position.10 Oakley makes his claim against American Family under his uninsured motorist coverage. The uninsured motorist portion of the policy states in relevant part as follows:
We [American Family] will pay compensatory damages for bodily injury which an insured person [834]*834[Oakley] is legally entitled to recover from the owner or operator of an uninsured motor vehicle.
(Emphasis in the original.) The policy defines bodily injury as "bodily injury to or sickness, disease or death of any person." Taken together, these two provisions of the policy defeat Oakley's claim for attorney's fees for two reasons.
First, attorney's fees are not included in the type of losses compensable under the policy's uninsured motorist coverage. Under the provisions of the policy set forth above, the uninsured motorist provisions of the policy provide coverage for "bodily injury to or sickness, disease or death . . .." Attorney's fees do not constitute an injury to the body, sickness, disease or death.
Second, under the terms of the policy set forth above, American Family is obligated to pay Oakley those damages he is legally entitled to recover from the uninsured driver. As previously discussed, Oakley is not legally entitled to recover attorney's fees from Freeman, the uninsured driver.
Oakley argues that since the policy does not contain a definition of "loss" which excludes attorney's fees, we should construe the policy's coverage to include attorney's fees. However, Oakley overlooks the fact that only bodily injuries are covered under the uninsured motorist provisions of the policy. The portion of the policy under which Oakley makes his claim, the uninsured motorist coverage, does not even utilize the term "loss." Accordingly, the lack of a definition of the term "loss" is irrelevant. Moreover, as previously discussed, "loss," or damages,11 in tort law in Wisconsin has never included [835]*835attorney's fees absent a statutory or contractual provision to the contrary.
Oakley stipulated to the fact that his damages, except for attorney's fees, are $100,000.00. Oakley does not dispute that American Family is entitled to one-half that amount under subrogation. Accordingly, under the American rule, Oakley has been made whole. Thus, Gar-rity and Rimes do not require American Family to contribute toward Oakley's attorney's fees. Furthermore, Oakley is not entitled to attorney's fees under sec. 803.03(2)(b), Stats., because American Family participated in the prosecution of this action.
By the Court. — The decision of the court of appeals is reversed.