Mr. Justice Blatchford
delivered the opinion of the court. ITe stated the facts in the foregoing language, and continued :
It is contended for the plaintiff in error, that .the County Court which granted the letters of administration had no power
to do so, unless property belonging to Ann E. Woodworth when she died was left by her within the jurisdiction of that court.;' that she was not domiciled in Illinois at the time of her death, and, therefore, it was necessary that assets belonging to her should have existed in that State at that time, to warrant jurisdiction to issue the letters, and it could not be obtained by-bringing into the State afterwards property which was hers when she died; that, on the facts in the case, the debt of the company to her was not property of hers in Illinois Avhen she died, even if the policy Avas in Illinois Avhen she died; and that such a debt Avas a simple contract debt and was local assets only at Boston, Avhich was the only domicil of the debtor.
The letters of administration state that Ann E. WoodAvorth had, at the time of her decease, personal property in the State of Illinois. The plaintiff’s authority to sue Avas shoAvn
prima facie
by the letters. The case Avas one provided -for by'the statute of Illinois, Revised Statutes of 1874, chap. 3, § 18, p. 107, Avhich Avas as follcws :
“Administration shall be granted to the husband upon the goods and chattels of his Avife, and to the Avidow or next of kin to the intestate, or some of them, if they Avill accept the same and are not disqualified ; but in all cases the widoAV shall have the preference ; and if no widow or other relative of the intestate applies Avithin sixty days from the death of the intestate, the County Court may gránt administration to any creditor who shall apply for the same. If no creditor applies Avithin fifteen days next after the lapse of sixty days, as aforesaid, administration may be granted to any person whom the County Court may think . will best manage the estate. In all cases Avhere the intestate is a non-resident, or without a widow, next of kin, or creditors in .this State, but leaves property within the State, administration shall be granted to the public administrators of the proper county ;
Provided,
That no administration shall- in any case be granted until satisfactory proof be made before the County Court, to whom application for that purpose is made, that the person in -whose estate letters of administration are requested is dead, and died intestate ;
And provided, further,
That no non-resident of
this State shall be appointed administrator, or allowed to act as such. R. S. 1845, § 55, p. 547.”
It is plain, that under this statute the husband had a right to administration on the property of his wife, if she had property in Illinois, as the letters state she had, when she died. Such was necessarily the. decision which was made in the granting of these letters, and we have been referred to no decision in Illinois which holds to the contrary. The first branch of the statute covers all cases 'Of intestacy where property is left to be, administered; and the second branch, where the public administrator is brought in, does not apply where there' is a husband' surviving his wife, who applies for letters on her estate.
The letters being valid on their face, and in the form prescribed by the statute, Revised Statutes of 1874, chap. 3, § 21, p. 108, and apparently authorized by law, their validity must be distinctly negatived by what is set forth in the record, if the plaintiff’s authority to sue is not to be supported by them. This is not done. On the contrary, the declaration of the letters that the intestate had personal property in Illinois when she died, is, we think, supported by what- appears in the record, even if such property consisted solely of this policy.
' In the growth of this country, and the expansions and ramifications of business, and the free commercial intercourse between the States of the Union, it has come to pass that large numbers of life and fire insurance companies and other corporations, established with the accumulated capital and wealth of the richer parts of the country, seek business and contracts in distant States which- open a large and profitable field. The inconveniences and hardships resulting from the necessity on the part of creditors, of going to distant places to bring suits on policies and contracts, and from the additional requirement, in case of death, of taking out letters testamentary or of administration at the' original domicil of the corporation debtor, in order to-sue, has led to the enactment in many States of statutes which enable resident creditors to bring suits there against corporations created by the laws of other States. Such a statute
existed in Illinois, in the present case, requiring every life insurance company not organized in Illinois to appoint in writing a resident attorney, upon whom all lawful process against the company might be served with like effect as if the company existed in Illinois, the writing to stipulate that any lawful process against the company, served on the attorney, should be of the same legal force and validity as if served on the company, a duly authenticated copy of the writing to be filed in the office of the auditor, and the agency to be continued while any liability should remain outstanding against the company in Illinois, and the power not to be revoked until the same power should be given to another, and a like copy be so filed; the statute also providing that service upon said attorney should be deemed sufficient service on the company. Revised Statutes of 1874, chap. 73, § 50, p.,607.
In view of this legislation and the policy embodied in it, when this corporation, not organized under the laws of Illinois, has, by virtue of those laws, a place of business in Illinois, and a general agent there, and a resident attorney there for the service of process, and can be compelled to pay its debts there by judicial process, and has issued a policy payable, on death, to an administrator, the corporation must be regarded as having a domicil there, in the sense -of the rule that the debt on the policy is assets at its domicil, so as to uphold the grant of letters - of administration there. The corporation will be presumed, to have been doing business in Illinois by virtue of its laws at the time the intestate died, in view of the fact that it was so doing business there when this suit' was brought (as the bill of exceptions alleges), in the absence of any statement in the recprd that it was not so doing business there when the intestate died. In view of the statement in the lettem, if the only personal property the intestate had was the policy, as the bill of- exceptions states, it was for the corporation to show affirmatively that it was not doing business in Illinois when she died, in order to overthrow the validity of the letters, by thus showing that the policy was not assets in Illinois when she died'.'
The general rule is that simple contract debts, such as a policy of insurance not under seal, are, for the purpose of
founding administration, assets where the debtor resides, without regard to the place where the policy is found, as this court has recently affirmed in
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Mr. Justice Blatchford
delivered the opinion of the court. ITe stated the facts in the foregoing language, and continued :
It is contended for the plaintiff in error, that .the County Court which granted the letters of administration had no power
to do so, unless property belonging to Ann E. Woodworth when she died was left by her within the jurisdiction of that court.;' that she was not domiciled in Illinois at the time of her death, and, therefore, it was necessary that assets belonging to her should have existed in that State at that time, to warrant jurisdiction to issue the letters, and it could not be obtained by-bringing into the State afterwards property which was hers when she died; that, on the facts in the case, the debt of the company to her was not property of hers in Illinois Avhen she died, even if the policy Avas in Illinois Avhen she died; and that such a debt Avas a simple contract debt and was local assets only at Boston, Avhich was the only domicil of the debtor.
The letters of administration state that Ann E. WoodAvorth had, at the time of her decease, personal property in the State of Illinois. The plaintiff’s authority to sue Avas shoAvn
prima facie
by the letters. The case Avas one provided -for by'the statute of Illinois, Revised Statutes of 1874, chap. 3, § 18, p. 107, Avhich Avas as follcws :
“Administration shall be granted to the husband upon the goods and chattels of his Avife, and to the Avidow or next of kin to the intestate, or some of them, if they Avill accept the same and are not disqualified ; but in all cases the widoAV shall have the preference ; and if no widow or other relative of the intestate applies Avithin sixty days from the death of the intestate, the County Court may gránt administration to any creditor who shall apply for the same. If no creditor applies Avithin fifteen days next after the lapse of sixty days, as aforesaid, administration may be granted to any person whom the County Court may think . will best manage the estate. In all cases Avhere the intestate is a non-resident, or without a widow, next of kin, or creditors in .this State, but leaves property within the State, administration shall be granted to the public administrators of the proper county ;
Provided,
That no administration shall- in any case be granted until satisfactory proof be made before the County Court, to whom application for that purpose is made, that the person in -whose estate letters of administration are requested is dead, and died intestate ;
And provided, further,
That no non-resident of
this State shall be appointed administrator, or allowed to act as such. R. S. 1845, § 55, p. 547.”
It is plain, that under this statute the husband had a right to administration on the property of his wife, if she had property in Illinois, as the letters state she had, when she died. Such was necessarily the. decision which was made in the granting of these letters, and we have been referred to no decision in Illinois which holds to the contrary. The first branch of the statute covers all cases 'Of intestacy where property is left to be, administered; and the second branch, where the public administrator is brought in, does not apply where there' is a husband' surviving his wife, who applies for letters on her estate.
The letters being valid on their face, and in the form prescribed by the statute, Revised Statutes of 1874, chap. 3, § 21, p. 108, and apparently authorized by law, their validity must be distinctly negatived by what is set forth in the record, if the plaintiff’s authority to sue is not to be supported by them. This is not done. On the contrary, the declaration of the letters that the intestate had personal property in Illinois when she died, is, we think, supported by what- appears in the record, even if such property consisted solely of this policy.
' In the growth of this country, and the expansions and ramifications of business, and the free commercial intercourse between the States of the Union, it has come to pass that large numbers of life and fire insurance companies and other corporations, established with the accumulated capital and wealth of the richer parts of the country, seek business and contracts in distant States which- open a large and profitable field. The inconveniences and hardships resulting from the necessity on the part of creditors, of going to distant places to bring suits on policies and contracts, and from the additional requirement, in case of death, of taking out letters testamentary or of administration at the' original domicil of the corporation debtor, in order to-sue, has led to the enactment in many States of statutes which enable resident creditors to bring suits there against corporations created by the laws of other States. Such a statute
existed in Illinois, in the present case, requiring every life insurance company not organized in Illinois to appoint in writing a resident attorney, upon whom all lawful process against the company might be served with like effect as if the company existed in Illinois, the writing to stipulate that any lawful process against the company, served on the attorney, should be of the same legal force and validity as if served on the company, a duly authenticated copy of the writing to be filed in the office of the auditor, and the agency to be continued while any liability should remain outstanding against the company in Illinois, and the power not to be revoked until the same power should be given to another, and a like copy be so filed; the statute also providing that service upon said attorney should be deemed sufficient service on the company. Revised Statutes of 1874, chap. 73, § 50, p.,607.
In view of this legislation and the policy embodied in it, when this corporation, not organized under the laws of Illinois, has, by virtue of those laws, a place of business in Illinois, and a general agent there, and a resident attorney there for the service of process, and can be compelled to pay its debts there by judicial process, and has issued a policy payable, on death, to an administrator, the corporation must be regarded as having a domicil there, in the sense -of the rule that the debt on the policy is assets at its domicil, so as to uphold the grant of letters - of administration there. The corporation will be presumed, to have been doing business in Illinois by virtue of its laws at the time the intestate died, in view of the fact that it was so doing business there when this suit' was brought (as the bill of exceptions alleges), in the absence of any statement in the recprd that it was not so doing business there when the intestate died. In view of the statement in the lettem, if the only personal property the intestate had was the policy, as the bill of- exceptions states, it was for the corporation to show affirmatively that it was not doing business in Illinois when she died, in order to overthrow the validity of the letters, by thus showing that the policy was not assets in Illinois when she died'.'
The general rule is that simple contract debts, such as a policy of insurance not under seal, are, for the purpose of
founding administration, assets where the debtor resides, without regard to the place where the policy is found, as this court has recently affirmed in
Wyman
v. Halstead, 109 U. S. 654. But the reason why the State which charters a corporation is its domicil in reference to debts which it owes, is because there only can it be sued or found for the service of -process. This is now changed in cases like the present; and in'the courts of the United States it is held, that a corporation of one State doing business in another, is suable in the courts of the United States established in the latter State, if the laws of that State so provide, and in the manner provided by those laws.
Lafayette Insurance Company
v. French, 18 How. 404;
Railroad Company
v. Harris, 12 Wall. 65;
Ex parte Schollenberger,
96 U. S. 369;
Railroad Company
v. Koontz, 104 U. S. 5, 10.
It is argued for the plaintiff in error, that administration' could have been taken out in Michigan on the policy, on the view that that was the domicil of the assured, and that it could have been taken out in Massachusetts, without regard to the location of the policy at the time of the death of Mrs. "Wood-worth, and without regard to the fact that she died in another jurisdiction; and the case of
Bowdoin
v. Holland, 10 Cush. 17, is cited as holding that administration may be granted in Massachusetts, on the estate situated there of a person who died while residing in another State, although the will of .the deceased had not yet been proved in the State of his domicil, on the view that otherwise debts due in Massachusetts, to or from the intestate’s estate, could not be collected. The reason assigned for taking out letters in Massachusetts has equal force when applied to a State where the debtor does business under the laws of that State, and can be sued as fully as in Massachusetts, and is sure to be found so as to be served with process. If the defendant is to be sued in Illinois, administration must be taken out there; and administration in Massachusetts or in Michigan would not suffice as' a basis for a suit in Illinois. The consent and capacity to be sued in Illinois still require, if an administrator is to be the plaintiff, that letters should be issued in Illinois; and by the terms of the policy, on the death of the assured, the suit must be by her executor or administrator. So
it results, that the question in this case must be. decided, on-the same principle as if Illinois were the. only State in which suit could be brought, and therefore, the State in which letters of administration must be taken out for the purpose of a suit.
Nor is there anything inconsistent with this view in the fact •that, as a corporation of Massachusetts, the defendant removed the suit from the State court on the ground of diversity of citzenship. It was not, as in
Memphis, &c., Railroad Company
v. Alabama, 107 U. S. 581, a corporation of the State in which the suit was brought as well as a corporation of the State which originally chartered it, but it was exclusively a corporation of Massachusetts for the purpose of availing itself of the privilege of removing the suit. Its diversity of citizenship for such purpose may well remain, because it does not desire a trial in the State tribunal. Yet its availing, itself of the privilege of doing business. in Illinois, and subjecting itself to the liability to be sued in a court in Illinois, with the effect of making the policy assets in Illinois, were voluntary acts, which, though not affecting the jurisdiction of the Federal court, may well be held to give a locality to the debt for the purposes of administration, so that a suit may be brought under such letters in Illinois.
There-is nothing in the foregoing views which is in conflict with what was decided in
Wyman
v.
Halstead, ubi supra.
In consonance with Avhat Avas said 'in that case, payment of this debt to the administrator appointed in Illinois Avill be good against any administrator appointed elseAvhere; and the defendant Avill be protected in paying this judgment, especially as the husband is the exclusive beneficiary under the policy, and is the administrator and the plaintiff, and the money paid cannot be liable for any debts of the Avife.
Nor is this case goATerned by the decision in
Insurance Company
v.
Lewis,
97 U. S. 682. The question there Avas as to the authority of a public administrator in Missouri, under a statute of that State, to bring an action on the policy. It appeared affirmatively that the intestate resided in Wisconsin Avhen he died, and died there, and that there Avas already ap. adminstrator appointed in Wisconsin, so that the. defendant could not be
protected against a future suit by a proper representative of the estate.
The record of this case shows that a special plea was put in, setting up that at the time of her death the assured was not a citizen, or resident of Illinois, and left no property situate in that State, and that her entire estate was the claim under this policy. This plea was held bad on demurrer. Error in sustaining the demurrer is assigned, but, as it appears by the bill of exceptions, that under the general issue, the defendant gave evidence of the matters set up in the special plea, and they constitute no defence, the overruling.of the plea worked no injury to .the defendant.
These views cover all the questions which are controlling in this case, and
The judgment of the Circuit Court is affirmed.