F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 26 1999 FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk
CAMVAN THI NGUYEN; TY BUI,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v. No. 98-3139 (D.C. No. 96-1259-WEB) HONDA MOTOR COMPANY LTD.; (D. Kan.) AMERICAN HONDA MOTORS, CO., INC.; HONDA RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, LTD.; HONDA OF AMERICA MFG., INC.,
Defendants.
and
PONY EXPRESS COURIER CORP.; RODGER SHEETZ,
Defendants-Appellees.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BALDOCK , BARRETT , and HENRY , Circuit Judges.
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
Plaintiffs-appellants Camvan Thi Nguyen and Ty Bui, wife and husband,
appeal the district court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of defendants-
appellees Rodger Sheetz and Pony Express Courier Corp. (Pony Express) on their
negligence claim arising from an automobile accident. Plaintiffs’ claims against
the other defendants have been resolved and are not before this court. We
exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.
While driving a Honda automobile on a two-lane highway in Gray County,
Kansas, Mai Chi Thi Nhat Nguyen attempted to pass a semi-trailer truck. When
she was unable to pass the truck or return to her lane, she struck a Pony Express
delivery vehicle driven by appellee Rodger Sheetz. Plaintiff Nguyen, a passenger
in the Honda, was injured. At the scene, Mr. Sheetz spoke with law enforcement
and medical emergency personnel. Two paramedics drove Mr. Sheetz to a
hospital and checked his physical condition on the way. He was released from the
hospital shortly after his arrival. He and his supervisor then went back to the
-2- scene of the accident to load the parcels from the wrecked delivery truck onto
another truck.
Plaintiffs claim Mr. Sheetz was negligent in failing to avoid the collision
with the Honda, and that his employer, Pony Express, was negligent in failing to
have Mr. Sheet’s blood alcohol level tested immediately following the accident.
They challenge the district court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of Mr.
Sheetz and his employer, claiming that the following issues of material fact
preclude summary judgment: (1) whether Mr. Sheetz was exhausted, thus
permitting the inference that his reaction time was longer than was reasonable and
thereby contributed to causing the accident; (2) whether Mr. Sheetz was traveling
too fast under the circumstances, even though he was not exceeding the speed
limit; and (3) whether Mr. Sheetz had consumed alcoholic beverages at some time
prior to the accident that adversely affected his response to the oncoming Honda.
We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment, viewing
the record in the light most favorable to the party opposing summary judgment.
See McKnight v. Kimberly Clark Corp., 149 F.3d 1125, 1128 (10th Cir. 1998).
Summary judgment is appropriate if there is no genuine issue of material fact and
the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Celotex Corp. v.
Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
-3- In this case based on diversity, we must reach the same conclusion the
state’s highest court would reach. See Blanke v. Alexander, 152 F.3d 1224, 1228
(10th Cir. 1998). In applying Kansas law, we afford no deference to the district
court’s legal rulings. See Salve Regina College v. Russell, 499 U.S. 225, 238-39
(1991). Under Kansas law,
[f]or an individual to be liable for a negligent or wrongful act, there must be a duty to act. Therefore, the injured party must show: (1) a causal connection between the duty breached and the injury received and (2) damage from negligence. An accident which is not reasonably foreseeable by the exercise of reasonable care and prudence is not sufficient grounds for a negligence action.
Woodruff v. City of Ottawa , 951 P.2d 953, 956 (Kan. 1997).
Plaintiffs urge an inference that Mr. Sheetz was exhausted by the fact that
he had worked a long shift that day after working a similarly long shift the
previous day and then mowing his lawn. They also argue that the hot day and
lack of air conditioning in the Pony Express vehicle contributed to Mr. Sheetz’s
exhaustion. They maintain, therefore, that because he must have been exhausted,
his reaction time was slowed, preventing him from avoiding the collision with the
Honda.
To support their claim that Mr. Sheetz was under the influence of alcohol at
the time of the accident, plaintiffs point to the following uncontroverted facts:
Mr. Sheetz drank three or four beers on the evening before the accident, he drank
one beer in the shower and then drank two “stiff drinks” with his neighbor on the
-4- evening after the accident, and he stated he was an alcoholic and drank an
occasional beer. On the night of the accident after Mr. Sheetz had consumed
alcohol at his neighbor’s, the police took him to the hospital again and tested his
blood alcohol level. The test results were .10% and .124%. Plaintiffs submitted
the expert opinion of John Brick, Ph.D., who reviewed written reports relevant to
Mr. Sheetz’s alcohol consumption. In the expert’s opinion, Mr. Sheetz had
“underestimated his actual alcohol consumption.” Appellees’ Supp. App., at 218.
The expert concluded that if Mr. Sheetz’s statement of the amount of alcohol he
had consumed was correct, then he “had to have consumed alcohol prior to the
crash.” Id. at 219.
Plaintiffs’ appellate arguments are based solely on speculation and
conjecture. No evidence supports their allegations that Mr. Sheetz was too
exhausted to react in a reasonably prudent manner, that he was driving too fast for
conditions, that he had consumed alcoholic beverages prior to the accident, or that
he was under the influence of alcohol at the time of the collision. Mere
speculation unsupported by evidence is insufficient to resist summary judgment.
See Peterson v. Shanks , 149 F.3d 1140, 1144-45 (10th Cir. 1998); Beaird v.
Seagate Tech., Inc.
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F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 26 1999 FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk
CAMVAN THI NGUYEN; TY BUI,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v. No. 98-3139 (D.C. No. 96-1259-WEB) HONDA MOTOR COMPANY LTD.; (D. Kan.) AMERICAN HONDA MOTORS, CO., INC.; HONDA RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, LTD.; HONDA OF AMERICA MFG., INC.,
Defendants.
and
PONY EXPRESS COURIER CORP.; RODGER SHEETZ,
Defendants-Appellees.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BALDOCK , BARRETT , and HENRY , Circuit Judges.
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
Plaintiffs-appellants Camvan Thi Nguyen and Ty Bui, wife and husband,
appeal the district court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of defendants-
appellees Rodger Sheetz and Pony Express Courier Corp. (Pony Express) on their
negligence claim arising from an automobile accident. Plaintiffs’ claims against
the other defendants have been resolved and are not before this court. We
exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.
While driving a Honda automobile on a two-lane highway in Gray County,
Kansas, Mai Chi Thi Nhat Nguyen attempted to pass a semi-trailer truck. When
she was unable to pass the truck or return to her lane, she struck a Pony Express
delivery vehicle driven by appellee Rodger Sheetz. Plaintiff Nguyen, a passenger
in the Honda, was injured. At the scene, Mr. Sheetz spoke with law enforcement
and medical emergency personnel. Two paramedics drove Mr. Sheetz to a
hospital and checked his physical condition on the way. He was released from the
hospital shortly after his arrival. He and his supervisor then went back to the
-2- scene of the accident to load the parcels from the wrecked delivery truck onto
another truck.
Plaintiffs claim Mr. Sheetz was negligent in failing to avoid the collision
with the Honda, and that his employer, Pony Express, was negligent in failing to
have Mr. Sheet’s blood alcohol level tested immediately following the accident.
They challenge the district court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of Mr.
Sheetz and his employer, claiming that the following issues of material fact
preclude summary judgment: (1) whether Mr. Sheetz was exhausted, thus
permitting the inference that his reaction time was longer than was reasonable and
thereby contributed to causing the accident; (2) whether Mr. Sheetz was traveling
too fast under the circumstances, even though he was not exceeding the speed
limit; and (3) whether Mr. Sheetz had consumed alcoholic beverages at some time
prior to the accident that adversely affected his response to the oncoming Honda.
We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment, viewing
the record in the light most favorable to the party opposing summary judgment.
See McKnight v. Kimberly Clark Corp., 149 F.3d 1125, 1128 (10th Cir. 1998).
Summary judgment is appropriate if there is no genuine issue of material fact and
the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Celotex Corp. v.
Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
-3- In this case based on diversity, we must reach the same conclusion the
state’s highest court would reach. See Blanke v. Alexander, 152 F.3d 1224, 1228
(10th Cir. 1998). In applying Kansas law, we afford no deference to the district
court’s legal rulings. See Salve Regina College v. Russell, 499 U.S. 225, 238-39
(1991). Under Kansas law,
[f]or an individual to be liable for a negligent or wrongful act, there must be a duty to act. Therefore, the injured party must show: (1) a causal connection between the duty breached and the injury received and (2) damage from negligence. An accident which is not reasonably foreseeable by the exercise of reasonable care and prudence is not sufficient grounds for a negligence action.
Woodruff v. City of Ottawa , 951 P.2d 953, 956 (Kan. 1997).
Plaintiffs urge an inference that Mr. Sheetz was exhausted by the fact that
he had worked a long shift that day after working a similarly long shift the
previous day and then mowing his lawn. They also argue that the hot day and
lack of air conditioning in the Pony Express vehicle contributed to Mr. Sheetz’s
exhaustion. They maintain, therefore, that because he must have been exhausted,
his reaction time was slowed, preventing him from avoiding the collision with the
Honda.
To support their claim that Mr. Sheetz was under the influence of alcohol at
the time of the accident, plaintiffs point to the following uncontroverted facts:
Mr. Sheetz drank three or four beers on the evening before the accident, he drank
one beer in the shower and then drank two “stiff drinks” with his neighbor on the
-4- evening after the accident, and he stated he was an alcoholic and drank an
occasional beer. On the night of the accident after Mr. Sheetz had consumed
alcohol at his neighbor’s, the police took him to the hospital again and tested his
blood alcohol level. The test results were .10% and .124%. Plaintiffs submitted
the expert opinion of John Brick, Ph.D., who reviewed written reports relevant to
Mr. Sheetz’s alcohol consumption. In the expert’s opinion, Mr. Sheetz had
“underestimated his actual alcohol consumption.” Appellees’ Supp. App., at 218.
The expert concluded that if Mr. Sheetz’s statement of the amount of alcohol he
had consumed was correct, then he “had to have consumed alcohol prior to the
crash.” Id. at 219.
Plaintiffs’ appellate arguments are based solely on speculation and
conjecture. No evidence supports their allegations that Mr. Sheetz was too
exhausted to react in a reasonably prudent manner, that he was driving too fast for
conditions, that he had consumed alcoholic beverages prior to the accident, or that
he was under the influence of alcohol at the time of the collision. Mere
speculation unsupported by evidence is insufficient to resist summary judgment.
See Peterson v. Shanks , 149 F.3d 1140, 1144-45 (10th Cir. 1998); Beaird v.
Seagate Tech., Inc. , 145 F.3d 1159, 1170 (10th Cir.), cert. denied , 119 S. Ct. 617
(1998); Wasson v. Brewer’s Food Mart, Inc. , 640 P.2d 352, 357 (Kan. Ct. App.
1982).
-5- The opinion of plaintiffs’ expert, even though based on some evidence,
constitutes only a “mere scintilla” of evidence on which a judgment in favor of
the nonmovant cannot be upheld. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. , 477 U.S. 242,
252 (1986). We also reject plaintiffs’ assertion that disputed issues of material
fact exist based on the statements of unidentified hospital personnel, reported by a
police officer, that Mr. Sheetz had symptoms of alcohol consumption while at the
hospital shortly after the accident. See Thomas v. International Bus. Machs. ,
48 F.3d 478, 485 (10th Cir. 1995) (inadmissible hearsay will not defeat summary
judgment). Plaintiffs have produced no evidence to support their claim that Mr.
Sheetz failed to act with reasonable care and prudence in response to the
situation. See Woodruff , 951 P.2d at 956.
Plaintiffs’ claim that Pony Express was negligent for failing to have Mr.
Sheetz tested for alcohol use immediately following the action is without merit.
There is no causal connection between the failure to test and plaintiff Nguyen’s
injuries. See id.
-6- The judgment of the United States District Court for the District of Kansas
is AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court
Robert H. Henry Circuit Judge
-7-