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4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 12 MICHAEL NELSON, Case: 1:21-CV-222-JLT-BAM 13 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION; GRANTING 14 v. MOTION FOR REMAND 15 FOSTER POULTRY FARMS, et al, (Doc. 36) 16 Defendants. 17 18 20 This matter is before the Court on Michael Nelson’s motion for reconsideration of the Court’s 21 order denying Plaintiff’s motion for remand. Pursuant 28 U.S.C. §1441(a), Foster Poultry Farms 22 removed Plaintiff’s disparate treatment, discrimination, and wrongful termination suit from state court to 23 this Court on the grounds of federal question jurisdiction, arguing § 301 of the Labor Management 24 Relations Act (Section 301), 28 U.S.C. § 185, preempts Plaintiff’s claims. (Doc. 1.) Plaintiff then filed 25 a motion that offered to voluntarily dismiss his federal causes of action and requested remand of the 26 action to state court. (Doc. 8.) The Court referred the motion to the assigned magistrate judge, who 27 determined the motion should be denied, and the Court adopt this rationale. (Doc. 22 at 2.; Docs. 8, 21, 28 22.) 1 The parties then stipulated to allow Plaintiff to amend his complaint pursuant Federal Rule of 2 Civil Procedure 15(a). (Docs. 26, 27.) Plaintiff filed his first amended complaint on January 9, 2023. 3 (Doc. 31 (FAC).) On March 8, 2023, Plaintiff filed a motion for reconsideration. (Doc. 36.) For 4 reasons set forth below, the Court concludes that reconsideration is warranted and, upon reconsideration, 5 grants the motion for remand. 7 The dispute before the Court concerns the causes of action alleged in Plaintiff’s First Amended 8 Complaint (Doc. 31) and whether any of the alleged actions are preempted under Section 301. 9 Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint asserted nine causes of action: (1) discrimination in violation of 10 California Fair Employment and Housing Act (“FEHA”), Cal. Gov’t Code § 12940, (2) harassment in 11 violation of FEHA, (3) retaliation in violation of FEHA, (4) failure to provide reasonable 12 accommodation in violation of FEHA, (5) failure to engage in interactive process in violation of FEHA, 13 (6) negligent hiring, supervision, and retention, (7) violation of California Labor Code section 1102.5, 14 (8) wrongful termination of employment in violation of public policy, and (9) intentional infliction of 15 emotional distress. (Doc. 31.) 17 A. Reconsideration 18 Reconsideration of a prior order is an extraordinary remedy “to be used sparingly in the interests 19 of finality and conservation of judicial resources.” Kona Enters., Inc. v. Estate of Bishop, 229 F.3d 877, 20 890 (9th Cir. 2000). A motion for reconsideration should not be granted, absent highly unusual 21 circumstances, unless the district court is presented with newly discovered evidence, committed clear 22 error, or if there is an intervening change in the controlling law,” and it “may not be used to raise 23 arguments or present evidence for the first time when they could reasonably have been raised earlier in 24 the litigation.” Marlyn Nutraceuticals, Inc. v. Mucos Pharma GmbH & Co., 571 F.3d 873, 880 (9th Cir. 25 2009). “A party seeking reconsideration must show more than a disagreement with the Court’s decision, 26 and recapitulation . . .” of that which was already considered by the Court in rendering its decision, 27 United States v. Westlands Water Dist., 134 F. Supp. 2d 1111, 1131 (E.D. Cal. 2001) (internal quotation 28 marks and citation omitted). “There may also be other, highly unusual, circumstances warranting 1 reconsideration.” School Dist. No. 1J Multnomah County v. ACandS, Inc., 5 F.3d 1255, 1263 (9th Cir. 2 1993). 3 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) provides the bases for reconsideration of final orders of 4 the district court. Rule 60(b) permits a district court to relieve a party from a final order or judgment on 5 grounds of: “(1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect; (2) newly discovered evidence . . 6 . (3) fraud. . . of an adverse party; (4) the judgment is void; (5) the judgment has been satisfied . . . or (6) 7 any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b). In 8 addition, the Court’s Local Rule 230(j)(1)-(4) requires that a movant show “what new or different facts 9 or circumstances are claimed to exist which did not exist or were not shown" previously, “what other 10 grounds exist for the motion,” and “why the facts or circumstances were not shown” at the time the 11 substance of the order which is objected to was considered. 12 B. Removal and Remand 13 A defendant may remove a state court case to federal court if the case is within the federal 14 court’s original subject matter jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a); see also Washington v. Chimei Innolux 15 Corp., 659 F.3d 842, 847 (9th Cir. 2011) (“A federal court has jurisdiction over a civil case initiated in 16 state court and removed by the defendant to federal district court if the case originally could have been 17 brought in federal court.”). A state court action is within the Court’s original subject matter jurisdiction 18 if either plaintiff and defendant are diverse in citizenship and the amount in controversy exceeds 19 $75,000 (diversity jurisdiction); or the state court action presents a federal question (federal question 20 jurisdiction). 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1332. Absent diversity jurisdiction, federal question jurisdiction is 21 required for removal to be proper. 22 A motion to remand is the proper procedure for challenging removal. A plaintiff may move to 23 remand a case to the state court from which it was removed if the district court lacks jurisdiction or if 24 there is a defect in the removal procedure. 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). The Court may remand sua sponte or 25 on motion of a party. The party who invoked the federal court’s removal jurisdiction has the burden of 26 establishing federal jurisdiction. See Enrich v. Touche Ross & Co., 846 F.2d 1190, 1195 (9th Cir. 1988) 27 (citing Wilson v. Republic Iron & Steel Co., 257 U.S. 92, 97 (1921)); see also Yu v. ByteDance Inc., 28 2023 WL 5671932, at *3 (N.D. Cal. 2023). 2 A. Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(5)-(6) and Local Rule 230(j) 3 Plaintiff moves for reconsideration and requests remand pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(5)-(6), 4 Local Rule 230(j), 28 U.S.C. § 1441 and 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). Specifically, Plaintiff states Rule 5 60(b)(5)-(6) authorizes relief from a final judgment when “the judgment has been satisfied . . .” or “any 6 other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment.” Plaintiff asserts the following 7 circumstances satisfy the Rule 60(b)(5)-(6) and Local Rule 230(j) requirements: 8 The Court’s Order denied Plaintiff’s motion for remand because [the] 7th [cause of action] for 9 breach of oral contract not to terminate employment without good cause and 8th cause of action 10 for breach of implied in fact contract not to terminate employment without good cause, created 11 federal question jurisdiction. The Court’s Order also denied [Plaintiff’s] request to dismiss 12 Plaintiff’s 7th and 8th causes of action, because Plaintiff erroneously cited to Fed. R. Civ. P. 13 41(a), instead of the proper Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). Plaintiff needed to resolve the issues of 14 amending his complaint prior to filing this motion. Since the Court’s Order, the Parties 15 stipulated to dismiss these claims on October 28, 2022, and federal question jurisdiction is no 16 longer an obstacle to Plaintiff’s motion for remand. 17 (Doc. 36 at 11.) 18 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration should be denied because “it 19 contains the same argument that was fully briefed and rejected in the motion to remand.” (Doc. 38 at 20 10.) Defendant stated that “Judge McAuliffe has already concluded . . . and the District Court already 21 has adopted [the] holding” that “termination of employment based on ‘just cause’ requires interpretation 22 of the [Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA)]” and “Plaintiff has offered no new facts or law to 23 warrant reconsideration of the prior ruling.” (Doc. 38 at 11). Defendant’s position is not well founded 24 for several reasons. First, the adopted Findings and Recommendations discussed only Plaintiff’s 25 original seventh and eighth causes of action, which were both breach of contract claims. The assigned 26 magistrate judge did not determine whether the remaining causes of action were preempted or 27 “substantially dependent on the terms of the CBA.” (Doc. 38 at 11.) In fact, the magistrate judge 28 explicitly stated: “It is unnecessary to determine whether Plaintiff’s remaining claims are preempted . . . 1 to the extent Plaintiff’s remaining claims are not subject to preemption, supplemental jurisdiction over 2 such claims would be appropriate.” (Doc. 21 at 7.) Defendant also claims Plaintiff offered “no new 3 facts or law to warrant reconsideration of the prior ruling.” (Doc. 38 at 11.) Though there are “no new 4 facts” included in the operative pleading, the causes of action that required Plaintiff’s motion for remand 5 to be denied have been dismissed. This new procedural situation justifies reconsideration under Rule 6 60(b)(6). Dismissal of the two causes of action that authorized federal question jurisdiction would 7 appear to satisfy the “different facts or circumstances” that “did not exist or were not shown previously” 8 requirement of Local Rule 230(j). 9 Defendant also argues that the motion for reconsideration should be denied because it is 10 untimely, having been filed ten months after the Findings and Recommendations were adopted. (Doc. 11 38 at 9–10.) Defendant acknowledges, of course, that it stipulated to permit Plaintiff to file an amended 12 complaint in December 2022 and the motion for reconsideration followed approximately two months 13 later. The Court declines to address this issue in detail because, even if Rule 60(b)(6) reconsideration is 14 not warranted under the circumstances, the potential elimination of all the federal causes of action from 15 this case permits sua sponte examination by the Court of whether it should exercise supplemental 16 jurisdiction over any remaining state law claims. See Acri v. Varian Assocs., Inc., 114 F.3d 999, 1000 17 (9th Cir.1997) (en banc) (suggesting that a district court may, but need not, sua sponte decide whether to 18 continue exercising supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3) after all federal law claims 19 have been dismissed). The undersigned would have raised this issue at some point. The motion for 20 reconsideration has forced the matter. 21 B. 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c) 22 Before addressing the merits of Plaintiff’s motion, the Court must first clarify a misconception 23 embedded therein. Plaintiff’s motion for remand is premised on 28 U.S.C. §1447(c) which requires the 24 Court to remand a removed action “[i]f at any time before final judgment it appears that the district court 25 lacks subject matter jurisdiction.” 26 Following the Court’s adoption of the assigned magistrate judge’s Findings and 27 Recommendations, the parties stipulated to allow Plaintiff to amend the original complaint, which 28 resulted in the current pleading, which no longer asserts causes of action that created federal question 1 jurisdiction. (Doc. 36 at 5.) As a result, Plaintiff asserts that § 1447(c) applies because absent federal 2 question jurisdiction, the Court must remand the removed action to state court. (Id. at 2.) 3 The Ninth Circuit has consistently held that the removal statute “is strictly construed and federal 4 jurisdiction must be rejected if there is any doubt as to the right of removal in the first instance.” Duncan 5 v. Stuetzle, 76 F.3d 1480, 1485 (9th Cir. 1996); see also Taylor-El v. Cisneros, 2023 WL 4994559, at *2 6 (E.D. Cal., 2023). However, the Ninth Circuit has also “held that post-removal amendments to the 7 pleadings cannot affect whether a case is removable, because the propriety of removal is determined 8 solely on the basis of the pleadings filed in state court.” Williams v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 471 F.3d 9 975, 976 (9th Cir. 2006). Jurisdiction is determined on “the pleadings filed at the time of removal 10 without reference to subsequent amendments. Id. “Any post-removal pleadings must be treated just as 11 they would be in a case originally filed in federal court.” Brockman v. Merabank, 40 F.3d 1013, 1016 12 (9th Cir. 1994). “[A] plaintiff may not compel remand by amending a complaint to eliminate the federal 13 question upon which removal was based.” Singer v. State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co., 116 F.3d 373 (9th 14 Cir. 1997). 15 Section 1447(c) states, “If at any time before final judgment it appears that the district court 16 lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded.” The Section explains that “if it is 17 discovered at any time in the litigation that there is no federal jurisdiction, a removed case must be 18 remanded to the state court rather than dismissed. [It] does not mean that if a facially valid claim giving 19 rise to federal jurisdiction is dismissed,” then the Court loses jurisdiction. Id.; see also Harrell v. 20th 20 Century Ins. Co., 934 F.2d 203, 205 (9th Cir. 1991). 21 The issue of whether removal was proper is no longer disputed. In fact, the Findings and 22 Recommendations noted that Plaintiff “tacitly acknowledges” that the original complaint filed on 23 December 29, 2020, in Merced County Superior Court alleged two state law causes of action that are 24 preempted under Section 301. (Doc. 21 at 7.)1 Absent any defect in removal, § 1447(c) is inapplicable, 25 and Plaintiff’s statutory basis for remand is misplaced. Similarly, Plaintiff’s argument that § 1447(c) 26 warrants remand because the amended complaint dismissed the federal claims is an improper application
27 28 1 Plaintiff also concedes that the Court “rightly denied Plaintiff’s request to dismiss its 7th and 8th causes of action, explaining that plaintiff’s motion was based on Fed. R. Civ. P. 41 was the improper mechanism for dismissing these claims [and] [t]he 1 of § 1447(c) and misunderstanding of underlying removal principles. See Gilmore v. Bank of New York, 2 2009 WL 2031736, at *2 (S.D. Cal., 2009). Therefore, § 1447(c) and any post-removal amendments to 3 the pleadings are not dispositive of the Court’s jurisdictional analysis. 4 On the other hand, federal courts are also given supplemental jurisdiction over state claims that 5 “form part of the same case or controversy” as federal claims over which they have original jurisdiction. 6 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a); see Carnegie-Mellon U. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343 (1988)2. Once supplemental 7 jurisdiction exists, it remains subject to the discretionary provision for remand in § 1441. Therefore, 8 when a plaintiff amends the original complaint to dismiss all federal claims, as seen here, the Court still 9 may exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the case given the propriety of removal. Williams, 471 F.3d 10 at 976; Brockman v. Merabank, 40 F.3d 1013, 1017 (9th Cir. 1994); Ellis v. Gelson’s Markets, 1 F.3d 11 1246 (9th Cir. 1993) (holding a district court may exercise supplemental jurisdiction over claims that are 12 brought in conjunction with claims that are preempted by the LMRA). The Court may decline to 13 exercise supplemental jurisdiction and remand a case to state court if any of the following circumstances 14 apply: 15 (1) the claim raises a novel or complex issue of State law, (2) the claim substantially predominates over the claim or claims over which the district court has original 16 jurisdiction, (3) the district court has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction, or (4) in exceptional circumstances, there are other compelling reasons for 17 declining jurisdiction. 18
19 § 1367(c)(1)-(4). As the analysis below indicates, no federal claims reman in this case. As a result, 20 Plaintiff’s motion for remand must be analyzed under § 1367(c)(3). 21 C. Federal Question Jurisdiction Generally 22 The Court has federal question jurisdiction over “all civil actions arising under the Constitution, 23 laws, or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1331. Determination of federal question jurisdiction 24 “is governed by the ‘well-pleaded complaint rule,’ which provides that federal jurisdiction exists only 25 when a federal question is presented on the face of plaintiff's properly pleaded complaint.” Caterpillar
26 27 2 In Carnegie–Mellon, the defendants had properly removed a case involving federal and state law claims, and the federal claims were subsequently dismissed. 484 U.S. 343 (1988). The issue before the Supreme Court was “whether the district 28 court could, in the absence of statutory authority, remand the case to state court. Id. The Supreme Court concluded that “when a district court may relinquish jurisdiction over a removed case involving pendent claims, the court has discretion to 1 Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 392 (1987). Therefore, plaintiff’s complaint must establish “either that 2 (1) federal law creates the cause of action or that (2) plaintiff's right to relief necessarily depends on 3 resolution of a substantial question of federal law.” Williston Basin Interstate Pipeline Co. v. An 4 Exclusive Gas Storage Leasehold & Easement, 524 F.3d 1090, 1100 (9th Cir. 2008). See also Barefield 5 v. HSBC Holdings PLC, 2018 WL 3702307, at *4 (E.D. Cal. 2018). “[A]ny civil action brought in a 6 State court of which the district courts of the United States have original jurisdiction, may be removed 7 by the defendant.” 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). Once a case has been properly removed, the district court has 8 jurisdiction over it on all grounds apparent from the complaint, not just those cited in the removal notice. 9 Williams v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 471 F.3d 975, 977 (9th Cir. 2006). 10 D. Section 301 Preemption 11 Plaintiff argues that the Court now lacks federal subject matter jurisdiction because the 12 remaining causes of action are not preempted by § 301. (Doc. 36 at 11–16.) Plaintiff explains that the 13 remaining causes of actions, FEHA violations and various “derivative claims,”3 are not subject to § 301 14 preemption because the actions do not require interpretation of the CBA. In opposition, Defendant 15 maintains that the Court has federal question jurisdiction because each of Plaintiff’s remaining claims 16 are “intertwined” and “substantively dependent on CBA analysis,” therefore, completely preempted by § 17 301. (Doc. 38 at 11.) In reply, Plaintiff reiterates that dismissal of the “seventh cause of action for 18 breach of oral contract not to terminate employment without good cause, and eighth cause of action for 19 breach of implied in fact contract not to terminate employment without good cause” are facts that allow 20 remand. (Doc. 40 at 2.) Plaintiff also further explains that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction 21 because “[i]ndependent state law governs these causes of action and is sufficient to dispose of each 22 claim.” (Id. at 2.) Plaintiff asserts that “[a]t best, defendants may need to simply ‘refer’ to the CBA in 23 mounting a defense” and even still that “is not sufficient for preemption.” (Id.) The Court notes that 24 25 26
27 3 The FEHA violations are discrimination, harassment, retaliation, failure to provide reasonable accommodation, and 28 failure to engage (“FEHA Claims”). The “derivative claims” are negligent hiring, supervision, and retention, violation of California Labor Code § 1102.5, wrongful termination of employment in violation of public policy, and 1 Defendant does not address preemption as to four of Plaintiff’s alleged FEHA violations. (Doc. 38.) 2 Section 301 grants district courts federal jurisdiction over “[s]uits for violation of contracts 3 between an employer and a labor organization. . .” 29 U.S.C. § 185(a). Section 301 also completely 4 preempts any state law claims based on alleged violations of contracts between employers and labor 5 organizations. Ramirez v. Fox Television Station, Inc., 998 F.2d 743, 747 (9th Cir. 1993). State law 6 claims “that are completely preempted are removable to federal court under the complete preemption 7 corollary to the well-pleaded complaint rule.” Caterpillar, 482 U.S. at 392–93. “This doctrine allows 8 state law claims to be removed to federal court, even where a federal question does not appear on the 9 face of the complaint.” Id. at 392. “[O]nce an area of state law has been completely pre-empted, any 10 claim purportedly based on that pre-empted state law is considered, from its inception, a federal claim, 11 and therefore arises under federal law.” Id.; see 28 U.S.C. § 1331. 12 Although “the pre-emptive force of § 301 is so powerful as to displace entirely any state cause of 13 action for violation of contracts between an employer and a labor organization,” the Supreme Court has 14 stressed that “§ 301 cannot be read broadly to pre-empt nonnegotiable rights conferred on individual 15 employees as a matter of state law.” Caterpillar, 482 U.S. at 394. Section 301 preempts only “claims 16 founded directly on rights created by collective-bargaining agreements,” and claims “substantially 17 dependent on analysis of a collective-bargaining agreement.” Id. 18 The Ninth Circuit has established a two-part test to determine whether a state law claim is 19 preempted by § 301. Columbia Export Terminal, LLC. v. Int’l Longshore and Warehouse Union, 23 20 F.4th 836, 842 (9th Cir. 2022); Burnside v. Kiewit Pacific Corp., 491 F.3d 1053 (9th Cir. 2007). First, 21 courts must inquire “whether the asserted cause of action involves a right conferred upon an employee 22 by virtue of state law, not by a CBA.” Burnside, at 1059. “If the right exists solely as a result of the 23 CBA, then the claim is preempted.” Id.; Columbia Export Terminal, 23 F.4th at 842 (The first step asks: 24 “Does the claim seek purely to vindicate a right or duty created by the CBA itself?”). If the answer is 25 “yes,” then the claim is preempted. But if not, courts must “proceed to the second step and ask whether 26 [the state law] right is substantially dependent on analysis of a collective-bargaining agreement.’” Id.
27 28 4 Defendant’s briefing addresses two of Plaintiff’s alleged FEHA claims: “disability discrimination and failure to provide reasonable accommodation.” (Doc. 38 at 19.) Defendant’s briefing seems to focus Plaintiff’s eighth and 1 (quoting Caterpillar, 482 U.S. at 394). A state law right is “substantially dependent on the analysis of 2 the CBA” if “the claim cannot be resolved” without interpreting the CBA versus “simply looking to the 3 CBA.” Columbia Export Terminal, 23 F.4th at 842. Claims that require the interpretation of a 4 collective bargaining agreement are preempted. See Dent v. Nat’l Football League 903 F.3d 1109, 1116 5 (9th Cir. 2018); McCray, 902 F.3d at 1010. From this test, “state law causes of action are preempted if 6 they are either based upon the collective bargaining agreement or dependent upon an interpretation of 7 the agreement.” Ramirez, 998 F.2d at 748; see McCray, 902 F.3d at 1010; Cramer v. Consolidated 8 Freightways, Inc., 255 F.3d 683, 691 (9th Cir. 2001). 9 Under the second step, “interpretation” is construed narrowly. Dent, 902 F.3d at 1116. “If there 10 is only a hypothetical connection to a collective bargaining agreement and a state law claim, or if a 11 collective bargaining agreement will only be considered, referred to, or simply applied, then the 12 collective bargaining agreement will not be ‘interpreted.’” Id. (internal citations omitted); see also Lehr 13 v. Sierra Ambulance Service, 2018 WL 6445687, at *3 (E.D. Cal. 2018). “[T]he need to interpret the 14 [collective bargaining agreement] must inhere in the nature of the plaintiff's claim.” Id. (external 15 citations omitted.) “[R]esolution of a plaintiff's claim must require interpretation of a provision of a 16 collective bargaining agreement, it is not enough that a [CBA] is potentially relevant to the state law 17 claims without any guarantee that interpretation or direct reliance will actually occur.” Dent at 1116-17. 18 Purely factual questions that pertain to the conduct of the employee and the conduct and motivation of 19 the employer will not require an interpretation of a collective bargaining agreement. Lingle v. Norge 20 Div. of Magic Chef, Inc., 486 U.S. 399, 407 (1988); Milne Employees Ass’n v. Sun Carriers, Inc., 960 21 F.2d 1401, 1408 (9th Cir. 1992); see also Dent, 903 F.3d at 1017. Similarly, “when the meaning of 22 contract terms is not the subject of dispute, the bare fact that a collective-bargaining agreement will be 23 consulted [during] state-law litigation. . . does not require the claim to be extinguished.” Cramer, 255 24 F.3d at 689. 25 1. Plaintiff’s FEHA Claims are not preempted by section 301 of the LMRA. 26 The first five of Plaintiff’s nine causes of action arise under FEHA. The Ninth Circuit has “a 27 long line” of cases “holding that FEHA employment discrimination claims are not ipso facto preempted 28 by § 301 of the LMRA.” Detabali v. St. Luke’s Hosp., 482 F.3d 1199, 1203-04 (9th Cir. 2007) (cases 1 therein); see also Brown v. Brotman Med. Ctr., 571 F. App’x 572, 574-75 (9th Cir. 2014). The Ninth 2 Circuit has also “consistently held that state law discrimination claims under the FEHA do not require 3 courts to interpret the terms of a CBA and are therefore not preempted by § 301.” Schrader v. Noll Mfg. 4 Co., 91 Fed. App’x. 553, 555 (9th Cir. 2004); Ackerman v. W. Elec. Co., 860 F.2d 1514, 1517 (9th Cir. 5 1988) (finding no § 301 preemption of FEHA disability discrimination claim because the right not to be 6 discriminated against because of physical handicap is “defined and enforced under state law without 7 reference to the terms of any collective bargaining agreement”); Chmiel v. Beverly Wilshire Hotel Co., 8 873 F.2d 1283, 1286-87 (9th Cir. 1989); Cook v. Lindsay Olive Growers, 911 F.2d 233, 240 (9th Cir. 9 1990); Ramirez, 998 F.2d at 748-49 (“In every case in which we have considered an action brought 10 under the California Employment Act, we have held that it is not preempted by section 301.”). FEHA 11 creates “nonnegotiable state law rights which cannot be altered by contract, including by CBAs.” Id. 12 (quoting Ramirez, 998 F.2d at 748); see also Chmiel, 873 F.2d at 1286 (holding FEHA rights are 13 “defined and enforced under state law without reference to the terms of any collective bargaining 14 agreement”); Cook, 911 F.2d at 240 (“[The employee’s] state-law claim is consequently independent of 15 the agreement. That [he] might also have separate remedies under the bargaining agreement makes no 16 difference.”); Humble v. Boeing Co., 305 F.3d 1004, 1009 (9th Cir. 2002) (“As the Supreme Court 17 explained in Lingle, just because a CBA provides a remedy or duty related to a situation that is also 18 directly regulated by non-negotiable state law does not mean the employee is limited to a claim based on 19 the CBA.”). 20 a. Plaintiff’s discrimination, harassment7, retaliation, failure to engage in 21 interactive process, and failure to provide reasonable accommodation Claims (Doc. 31 22 at 18-23.) 23 Plaintiff’s FEHA claims do not require an interpretation of any CBA provision. Instead, the 24 FEHA analysis “will turn on whether [Plaintiff] was subjected to race discrimination, whether 25 Defendant[] ignored his complaints and failed to prevent it, and whether [Plaintiff] was discriminated 26 and retaliated against for reporting the discrimination and harassment.” Steib v. Sony Pictures
27 28 7 “Harassing plaintiff and/or creating a hostile work environment, in whole or in part on the basis of plaintiff’s disability race, national origin, and/or ancestry, in violation of Government Code section 12940(j) [.]” (Doc. 31 at 1 Television Inc., 2023 WL 3292865, at *4 (C.D. Cal. 2023); see Hendrix v. KTLA, LLC, 2021 WL 2 3051979, at *4 (C.D. Cal. 2021) (finding FEHA claims not preempted where the analysis turned on 3 whether the plaintiff was subjected to discrimination and retaliation and whether the defendants ignored 4 his complaints). Plaintiff alleged that Defendant discriminated against him based on his disability, sex, 5 and/or race8 when they terminated his employment, failed to accommodate him, and rejected him for 6 open alternative positions. (Doc. 31.) These claims require a factual inquiry into Defendant’s motives. 7 “Purely factual questions that pertain to the conduct of the employee and the conduct and motivation of 8 the employer will not require an interpretation of a collective bargaining agreement.” Lingle, 486 U.S. 9 at 407; see Detabali, 482 F.3d at 1203 (finding no Section 301 preemption in FEHA discriminatory 10 termination claim “because there is no dispute over the meaning of any terms within the agreement”); 11 Robles v. Gillig LLC, 771 F. Supp. 2d 1181, 1184 (N.D. Cal. 2011) (“The key to resolving Plaintiff’s 12 claims will be Defendant’s motivation in terminating Plaintiff's employment, i.e. whether Defendant 13 terminated him because of his disability. This purely factual determination does not require a court to 14 interpret the ‘just cause’ provision of the CBA.”). There does not appear to be anything about Plaintiff’s 15 FEHA claims that would take them outside of this long line. Therefore, Plaintiff’s FEHA claims are not 16 preempted under § 301. 17 Likewise, Plaintiff’s Whistleblower Retaliation Claim9 arising under California Labor Code 18 section 1102.5 (Doc. 31 at 24-25) is not preempted. See Ackerman v. W. Elec. Co., Inc., 860 F.2d 1514, 19 1517 (9th Cir. 1988); see also Lingle, 486 U.S. at 409-10 (finding a state law claim for “retaliatory 20 discharge” was not preempted “even though the same set of facts led to arbitration under the collective 21 bargaining agreement.”). The critical fact in Lingle was that “the state law factual inquiry did not turn on 22 the meaning of any provision of the collective bargaining agreement.” Little v. P. Gas and Electric Co., 23
24 8 “Subjecting plaintiff to adverse employment actions, such as discharging, barring, refusing to transfer, retain, hire, select, 25 and/or employ, and/or otherwise discriminating against plaintiff, in whole or in part on the basis of plaintiff’s disability (actual, history of, and/or perceived), race, national origin, color, and/or ancestry, in violation of Government Code section 26 12940(a) [.]” (Doc. 31 at 18.)
27 9 “Plaintiff’s seeking to exercise rights guaranteed under FEHA and/or opposing defendants’ failure to provide such rights, including the right to be free of discrimination, harassment, and retaliation in violation of Government Code section 28 12940(h), were substantial motivating reasons for defendants’ decision to terminate plaintiff’s employment, not to retain, hire, or otherwise employ plaintiff in any position, and/or to take other adverse employment actions against plaintiff.” (Id., at 1 2022 WL 612668, at *3 (N.D. Cal. 2022). Such allegations require inquiry into Defendant’s conduct 2 and application of Defendant’s procedures—not the CBA itself. See Brown v. Brotman Medical Center 3 Inc., 571 Fed. App’x. 572, 575 (9th Cir. 2014) (“The elements of [retaliation] claim require an inquiry 4 into the respective actions of the employer and the employee . . . This inquiry will not depend on 5 interpretation of terms in the CBA.”). 6 Plaintiff must show (1) that he “opposed practices forbidden [under FEHA]; (2) retaliatory 7 animus on the part of the employer; (3) an adverse action by the employer; (4) a causal link between the 8 retaliatory animus and the adverse action; (5) damages; and (6) causation.” Washington v. Cal. City 9 Correction Ctr., 871 F. Supp. 2d 1010, 1027 (E.D. Cal. 2012). None of these elements require 10 interpretation of, let alone reference to, the CBA. Shields v. Andeavor Logistics LP, 2019 WL 3453202, 11 at *3 (C.D. Cal. 2019). Instead, these factors require a specific factual inquiry that “pertains to the 12 conduct of the employee and the conduct and motivation of the employer.” Lingle, 486 U.S. at 407 13 (holding Illinois state tort of retaliatory discharge was not preempted by Section 301). 14 b. Plaintiff’s Claims for Failure to Engage in the Interactive Process and Failure to 15 Provide Reasonable Accommodations10 16 In response to Plaintiff’s FEHA Claims for failure to provide reasonable accommodations for his 17 disability and failure to engage in the interactive process, Defendant argued that the CBA “covers all the 18 conduct relating to [Plaintiff’s] claim of disability discrimination and failure to provide reasonable 19 accommodation.” (Doc. 38 at 21.) Specifically, Defendant pointed to Section 9 of the CBA which 20 “outlines the procedures for job transfers and applying for a different position,” and “sets forth rules and 21 procedures regarding job transfers for employees who are on ‘modified duty.’” (Id.) Therefore, 22 “whether any accommodations provided to Plaintiff were ‘reasonable’ requires interpretation of the 23 CBA to see if new positions could be created without violating union rules; whether alternative positions 24 or light duties could be provided without infringing on the seniority terms of the CBA; whether the 25 CBA’s dispute resolution procedures were properly invoked and exhausted if any accommodations were 26 ‘disputed.” (Id. at 22.) Defendant cited Peruguni v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 935 F.2d 1083, 1088 (9th Cir.
27 28 10 “Plaintiff filed a complaint with the DFEH, in full compliance with administrative requirements,” Failing to take all reasonable steps to prevent discrimination and harassment based on race, national origin, and/or ancestry, in violation of 1 1991) in support. Specifically, Defendants provide the following quote from Perugini: 2 To the extent that Perugini’s claim is based on Safeway’s refusal to provide light duty, her claim is precluded by section 301(a). We therefore must look to the CBA to judge 3 the appropriateness of Safeway’s behavior in regard to this allegation. No provision specifically addresses light duty, but several provision relate to the allegation in this case 4 … We can determine whether Safeway was acting consistently with its duties under the 5 CBA in refusing to reassign Perugini only by interpreting these provisions.
6 (Id. at 22.) 7 Defendant’s Perugini citation and quote is misleading because the causes of action discussed 8 were breach of the duty of fair representation and emotional distress. Perugini, 935 F.2d at 1086. 9 Perugini did not allege any FEHA claims. Moreover, the Ninth Circuit’s holding is not based on the 10 rationale offered by Defendant. (Doc. 38 at 21-22.) The passage quoted by Defendant was taken from 11 the Ninth Circuit’s discussion of Perugini’s emotional distress claim, which the Ninth Circuit explicitly 12 explained: 13 Perugini’s emotional distress claim against Safeway is based in part on its refusal to honor her request for light work; however, Perugini also complains that Safeway 14 harassed her at her job because she was female and pregnant. Perugini's complaint details a course of discriminatory conduct by Safeway unrelated to her request for light 15 work. The allegations against Safeway include harassing and discriminatory remarks by Safeway employees, refusal to accept letters from her doctor, and assignment of extra, 16 more difficult work. Specifically, upon learning of her pregnancy, Perugini's supervisor's remark about her pregnancy being “bad news,” and the assistant manager's questions 17 regarding when she was going to take disability leave, demonstrate conduct independent of any response to Perugini's request for light work. Thus, Perugini's emotional distress 18 claim against Safeway must fairly be considered in two segments for purposes of preemption. We must address claims for: (1) emotional distress caused by Safeway's 19 refusal to assign Perugini light work, and (2) emotional distress caused by Safeway's on- the-job harassment of Perugini. 20 21 Id. at 1088. The Ninth Circuit then distinguished that: 22 to the extent that Perugini’s claims are based on allegations that Safeway’s conduct and remarks constituted on-the-job harassment, reference to the CBA is not required to 23 determine whether Safeway’s conduct exceeded all bounds usually tolerated in a civilized community. The CBA does not govern the offending behavior. The resolution of these 24 claims depends on a purely factual inquiry into the conduct and motivation of the employer. 25
26 Id. The Ninth Circuit also found the argument that “Perugini’s emotional distress claim . . . is 27 preempted by section 301 because the court must refer to the CBA to determine whether the Union 28 failed to represent Perugini adequately as she sought light duty” as “persuasive only to the extent that 1 Perugini’s claim is based on an allegation that the Union violated the CBA.” Id. at 1089 (emphasis 2 added). For these reasons, Defendant’s Perugini citation is misleading and distinguishable from 3 Plaintiff’s claims. 4 Instead, the Court finds that Plaintiff's FEHA Claim for failure to provide reasonable 5 accommodations for his disability not preemption by § 301 of the LMRA “because the range of options 6 for accommodating her disabilities are not limited to those identified in the CBA.” Shields, 2019 WL 7 3453202, at *2. “FEHA regulations require an employer to consider ‘any and all reasonable 8 accommodations of which it is aware or that are brought to its attention by the applicant or employee, 9 except ones that create an undue hardship.’” Id.; see 2 Cal. Code Regs. § 11068. Therefore, “even if the 10 Court must refer to the CBA to review some of the accommodations available to Plaintiff, the CBA 11 remains only ‘peripherally relevant’ to Plaintiff’s claims and mere reference to the CBA does not 12 ‘mandate preemption.’” Id. (citing Humble v. Boeing Co., 305 F.3d 1004, 1011 (9th Cir. 2002) 13 (concluding that Plaintiff’s reasonable accommodation claim is not preempted.); see also Perez v. 14 Proctor and Gamble Manufacturing Co., 161 F.Supp.2d 1110 (E.D. Cal. 2001).11 15 Regarding a “FEHA claim for failure to engage in the interactive process, the Court must also 16 engage in a fact-specific inquiry into whether Defendants reasonably accommodated Plaintiff’s 17 disability. [T]he Court must also perform a fact-specific inquiry into whether Defendants engaged in a 18 good faith interactive process in determining the options available to Plaintiff.” Shields, 2019 WL 19 3453202, at *3; see 2 Cal. Code Regs. § 11069 (c) (California regulation outlining the fact-specific 20 interactive process obligations of an employer under FEHA). Therefore, Plaintiff’s failure to engage in 21 the interactive process claim would only potentially require reference to, as opposed to interpretation of, 22 the CBA. See Humble, 305 F.3d at 1010. 23
24 11 In Perez v. Proctor and Gamble Manufacturing Co., 161 F.Supp.2d 1110 (E.D. Cal. 2001), the plaintiff claimed 25 he was constructively discharged in violation of FEHA when his employer failed to accommodate his disability with an alternate position. The employer argued the claim was preempted by the LMRA because the court would have to 26 interpret the selection guidelines of the CBA to determine whether the plaintiff was eligible for other positions. Id. at 1118. The district court rejected this argument because the “selection guidelines and the CBA are simply one 27 of several factors for the court to consider in evaluating his claim.” Id. at 1118-19. Indeed, “[t]he meaning of the selection guidelines are not the subject of dispute. While the analysis of [the employer's] FEHA defense requires the court to consider the guidelines, it does not require the court to interpret them.” Id. at 1119 28 1 c. Plaintiff’s Negligent Hiring, Supervision, and Retention Claim (Doc. 31 at 23-24) 2 “State law negligence claims are preempted if the duty relied on is ‘created by a [CBA] and 3 without existence independent of the agreement.’” Ward v. Circus Circus Casinos, Inc., 473 F.3d 994, 4 999 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting United Steelworkers v. Rawson, 495 U.S. 362, 369 (1990)). Plaintiff does 5 not invoke or refer to any duty arising from the CBA. Rather, Plaintiff contends that Defendant failed to 6 use reasonable care in investigating, supervising, hiring, and retaining his harassers. (Doc. 31 at 23-24.) 7 These negligence claims arise from California common law, “are independent of the CBA[,] and are not 8 preempted by the LMRA.” Hendrix, 2021 WL 3051979, at *6 (citing Ward, 473 F.3d at 998–99). 9 d. Plaintiff’s Wrongful Termination of Employment in Violation of Public Policy 10 Claim (Doc. 31 at 25-26) 11 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s wrongful termination in violation is preempted because it is 12 “substantially dependent or inextricably intertwined with the consideration of the” CBA term “just 13 cause.” (Doc. 38 at 11.) Defendant explained that Plaintiff alleged that his termination was “because of 14 his protected status’ as opposed to ‘just cause” but regardless the CBA must be interpreted because “if 15 termination of employment is based on ‘just cause’ under the CBA, there can be no unlawful 16 termination in violation of public policy.” (Id.) Defendant did not provide relevant authority for this 17 position. 18 The Court disagrees.12 Plaintiff’s wrongful termination claim is not preempted because it 19 furthers a state interest and is based on FEHA and Article I, Section 8 of the California Constitution, 20 which is the state constitutional prohibition against discrimination. (Doc. 31); see also Young v. 21 Anthony’s Fish Grottos, Inc., 830 F.2d 993, 1001 (9th Cir. 1987) (“[A wrongful termination in violation 22 of public policy] claim is not preempted if it poses no significant threat to the collective bargaining 23 process and furthers a state interest in protecting the public transcending the employment relationship.”); 24 Brown, 571 Fed. App’x at 575 (finding a wrongful termination claim premised on FEHA discrimination 25 “further[s] a state interest in preventing workplace discrimination” and “does not require interpretation 26
27 12 Foremost, Defendant’s argument seems to imply that termination of an employee based only on the employer’s 28 discriminatory animus constitute “just cause.” Therefore, any termination arising from the employer’s discriminatory animus toward an employee’s “protected status” can be proper and not “unlawful” or a “violation of public policy.” This argument is 1 of the CBA as it focuses on [the employer’s] motivations”). The Ninth Circuit agrees: “[t]here is little 2 doubt that California has adopted a public policy against discrimination in the work place . . . 3 [E]nforcement of the state discrimination statutes would not require interpretation of any of the 4 provisions of the collective bargaining agreement.” Jackson v. S. Cal. Gas Co., 881 F.2d 638, 643-44 5 (9th Cir. 1989). 6 Plaintiff’s wrongful termination claim is premised on fundamental public polices such as race 7 and disability discrimination and would further a state interest in preventing workplace discrimination. 8 Plaintiff’s claim also does not require interpretation of the CBA because it focuses on Defendant’s 9 motivations for terminating Plaintiff. Therefore, § 301 does not preempt Plaintiff’s claim for wrongful 10 termination in violation of public policy. 11 e. Plaintiff’s Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress Claim (Doc. 31 at 26-27) 12 In response to Plaintiff’s infliction of emotional distress (IIED) claim, Defendant argued that 13 “the reasonableness or outrageousness of an employer’s conduct to terminate a union employee requires 14 an interpretation of the CBA . . . because if the trier of fact finds that the termination was for ‘just 15 cause,’ as permitted by the interpretation of the CBA, then the employer’s decision cannot be ‘extreme 16 or outrageous’ to support a claim under IIED.” (Doc. 38 at 12.) Defendant also argued that “Plaintiff’s 17 IIED claim is premised on other alleged ‘extreme and outrageous conduct [such as write-ups] that are 18 substantially dependent on the terms of the CBA.” (Id. at 13.) Defendant points to the “Dispute 19 Resolution Procedure” of the CBA which covers “progressive disciplinary cases, such as those involving 20 work performance or attendance/punctuality” and claims that “[i]f Plaintiff contends that the type of 21 ‘unfair’ criticism of his work performance or attendance should be litigated in civil court, then it will be 22 necessary to interpret the CBA to determine whether the allegations in the FAC are exempted from the 23 progressive discipline, grievance, and arbitration procedures set forth by [CBA].” (Id. at 13-14.) 24 Defendant appears to have a misunderstanding of the Ninth Circuit’s § 301 preemption test. 25 Under the second prong of the preemption analysis, “interpretation” is construed narrowly. Dent, 903 26 F.3d at 1116. “[I]t means something more than ‘consider,’ ‘refer to,’ or ‘apply.” Alaska Airlines Inc. v. 27 Schurke, 898 F.3d 904, 921-22 (9th Cir. 2018). “[A] hypothetical connection between the claim and the 28 terms of the CBA is not enough to preempt the claim . . .” Cramer, 255 F.3d at 691 (emphasis added). 1 “[R]esolution of a plaintiff’s claim must require interpretation of a provision of a collective bargaining 2 agreement, it is not enough that a [CBA] is potentially relevant to the state law claims without any 3 guarantee that interpretation or direct reliance will actually occur.” Dent, at 1116-17. “Purely factual 4 questions that pertain to the conduct of the employee and the conduct and motivation of the employer 5 will not require an interpretation of a collective bargaining agreement.” Dent, 903 F.3d at 1017 (citing 6 Lingle, 486 U.S. at 407; Milne Emps. Ass’n v. Sun Carriers, Inc., 960 F.2d 1401, 1408 (9th Cir. 1992)). 7 Moreover, the Ninth Circuit and the Supreme Court have cautioned Courts to remain mindful that the 8 “LMRA § 301 forum preemption inquiry is not an inquiry into the merits of a claim; it is an inquiry into 9 the claim’s ‘legal character’—whatever its merits—so as to ensure it is decided in the proper forum.” 10 Schurke, 898 F.3d at 924 (quoting Livadas, 512 U.S. at 123-24). Therefore, the Court’s “only job is to 11 decide whether, as pleaded, the claim in this case is ‘independent’ of the CBA in the sense of 12 ‘independent’ that matters for preemption purposes: resolution of the state-law claim does not require 13 construing the collective-bargaining agreement.’” Id. (quoting Lingle, 486 U.S. at 407). 14 Defendant fails to meaningfully connect the identified CBA provisions to Plaintiff’s IIED 15 allegations. See Cramer, 255 F.3d at 691–92 (“A creative linkage between the subject matter of the 16 claim and the ... CBA provisions is insufficient [to preempt the claim].”). The provisions that Defendant 17 identified does not permit the outrageous conduct at issue here, discrimination, harassment, and 18 retaliation based on race. Also, the same arguments that Defendant made in its Opposition (Doc. 38) 19 were rejected in the very cases that Defendant cited. 20 For example, Defendant cited Busey v. P.W. Supermarkets, Inc., 368 F. Supp. 2d 1045 (N.D. Cal. 21 2005), in its IIED argument and quoted “Ninth Circuit case law provides that the LMRA preempts an 22 intentional infliction of emotional distress claim when the CBA governs the offending behavior.” (Doc. 23 38 at 13.) Defendant’s reliance and citation is somewhat misleading. 24 In Busey, the Court distinguished the plaintiff’s IIED claims from previous Ninth Circuit cases 25 that held the plaintiffs’ IIED preempted. 368 F. Supp. 2d at 1052-53. For example, in Cook v. Lindsay 26 Olive Growers, 911 F.2d 233, 239-40 (9th Cir. 1990), plaintiff’s IIED claim was based on “wrongful 27 discharge which was directly based on the CBA terms regulating seniority and work transfers.” In 28 Harris v. Alumax Mill Products, Inc., 897 F.2d 400, 400-02 (9th Cir. 1990), and Hyles v. Mensing, 849 1 F.2d 1213, 1216 (9th Cir. 1988), the IIED claims were based on defendant’s alleged “failure to follow 2 the terms of the CBA” and “misapplication of its provisions as it relates to how an employee should be 3 discharged.” Id. at 1052. The Court explained that the CBA “merely states, ‘[g]rievances on the 4 discharge or suspension of an employee shall be submitted in writing to the Employer within then (10) 5 working days of the receipt of notice by the Union’ [and a] straightforward reading of these terms yields 6 just one interpretation, that is, interpretation of the CBA is required when an employee wishes to 7 challenge the fact that he was discharged, rather than the manner in which he was discharged.’” Id. at 8 1053. The plaintiff’s basis for IIED claims included conduct not covered by provisions of the CBA; 9 therefore, “unrelated to any interpretation of the CBA.” Id. 10 Defendant also cited Garcia v. Rite Aid Corporation, 2017 WL 1737718 (C.D. Cal. 2017), but 11 again, misconstrued the Court’s holding. In Garcia, “plaintiff’s claims were not only based on his 12 FEHA discrimination, retaliation, and harassment claims but also based on plaintiff’s wrongful 13 termination claim that alleged defendants acted outrageously by termination him because he exercised 14 his right to self-defense and his right to testify at trial.” Garcia, 2017 WL 1737718, at *7. The Court 15 explained that since plaintiff’s IIED claim was based on his allegedly wrongful termination, his IIED 16 claim “partially require[d] CBA interpretation” thereby making the claim partially preempted. Id. The 17 Court’s analysis did not conclude with partial preemption but continued and clarified that “to the extent 18 Plaintiff alleges that his wrongful termination was based on discriminatory or retaliatory animus it is not 19 preempted. Therefore, whether Defendants acted outrageously (and therefore caused Plaintiff emotional 20 distress) by wrongfully terminating him due to this animus does not require CBA interpretation and this 21 portion of Plaintiff's emotional distress claim arising from his alleged wrongful termination is not 22 preempted.” Id. 23 In this case, Plaintiff based its IIED claim on Defendant’s alleged “discriminatory, harassing, and 24 retaliatory actions” and claimed such conduct constituted “extreme and outrageous misconduct.” (Doc. 25 31 at 26.) The Court finds that the CBA does not cover the alleged extreme and outrageous conduct at 26 issue here. Therefore, Plaintiff’s IIED claim is not preempted. 27 E. Supplemental Jurisdiction 28 Because the Court has determined that there are no federal claims remaining in this case, the 1 || question then becomes whether the Court should exercise supplemental jurisdiction under § 1367(c)(3) 2 || (“The Court may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction and remand a case to state court if... the 3 || district court has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction.”). “[I}n the usual case in 4 || which all federal-law claims are eliminated before trial, the balance of factors to be considered under the 5 || pendent jurisdiction doctrine—judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity—will point toward 6 || declining to exercise jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims.” Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 7 U.S. 343, 350 n.7 (1988); see also United Mine Workers of Am. v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 726 (1966) 8 || ‘Needless decisions of state law should be avoided both as a matter of comity and to promote justice 9 || between the parties, by procuring for them a surer-footed reading of applicable law.”); Ove v. Gwinn, 10 |} 264 F.3d 817, 826 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing San Pedro Hotel Co., Inc. v. City of Los Angeles, 159 F.3d 11 || 470, 478 (9th Cir. 1998)) (holding that a district court is not required to provide an explanation when 12 || declining jurisdiction under § 1367(c)). Notwithstanding the fact that this case has been pending before 13 || this Court since February 2021, the Court has not engaged substantively in the remaining claims. Thus, 14 || these considerations favor remand. 16 Defendant has failed to show that any provision of the CBA will need to be “interpreted” based 17 || on the nature of Plaintiffs claims. Accordingly, the Court ORDERS: 18 1. Plaintiffs motion to remand (Doc. 36) is GRANTED. 19 2. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c), the Court declines supplemental jurisdiction, and this case is 20 REMANDED forthwith to the Madera County Superior Court. 21 22 ||IT IS SO ORDERED. 23 Dated: _ December 12, 2023 Charis [Tourn 24 TED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 25 26 27 28 20