National Parks Conservation Association v. US Department of the Navy

Opinion

WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON NATIONAL PARKS CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION, Plaintiff, C19-645 TSZ v. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, Defendant.

THIS MATTER comes before the Court on a motion for summary judgment brought by defendant United States Department of the Navy (“Navy”), docket no. 27, and a motion for summary judgment brought by plaintiff National Parks Conservation Association, docket no. 32. Having reviewed all papers filed in support of, and in opposition to, the motions,1 the Court enters the following order. 1 Plaintiff’s motion, docket no. 47, to strike portions of defendant’s reply, docket no. 43, as well as the declarations of Bradford B. Byrnes, docket no. 44, and Commander Erin Quay, docket no. 45, is DENIED. Although the descriptions in these materials, concerning the types of custodians from whom records responsive to plaintiff’s Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) requests were sought, should have been included in defendant’s opening brief and supporting declarations, the information does not alter the nature of the parties’ dispute. Plaintiff contends that it is entitled, under FOIA, to know the identities of each custodian, and defendant asserts that the statute does not require disclosure of the names of individuals involved in processing FOIA requests. This legal issue must still be resolved notwithstanding the Navy’s description in its reply materials of the positions and job functions of the various unidentified custodians, and no purpose would be served by striking the Navy’s submissions. I. Background This matter concerns the following requests for information made by plaintiff:

• 2016 FOIA Request: Submitted to the Navy on June 10, 2016, this request seeks documents relating to the noise and other impacts associated with naval training exercises on or above Olympic National Park, the Olympic National Forest, and the Olympic Peninsula; • 2018 FOIA Request: Submitted to the Navy on December 13, 2018, this request seeks the same information as the 2016 FOIA Request, but from June 10, 2016, to the date of the new search; • May 2019 NEPA/FOIA Request: Emailed to the Navy pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”) on May 31, 2019, and converted to a FOIA request in the fall of 2019, this request seeks information related to certain statements in the March 2019 draft of the Northwest Training and Testing Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement (“NWTT Draft Supplemental EIS/OEIS”); and • 2019 EPA Referral: Submitted to the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) on May 10, 2019, and referred to the Navy on June 24, 2019, this request seeks communications between the EPA and the Navy regarding the NWTT Draft Supplemental EIS/OEIS. After two administrative appeals, the Navy has produced roughly 19,695 pages of redacted and unredacted documents in response to the 2016 FOIA Request and the 2018 FOIA Request.2 With respect to the May 2019 NEPA/FOIA Request, the Navy released seven (7) of sixteen (16) responsive documents, and withheld the other nine (9) records 2 The Navy’s initial response, in July 2016, to the 2016 FOIA Request consisted of 158 pages of documents, some of which were redacted. See Cassidy Decl. at ¶ 5 (docket no. 34). As of October 18, 2019, however, the Navy had produced 16,380 pages of materials in response to the 2016 FOIA Request, and on May 8, 2020, the Navy disclosed an additional 56 pages. Byrnes Decl. at ¶¶ 30 & 36 (docket no. 28). The Navy’s initial response, in February 2019, to the 2018 FOIA Request included 414 pages of records. See Byrnes Decl. at ¶ 18 (docket no. 28); see also Cassidy Decl. at ¶ 17 (docket no. 34). By October 3, 2019, the Navy had provided plaintiff with 2,961 pages of documents in connection with the 2018 FOIA Request, and on May 8, 2020, the Navy released an additional 298 pages. Byrnes Decl. at ¶ 31 & 36 (docket no. 28). pending a determination by the Director of Administration in the Office of the Secretary of Defense. See Quay Decl. at ¶ 23-28, 30 (docket no. 30). The Navy is waiting on a

similar determination by the Office of the Secretary of Defense with respect to 37 records responsive to the 2018 FOIA Request, for a total of 46 documents for which the Navy cannot itself definitively respond to plaintiff’s requests. See Quay Decl. at ¶ 14 (docket no. 38). In connection with the 2019 EPA Referral, which involved 33 records, the Navy withheld six (6) documents and produced all others in either redacted or unredacted form. See Quay Decl. at ¶¶ 12-13 (docket no. 30).

As required by the Court’s Minute Order entered April 8, 2020, docket no. 23, the Navy has provided, with regard to materials that it refuses to disclose, a separate Vaughn Index for each of plaintiff’s requests. See Ex. O to Byrnes Decl. (docket no. 28-15) (2016 FOIA Request); Ex. P to Byrnes Decl. (docket no. 28-16) (2018 FOIA Request); Ex. Y to Quay Decl. (docket no. 30-8) (May 2019 NEPA/FOIA Request); Ex. V to Quay

Decl. (docket no. 30-6) (2019 EPA Referral); see also Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820 (D.C. Cir. 1973). Plaintiff challenges (i) the adequacy of the Navy’s searches; and (ii) the Navy’s assertion of certain exemptions pursuant to which information was either redacted or withheld. Both parties seek summary judgment on these issues. II. Discussion

A. Summary Judgment Standard Relating to Freedom of Information Act Claims FOIA is premised on the theory that, for a democracy to function properly, citizens must have access to information possessed by the government so that they may expose any corruption and hold public officials accountable. See Am. Civil Liberties Union (“ACLU”) of N. Cal. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 880 F.3d 473, 483 (9th Cir. 2018). FOIA requires that federal agencies make their records available to the public, subject to

nine enumerated exemptions. Id.; see 5 U.S.C. §§ 552(a)-(b). The Court is authorized to grant summary judgment if no genuine issue of material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The “vast majority” of FOIA disputes can be resolved on summary judgment. Sandoval v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 296 F. Supp. 3d 1, 10 (D.D.C. 2017). In the context of a suit challenging a federal agency’s discharge of its disclosure

obligations under FOIA, the issues before the Court are (i) whether the requested documents are identifiable, i.e., whether they exist and can be located; and (ii) if so, whether they have been produced or are exempt from FOIA’s inspection requirements. See Hunton & Williams LLP v. EPA, 248 F. Supp. 3d 220, 234 (D.D.C. 2017). In seeking summary judgment as to the first issue, the government may rely on affidavits or

declarations containing reasonably specific details about the type of search performed for responsive records, including the search terms used, and averring that all files likely to house any requested materials were searched. See id. at 235-36; Sandoval, 296 F. Supp. 3d at 11, 14. The adequacy of an agency’s search is measured by a standard of reasonableness, which depends on the circumstances of the case. Weisberg v. U.S. Dep’t

of Justice, 705 F.2d 1344, 1351 (D.C. Cir. 1983). The question is not whether additional responsive documents “might conceivably exist,” but rather whether the government’s search was “reasonably calculated” to reveal relevant materials. Id. If the agency provides the requisite affidavits or declarations, then the FOIA requester bears the burden of producing evidence suggesting that a genuine dispute of

material fact exists as to the adequacy of the government’s search. Hunton, 248 F. Supp. 3d at 236. As in every civil matter, the party opposing summary judgment must present “affirmative evidence,” which is “to be believed” and from which all “justifiable inferences” are to be favorably drawn, see Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255, 257 (1986), and a FOIA plaintiff cannot rebut the presumption of good faith afforded to an agency’s affidavits or declarations by asserting “purely speculative claims

about the existence and discoverability of other documents,” Sandoval, 296 F. Supp. 3d at 11. If a FOIA requester seeks summary judgment in its favor, it must satisfy the obligations of a moving party that are set forth in Rule 56. To the extent that responsive materials have been identified and withheld, the government bears the burden of demonstrating that the asserted FOIA exemption applies

to the requested documents. See Rojas v. FAA, 941 F.3d 392, 397 (9th Cir. 2019). An agency’s affidavits or declarations supporting the employment of a FOIA exemption must, in good faith, describe the withheld information and the reason for nondisclosure in a factual and non-conclusory manner. Ferranti v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms, 177 F. Supp. 2d 41, 45 (D.D.C. 2001). Unless the affidavits or declaration are

deficient, the Court need not conduct further inquiry into their veracity. Id. FOIA exemptions are narrowly construed, ACLU, 880 F.3d at 483, but an agency’s justification for invoking an exemption is sufficient if it “appears ‘logical’ or ‘plausible.’” Hunton, 248 F. Supp. 3d at 235 (citing Wolf v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 374-75 (D.C. Cir. 2007)). The Court must “respect the expertise of an agency” in this regard and should “not ‘overstep the proper limits of the judicial role in FOIA review.’” Id. (quoting Hayden v. Nat’l Sec.

Agency/Cent. Sec. Serv., 608 F.2d 1381, 1388 (D.C. Cir. 1979)). B. Adequacy of the Navy’s Searches Plaintiff challenges the adequacy of the Navy’s searches on two grounds: (i) the alleged insufficiency of the search terms used by the Navy in connection with the 2016 FOIA Request and the 2018 FOIA Request; and (ii) the Navy’s failure to search the records of all individuals identified as “preparers” in certain NEPA documents. Both

arguments lack merit. 1. Search Terms The 2016 FOIA Request sought the following records: 1. Any and all documents related to or addressing noise impacts associated with naval training exercises on or above Olympic National Park, the Olympic National Forest, and the Olympic Peninsula; 2. Any and all documents and communications between the Navy and any other state or federal agency related to noise impacts analyzed in [certain NEPA documents abbreviated as] the 2010 EIS, 2014 EA, and 2015 EIS; [and] 3. Any and all documents related to or addressing impacts to Olympic National Park or its visitors from naval training exercises on or above the Olympic Peninsula. 2016 FOIA Request, Ex. A to Byrnes Decl. (docket no. 28-1). The 2018 FOIA Request asked for similar materials: 1. Any and all documents related to or addressing noise impacts associated with naval or military training exercises on or above Olympic National Park, the Olympic National Forest, the Olympic Peninsula, or the World Heritage Site on the Olympic Peninsula; 2. Any and all documents and communications between the Navy and any other state or federal agency, or any elected official related to noise impacts analyzed in [certain NEPA documents abbreviated as] the 2010 EIS, [the] 2014 EA, the 2015 EIS or any drafts of the forthcoming 2020 SElS; [and] 3. Any and all documents related to or addressing impacts to Olympic National Park[,] the World Heritage Site on the Olympic Peninsula or visitors to those locations from naval or military training exercises on or above the Olympic Peninsula. 2018 FOIA Request, Ex. I to Byrnes Decl. (docket no. 28-9). To find responsive documents, the Navy used the following search terms: • “Olympic National Park” • “Olympic National Park” and “noise” • “Olympic Peninsula” • “Olympic Peninsula” and “noise” • “Olympic National Forest” • “Olympic National Forest” and “noise” • “Olympic” and “Military Operations Area” • “Olympic” and “MOA” • “ONP” See Byrnes Decl. at ¶ 24 (docket no. 28). Plaintiff contends that the above list is incomplete and that the Navy should be required to perform additional searches using the following words and acronyms: • “Olympic” or “Olympics” • “NEPA” • “EIS” • “SEIS” • “EA” • “Appendix J” • “Appendix K” • “World Heritage Site” • “Growler” • each term above in combination with “noise” See Pla.’s Resp. at 4 & 12 (docket no. 39). The Court agrees with the Navy that plaintiff’s position is not reasonable. With respect to “Olympic” or “Olympics,” plaintiff makes no showing that these words would

reveal relevant documents that were not discovered using “Olympic” in combination with “National Park,” “National Forest,” “Peninsula,” “Military Operations Area,” or “MOA.” The commonly-used acronyms “NEPA,” “EIS, “SEIS,” and “EA” and the generic descriptors “Appendix J” and “Appendix K” are not tailored in any manner to the topics about which plaintiff has requested documents, and searches using these terms in isolation would likely reveal an unmanageable number of non-responsive documents.

Similarly, the phrase “World Heritage Site” is overbroad given that Olympic National Park is only one of 24 World Heritage Sites in the United States. As to “Growler,” plaintiff’s FOIA requests contain no reference to this specific model of aircraft, and plaintiff offers no basis for believing that records not located when the Navy searched for materials with Olympic National Park, Forest, or Peninsula in combination with “noise”

would be found using solely the word “Growler,” and would not be classified or otherwise exempt from disclosure under FOIA. The Court concludes that no genuine dispute of material fact exists and the Navy is entitled to judgment as a matter of law as to the adequacy of its search terms.3

3 This issue pertains only to the 2016 FOIA Request and the 2018 FOIA Request. The May 2019 NEPA/FOIA Request, which was in the form of an email with a six-page attachment, requested that the Navy make publicly available the information supporting certain statements contained in a draft NEPA document. Ex. M to Smith Decl. (docket no. 33-13). For example, the May 2019 NEPA/FOIA Request sought inter alia data for the assertions that (i) 95% of Navy training flight time within the Olympic Military Operations Areas occurs at or above 10,000 feet above mean sea level (“MSL”), (ii) Navy aircraft in transit to the Olympic Military Operations Areas normally fly at or about 15,000 feet above MSL, and (iii) for the period from 2015 through 2017, 2. Custodians In coordinating its search for documents sought by the 2016 FOIA Request and

the 2018 FOIA Request, the Navy identified 27 custodians, who were instructed to look for both electronic and paper files containing potentially responsive materials. See Byrnes Decl. at ¶¶ 22-23 (docket no. 28). The Navy has disclosed the names of three of the 27 custodians, and described the other 24 custodians, including one contractor, by position or area of responsibility. See id. at ¶ 22; see also Byrnes Decl. at ¶ 8 (docket no. 44). Plaintiff’s challenge to the Navy’s refusal, pursuant to Department of Defense

policy, to reveal the identities of custodians who have a military rank of 0-6 (Navy

Operations Areas. Id. (docket no. 33-13 at 3-4). Plaintiff does not appear to contend that the Navy should have used different or additional search terms to locate this type of information. Rather, plaintiff expresses dissatisfaction with the declaration of John Mosher. Mr. Mosher is the Northwest Program Manager for the United States Pacific Fleet’s Environmental Readiness Division, and he coordinated the search for materials responsive to the May 2019 NEPA/FOIA Request. See Mosher Decl. at ¶¶ 2 & 9 (docket no. 31). Mr. Mosher interpreted the May 2019 NEPA/FOIA Request as seeking the following categories of information: (i) internal Navy discussions and draft documents relating to the Navy’s training activities within the Olympic Military Operations Areas; (ii) data from certain software programs known as the Sierra Hotel Aviation Readiness Program (“SHARP”) and the Data Collection and Scheduling Tool (“DCAST”); (iii) specific air modeling inputs; and (iv) data residing in the Federal Aviation Administration’s Performance Data Analysis and Reporting System (“PDARS”). Id. at ¶ 11. Mr. Mosher forwarded responsive materials in the Navy’s possession to the Navy’s attorneys, and concluded that the search was complete because “no other records would be maintained in any other locations besides where [he] searched.” Id. at ¶ 17. Plaintiff does not quarrel with Mr. Mosher’s understanding of the materials demanded in the May 2019 NEPA/FOIA Request, which was, unlike the 2016 FOIA Request and the 2018 FOIA Request, very specific and focused, and the Court concludes that Mr. Mosher knew what he needed to find and where to look. The Court declines plaintiff’s invitation to require Mr. Mosher to recite exactly which file drawers, computers, and other storage devices he reviewed. With respect to the 2019 EPA Referral, the documents at issue were forwarded by the EPA to the Navy for review, and plaintiff can make no claim that the Navy was required to conduct an independent search for responsive records. See Quay Decl. at ¶ 11 (docket no. 30). Captain or below) or a civilian rank of GS-15 or below, see Byrnes Decl. at ¶ 6 (docket no. 29), is addressed separately in Section II.C.3, below.

In arguing that the Navy has not designated a sufficient number of custodians for its search, plaintiff has offered a list of 38 government employees, see Ex. T to Cassidy Decl. (docket no. 34-20), who were identified as “preparers” in one or more of the following four NEPA documents: • Northwest Training Range Complex Final EIS/OEIS (September 2010) • Pacific Northwest Electronic Warfare Range Final Environmental Assessment (September 2014) • NWTT Final EIS/OEIS (October 2015) • NWTT Draft Supplemental EIS/OEIS (March 2019) Plaintiff’s list of “preparers” includes the three custodians for whom the Navy has provided names, i.e., Kimberly Kler, John Mosher, and Jacqueline Queen, who were the project managers primarily responsible for the NEPA documents at issue. See Byrnes Decl. at ¶ 22 (docket no. 28). As explained by the Navy, however, the list of custodians who might have documents responsive to the 2016 FOIA Request and the 2018 FOIA Request is not coextensive with plaintiff’s longer list of NEPA “preparers” because the NEPA documents have a geographic scope beyond just the Olympic Peninsula. See Byrnes Decl. at ¶ 7 (docket no. 44). The NEPA documents relate to the Northwest Training and Testing Study Area, which includes land, air, and sea regions throughout the Pacific Northwest and southeastern Alaska. Id. at ¶ 7 & Ex. 1 (Fig. 1.1-1). The Navy’s decision to exclude certain NEPA “preparers” as custodians because they are unlikely to possess relevant documents is supported by the job descriptions on plaintiff’s list, which indicate that the areas of responsibility for at least thirteen individuals are or might likely be

outside the Olympic Peninsula, for example, southeast Alaska (1), undersea warfare (5), naval sea systems (2), and space and naval warfare (5). See Ex. T to Cassidy Decl. (docket no. 34-20). The Navy has represented that all Navy personnel, as well as a Navy contractor, with primary responsibility for the Navy’s activities on or around the Olympic Peninsula were treated as custodians. See Byrnes Decl. at ¶ 8 (docket no. 44). Consistent with the

list of “preparers” offered by plaintiff, the 27 custodians selected by the Navy included “program managers, project managers, environmental planners, biologists, range coordinators, and attorneys that were involved with the portions of the [four NEPA documents] related to the Navy’s training activities on or around the Olympic Peninsula,” as well as “Navy personnel involved with the Navy’s training and readiness requirements

for the Pacific Northwest and the Navy’s training activities within the Olympic Military Operations Areas.” Id. Among the Navy’s custodians were personnel at Naval Air Station, Whidbey Island, which is the base of operations for the aircraft known as the Growler. Id. The various custodians searched “all locations likely to contain relevant documents.” Id. at ¶ 13.

The Court finds that the Navy’s search for documents responsive to the 2016 FOIA Request and the 2018 FOIA Request was “reasonably calculated” to reveal relevant materials. See Weisberg, 705 F.2d at 1351. Plaintiff’s suggestion that additional custodians might have responsive documents is not supported by the voluminous record. Plaintiff’s separate argument, in its motion for summary judgment, that the Navy’s failure to produce certain materials establishes that its search was inadequate runs contrary to

FOIA jurisprudence, which directs the Court to evaluate the appropriateness of the government’s search methodology, not the fruits of its search efforts. See Zaldivar v. U.S. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 2016 WL 4429657 at *3 (D. Ariz. Aug. 22, 2016), aff’d, 695 F. App’x 319 (9th Cir. 2017); see also Iturralde v. Comptroller of Currency, 315 F.3d 311, 315 (D.C. Cir. 2003). The Court concludes that no genuine dispute of material fact exists and the Navy is entitled to judgment as a matter of law as to the adequacy of

its search. C. Exemptions Invoked by the Navy Of the nine exemptions enumerated in FOIA, only three are at issue in this matter,4 namely Exemption 3 for materials “specifically exempted from disclosure by statute,” Exemption 5 for “inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters that

would not be available by law to a party . . . in litigation with the agency,” and Exemption 6 for “personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” See 5 U.S.C. §§ 552(b)(3), (5), & (6). Plaintiff argues that the Navy has invoked these exemptions too

4 At least one document, the Fleet Replacement Squadron class syllabus sought in the May 2019 NEPA/FOIA Request, see Ex. M to Smith Decl. (docket no. 33-13 at 3), was originally treated as classified and therefore exempt from disclosure pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(1). The Navy later concluded that, although related materials are classified, the syllabus itself is not classified, and the syllabus has been produced to plaintiff. See Quay Decl. at ¶ 20 (docket no. 45); Pla.’s Praecipe at 1 (docket no. 48) (indicating that the syllabus was provided on June 20, 2020). Thus, the Court need not address the merits of the Navy’s invocation of FOIA Exemption 1. broadly or without providing sufficient justification, and it asks that the Court direct the Navy to produce in unredacted form all records listed on the four Vaughn Indices. The

Navy seeks summary judgment that no further disclosures are required. 1. Exemption 3: Materials Exempted from Disclosure By Statute The Navy has refused to produce 46 documents on the basis of Exemption 3, citing 10 U.S.C. § 130e. As indicated earlier, of these 46 documents, 37 are responsive to 2018 FOIA Request and nine (9) relate to the May 2019 NEPA/FOIA Request. Byrnes Decl. at ¶¶ 46 & 48 (docket no. 28). The statute at issue indicates that the Secretary of

Defense may exempt from disclosure under FOIA “Department of Defense critical infrastructure security information,” or “DCRIT,” which is defined as “sensitive but unclassified information that, if disclosed, would reveal vulnerabilities in Department of Defense critical infrastructure that, if exploited, would likely result in the significant disruption, destruction, or damage of or to Department of Defense operations, properties,

or facilities.” See 10 U.S.C. §§ 130e(a)&(f). Section 130e requires the Secretary of Defense to make a written determination that the records at issue constitute DCRIT and that the public interest in their disclosure is outweighed by the prevention of their dissemination. Id. at § 130e(a). The decision of whether to assert Exemption 3 with respect to materials that are potentially DCRIT has been delegated to and must be made

by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, Director of Administration. See Byrnes Decl. at ¶ 47 (docket no. 28). The Navy withheld the 46 documents at issue while awaiting a determination from the Director of Administration. As of June 2020, when the parties completed their briefing in this matter, no decision had been made, and no update has since been provided to the Court. On or before December 4, 2020, the parties shall file a Joint Status Report

indicating: (A) whether the Director of Administration has announced a decision concerning the 46 records at issue; (1) if not, when is a determination is expected; or (2) if so, whether the Director of Administration has designated the materials as DCRIT; and (a) if not, whether the Navy will produce or has produced the documents; or (b) if so, what further remedy, if any, can the Court provide given that the Secretary of Defense is not a party to this action; and (B) whether the portion of this litigation involving DCRIT or potentially DCRIT materials may be dismissed as either moot or beyond the scope of the Court’s jurisdiction. With respect to the Navy’s invocation of Exemption 3, the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment are DEFERRED. 2. Exemption 5: Work Product or Privileged Materials Exemption 5 encompasses records that are normally privileged in the context of civil discovery, including materials that are protected by the work-product doctrine, the attorney-client privilege, and the deliberative-process privilege. ACLU, 880 F.3d at 483. Exemption 5 ensures that a litigant against the government cannot obtain via FOIA what it may not acquire through the process of discovery in a civil proceeding. See Maricopa Audubon Soc’y (“Audubon”) v. U.S. Forest Serv., 108 F.3d 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 1997); see also United States v. Weber Aircraft Corp., 465 U.S. 792, 799-802 (1984). With respect to three of the four FOIA requests at issue, the Navy has redacted or withheld the following numbers of documents pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5):

Redacted Withheld 2016 FOIA Request: 69 records 119 records 2018 FOIA Request: 24 records 230 records 2019 EPA Referral: N/A 6 records. See Ex. O to Byrnes Decl. (docket no. 28-15) (Vaughn Index re: 2016 FOIA Request); Ex. P to Byrnes Decl. (docket no. 28-16) (Vaughn Index re: 2018 FOIA Request); Ex. V to Quay Decl. (docket no. 30-6) (Vaugh Index re: 2019 EPA Referral). No materials responsive to the May 2019 NEPA/FOIA Request were withheld on the basis of Exemption 5. See Ex. Y to Quay Decl. (docket no. 30-8). The Navy has invoked the work-product doctrine as to some of the withheld documents, and the attorney-client privilege and/or deliberative-process privilege with respect to the remaining materials. a. Work Product Documents qualify for work-product protection if they were prepared (i) in anticipation of litigation or for trial (ii) by or for a party or its representative. ACLU, 880 F.3d at 484. Work product includes the mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories of an attorney, as well as factual materials prepared in anticipation of litigation. Hunton, 248 F. Supp. 3d at 251. A document may be protected by the work- product doctrine even though it was not prepared exclusively for litigation if it served dual purposes, one of which related to the prospect of litigation. ACLU, 880 F.3d at 485- 86. As observed by the Ninth Circuit, agency attorneys “anticipating potentially recurring legal issues must be free to ‘work with a certain degree of privacy, free from unnecessary intrusion by opposing parties and their counsel.’” Id. at 487. To invoke the work-product doctrine, an agency must (i) describe the nature and contents of the

withheld document, (ii) identify the document’s author, (iii) note the circumstances surrounding the document’s creation, and (iv) indicate the type of litigation for which the document’s use is anticipated or at least foreseeable. Hunton, 248 F. Supp. 3d at 251. The Navy has withheld, on work-product grounds, one (1) document responsive to the 2016 FOIA Request and fifteen (15) records sought in the 2018 FOIA Request. With respect to these materials, the Navy has provided the associated Bates numbers, dates of

transmittal, and titles or file names, as well as, with one exception, the identities of one or more attorneys who sent, received, or were copied on the documents: Table 1: Materials Withheld Pursuant to Work-Product Doctrine Bates Numbers Date Title or File Name Attorney Involved NPCA00016170- Legal Sufficiency Memo for Electronic 8/28/2014 not disclosed NPCA00016175 Warfare Range NW Final EA 27 Aug 14 NPCAII00003363- cc’d to: Commander 1/10/2019 RE: Draft NWTT LSM NPCAII00003364 (“CDR”) Abby Kagle NPCAII00003365- NWTT_legal_sufficiency_memo_2018_ attachment to email 1/10/2019 NPCAII00003382 update_CleanCopy identified above NPCAII00003383- 1/8/2019 Draft NWTT Legal Sufficiency Memo cc’d to: CDR Kagle NPCAII00003383 NPCAII00003384- 1/8/2019 NWTT_legal_sufficiency_memo_2018_ attachment to email NPCAII00003401 update_CleanCopy identified above NPCAII00003402- 1/8/2019 Draft NWTT Legal Sufficiency Memo cc’d to: CDR Kagle NPCAII00003402 NPCAII00003403- 1/8/2019 NWTT_legal_sufficiency_memo_2018_ attachment to email NPCAII00003420 update_CleanCopy identified above NPCAII00003450- 12/31/2018 Legal Sufficiency Memo for NWTT sent to: CDR Kagle; NPCAII00003450 DSIES/OEIS (attorney/client priv) cc: Edward J. Balsamo NPCAII00003451- 12/31/2018 NWTT SEIS Legal Sufficiency Memo attachment to email NPCAII00003468 identified above NPCAII00003469- 1/4/2019 NWTT Legal Sufficiency Memo from: CDR Kagle NPCAII00003469 Bates Numbers Date Title or File Name Attorney Involved NPCAII00003470- attachment to email 1/4/2019 NWTT Legal Sufficiency Memo NPCAII00003487 identified above NPCAII00003488- RE: NWTT Legal Sufficiency Memo - 1/8/2019 sent to: CDR Kagle NPCAII00003489 With Suggested Edits NPCAII00003490- attachment to email 1/8/2019 NWTT Legal Sufficiency Memo NPCAII00003507 identified above NPCAII00003508- attachment to email NPCAII00003525 1/8/2019 NWTT SEIS Legal Sufficiency Memo identified above NPCAII00003526- NPCAII00003528 1/29/2019 RE: NWTT Legal Sufficiency Memo sent to: CDR Kagle NPCAII00003529- attachment to email NPCAII00003545 1/29/2019 NWTT SEIS Legal Sufficiency Memo identified above See Exs. O & P to Byrnes Decl. (docket nos. 28-15 & 28-16). The Navy has explained that all of the records on Table 1 are either legal sufficiency memoranda prepared by Navy attorneys in anticipation of litigation, which analyze the litigation risks related to the underlying documents that are the subject of the memoranda, or emails among Navy attorneys concerning and/or transmitting the legal sufficiency memoranda. See Byrnes Decl. at ¶¶ 44-45 (docket no. 28). The first document on Table 1 was generated shortly before issuance of the Pacific Northwest Electronic Warfare Range Final Environmental Assessment in September 2014, and the remaining materials were created in connection with the Northwest Training and Testing Supplemental EIS/OEIS, the publicly available draft of which was issued in March 2019, and the final version of which was published in September 2020, see Notice (docket no. 49). The Court concludes that the Navy has met its burden of describing with sufficient specificity the “logical” grounds for asserting the work-product doctrine, see Wolf, 473 F.3d at 374-75, and the Navy is entitled to summary judgment that, pursuant to FOIA Exemption 5, the records listed on Table 1 need not be disclosed. b. Attorney-Client Privilege The attorney-client privilege shields from disclosure confidential communications

by clients to their attorneys made for the purpose of securing legal advice or services, as well as communications by attorneys to their clients if they “rest on confidential information obtained from the client[s].” Hunton, 248 F. Supp. 3d at 253. For purposes of this privilege, a governmental agency may be a “client” and an agency lawyer may be the “attorney.” Id. To carry its burden of establishing the privilege, the Navy must show: (i) it is a “client” for purposes of claiming the privilege; (ii) one of the individuals

involved in the communication at issue is a member of the bar acting, with respect to the communication, in the capacity of a lawyer; and (iii) the communication relates to information provided outside the presence of strangers for purposes of securing legal advice. See id. The Navy has invoked the attorney-client privilege with respect to the following

numbers of documents: Redacted Withheld 2016 FOIA Request: 39 records 32 records 2018 FOIA Request: 11 records 63 records. See Exs. O & P to Byrnes Decl. (docket nos. 28-15 & 28-16). With respect to these documents, the Navy has indicated in the two related Vaughn Indices that the redacted or withheld materials reflect one of the following protected categories of information: (i) “Navy attorneys [sic] input on the draft document,” (ii) “Navy staff communications with attorneys,” or (iii) “attorney guidance [or advice] to Navy staff.” See id. The Navy, however, has offered almost no data to support these representations, generally failing to identify the lawyers involved or describe the circumstances that would indicate the communications were confidential. None of the many declarations submitted by the

Navy even contain the phrase “attorney-client privilege.” See Byrnes Decl. (docket no. 28); Byrnes Decl. (docket no. 29); Quay Decl. (docket no. 30); Mosher Decl. (docket no. 31); Mosher Decl. (docket no. 37); Quay Decl. (docket no. 38); Byrnes Decl. (docket no. 44); Quay Decl. (docket no. 45). In apparent recognition of the inadequacy of its showing, the Navy has requested that it be allowed to supplement its arguments and/or Vaughn Indices on the subject of “attorney work product,” including the Navy’s assertion

of the attorney-client privilege. See Navy’s Resp. at 20 (docket no. 36). Given the current record, the Court cannot determine, as a matter of law, whether the Navy has appropriately invoked attorney-client privilege. With respect to redacted materials (a total of 50 records), the Court will permit the Navy to supplement its Vaughn Indices and provide an additional declaration to support the redactions at issue. The

revised Vaughn Indices should be filed in CM/ECF and sent, in a searchable and sortable format, as an attachment to an email addressed to ZillyOrders@wawd.uscourts.gov, which shall be cc’d to opposing counsel. These submissions are due by December 4, 2020. On or before December 28, 2020, plaintiff may file a supplemental response, not to exceed twelve (12) pages in length. On or before January 8, 2021, the Navy may file a

supplemental reply, not to exceed six (6) pages in length. With regard to the 95 documents withheld in their entirety on the basis of attorney- client privilege, the Court observes that the Navy also designated these materials as exempt from disclosure pursuant to the deliberative-process privilege. In light of the Court’s rulings, set forth in the next section, that these records are protected by the deliberative-process privilege, the Court need not address the Navy’s separate assertion

of attorney-client privilege. c. Deliberative-Process Privilege The deliberative-process privilege protects the internal decision-making methods of federal agencies and shields from public view all documents reflecting “advisory opinions, recommendations and deliberations comprising part of a process by which governmental decisions and policies are formulated.” ACLU, 880 F.3d at 490 (quoting

NLRB v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S. 132, 150 (1975)). The purpose of the deliberative-process privilege is to avoid injury to the quality of agency decisions by encouraging “frank discussion of legal or policy matters” without fear of public dissemination. See Sears, 421 U.S. at 150-51. The privilege focuses on the inhibiting effect of forcing agencies to disclose pre-decisional communications, which might reduce

the candor of agency personnel and produce ill-informed and poorer results. Id.; see also Assembly of Cal. v. U.S. Dep’t of Commerce, 968 F.2d 916, 920 (9th Cir. 1992) (the privilege “allow[s] agencies freely to explore possibilities, engage in internal debates, or play devil’s advocate without fear of public scrutiny,” and it addresses the concern that, “if agencies were forced to ‘operate in a fishbowl,’ [the] candid exchange of ideas . . .

would cease and the quality of decisions would suffer” (citation omitted)); City of W. Chicago v. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm’n, 547 F. Supp. 740, 747 (N.D. Ill. 1982) (“Creative or unorthodox ideas that might have been put forward in draft versions of documents could be stifled if their authors knew that the documents would be subject to public view.”).

In contrast, the privilege does not protect communications made after a decision has been reached, which are generally designed to explain the agency’s actions, and which do not threaten the deliberative process if disclosed. Sears, 421 U.S. at 151-52; see Assembly of Cal., 968 F.2d at 920 (“documents deemed ‘postdecisional’ do not enjoy the protection of the deliberative process privilege”). Indeed, to the extent that the agency provides reasons for adopting a particular policy, such statements are considered

“working law” of the agency and may not be withheld in response to a FOIA request on the basis of Exemption 5. Sears, 421 U.S. at 152-53; see ACLU, 880 F.3d at 490 (the “working law exception places a boundary on the deliberative process privilege”). To fall within the bounds of the deliberative-process privilege, the documents at issue must be both (i) pre-decisional in nature, and (ii) part of the agency’s deliberative

process. Audubon, 108 F.3d at 1093. A record is pre-decisional if it was prepared to “assist an agency decisionmaker in arriving at [a] decision.” Id. (quoting Assembly of Cal., 968 F.2d at 920 (adopting the definition set forth in Formaldehyde Inst. v. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 889 F.2d 1118, 1122 (D.C. Cir. 1989))). Pre-decisional materials include “recommendations, draft documents, proposals, suggestions, and other

subjective documents” that reflect “the personal opinions of the writer rather than the policy of the agency.” Id. A document is part of the agency’s deliberative process if its disclosure would expose an agency’s decision-making process in “such a way as to discourage candid discussion within the agency and thereby undermine the agency’s ability to perform its functions.” Id.; see Hunton, 248 F. Supp. 3d at 240 (the materials must reflect “the give-and-take of the consultative process”). To justify the assertion of

the deliberative-process privilege, an agency must provide the following information: (i) the nature of the specific deliberative process involved; (ii) the function and significance of the document in that process; and (iii) the nature of the decision-making authorities vested in the document’s author and its recipient. Hunton, 248 F. Supp. 3d at 241. The Navy has invoked the deliberative-process privilege with respect to the

following numbers of documents: Redacted Withheld 2016 FOIA Request: 54 records 118 records 2018 FOIA Request: 16 records 215 records 2019 EPA Referral: N/A 6 records. See Exs. O & P to Byrnes Decl. (docket nos. 28-15 & 28-16); Ex. V to Quay Decl. (docket no. 30-6). The Navy indicates that these documents either “originated within the agency” (i.e., were authored by Navy employees or contractors) or are “inter-agency communications.” Byrnes Decl. at ¶ 37 (docket no. 28); see also Quay Decl. at ¶ 17 (docket no. 30). The Navy contends that the materials are pre-decisional, do not set forth formal or informal Navy policies or decisions (i.e., “working law”), and contain frank communications among or with Navy personnel who are not decisionmakers and on whom the release of these records pursuant to FOIA would have a future chilling effect. Byrnes Decl. at ¶ 37 (docket no. 28); see also Quay Decl. at ¶¶ 17-18 (docket no. 30). The Navy also expresses concern that release of these documents in unredacted form might cause public confusion by disclosing conclusions and reasoning that were not adopted by and do not reflect the views of the Navy or the United States. Byrnes Decl. at

¶ 37 (docket no. 28); see also Quay Decl. at ¶ 18 (docket no. 30). With respect to each assertion of the deliberative-process privilege, the Vaughn Indices provide a brief recitation of the deliberative process at issue, the relevance of the document within that process, and the role (but generally not the identity) of the document’s author and/or recipient(s). Plaintiff contends that the Vaughn Indices lack sufficient information. The Court disagrees. The Vaughn Indices provide enough detail

to understand what materials were redacted or not disclosed and why. For example, numerous records that were withheld in their entirety are described as pre-decisional drafts “reflecting the evaluation of information and opinions by Navy staff” relating to the Northwest Training and Testing Draft Supplemental EIS/OEIS. See Ex. P to Byrnes Decl. (docket no. 28-16). The NWTT Draft Supplemental EIS/OEIS was

revised several times before it was disclosed to the public for comment. See Byrnes Decl. at ¶ 39 (docket no. 28) (indicating that the Cumulative Impacts section alone was the subject of eleven (11) early drafts, and at least fourteen (14) drafts of Appendix J, concerning airspace noise, were generated). The Navy has explained that, before the release of the NWTT Draft Supplemental EIS/OEIS in March 2019, multiple subject-

matter experts for the Navy provided input on early drafts in the nature of comments, analyses, opinions, and projections relating to activities needed for the Navy to maintain military readiness beyond 2020 and into the reasonably foreseeable future. Id. at ¶ 38. As reflected by this sampling, the Vaughn Indices sufficiently explain the nature of the materials redacted or withheld pursuant to the deliberative-process privilege. Thus, to the extent that plaintiff’s motion to compel the Navy to disclose pre-decisional materials is

based solely on the alleged deficiency of the Vaughn Indices, see Pla.’s Mot. at 21-24 (docket no. 32), it is DENIED. Plaintiff has also challenged the Navy’s invocation of the deliberative-process privilege in three substantive areas: (i) purely factual information; (ii) comments from other agencies or the public; and (iii) communications with contractors. Plaintiff’s arguments lack merit.

i. Purely Factual Information Plaintiff contends that the factual information contained in the records withheld by the Navy is not protected, and that the Navy must show that the documents cannot be reasonably segregated and produced in redacted form. The deliberative-process privilege does not shield from disclosure purely factual materials because agencies have “no

legitimate interest in keeping the public ignorant of the facts” from which they worked. See Assembly of Cal., 968 F.2d at 921. FOIA Exemption 5 cannot be used to “spare agencies the embarrassment of being exposed as having gotten their facts wrong.” See City of W. Chicago, 547 F. Supp. at 748. The Supreme Court, however, has warned against drawing “wooden” distinctions between “factual” and “deliberative” records, and

has instead encouraged application of the “same flexible, common-sense approach that has long governed” discovery disputes in civil litigation. See EPA v. Mink, 410 U.S. 73, 91 (1973). The Court’s inquiry is whether the information at issue reveals the agency’s deliberative process. Assembly of Cal., 968 F.2d at 921. Some figures are not purely factual, but rather are derived “from a complex set of judgments.” Id. at 922 (quoting Quarles v. Dep’t of Navy, 893 F.2d 390, 392 (D.C. Cir.

1990)). For example, cost estimates that require a comparison of competing bids, or budgets that take into account projected needs, prior endeavors, and probable suppliers, involve the type of “elasticity that has persuaded courts to provide shelter for opinions generally.” See Quarles, 893 F.2d at 392-93. In addition, summaries of historical information are not purely factual because the process of summarization is itself deliberative. City of W. Chicago, 547 F. Supp. at 749 (citing Lead Indus. Ass’n v. OSHA,

610 F.2d 70, 85 (2d Cir. 1979) (observing that a summary indicates “which facts in the massive rule-making record were considered significant by the decisionmaker and those assisting her”)). Similarly, factual recitations that appeared in a draft, but were deleted from the final version of a published document, are deliberative because their omission reveals that the agency decided not to rely on those facts or related analysis after having

been invited to do so. See Lead Indus., 610 F.2d at 86. On the other hand, if the same data set forth in a draft is contained in the record made publicly available, then FOIA does not require further disclosure. Id. FOIA requires that “[a]ny reasonably segregable portion of a record shall be provided to any person requesting such record after deletion of the portions which are

exempt.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b). In the context of factual information, the Court is tasked with determining whether the proportion of nonexempt material is “relatively small” and “so interspersed with exempt material that separation by the agency and policing” by the Court would “impose an inordinate burden.” See Lead Indus., 610 F.2d at 86. If so, then the entire record is rendered exempt because it is not “reasonably segregable” within the meaning of § 552(b). Id.

Plaintiff has submitted two lists of redacted or withheld documents that it believes contain factual information, and it asks the Court to review these 101 records in camera. See Ex. JJ to Staric Decl. (docket no. 35-36) (47 records); Ex. K to Staric Decl. (docket no. 40-10) (54 records). These materials include (i) comments by Navy staff about a draft of the Pacific Northwest Electronic Warfare Range Environmental Assessment,5 (ii) figures or descriptions of transit routes, (iii) noise analysis, (iv) emails among Navy

staff concerning the Olympic Military Operations Areas noise study task, (v) data and/or spreadsheets, (vi) drafts of Appendix J to the NWTT Draft Supplemental EIS/OEIS, and (vii) drafts of responses to inquiries from U.S Representative Derek Kilmer.6 See id.; see also Exs. O & P to Byrnes Decl. (docket nos. 28-15 & 28-16). The Court DENIES plaintiff’s motion to require the Navy to produce these

materials for in camera review. Comments on draft documents and emails among

5 Plaintiff has characterized this document, Bates Nos. NCPA00016525–38, as a “[c]omment relating to noise.” See Ex. JJ to Staric Decl. (docket no. 35-36 at 2). The filename of the record is “EW_EA_3.3_Noise_30_April_2013_comments20130430,” and the document is described as a “pre-decisional draft reflecting the evaluation of information and opinions by Navy staff in preparing the NWTT Draft EA for the EW Range.” See Ex. O to Byrnes Decl. (docket no. 28-15 at 50). To the extent that plaintiff believes the document contains comments from one or more members of the public about noise, plaintiff appears to be mistaken. 6 Plaintiff has requested in camera review of a forwarded email, Bates Nos. NPCAII00002466– 2466_0003, summarizing a call with Washington Governor Jay Inslee, and of a document titled “Frink-Comment,” Bates Nos. NPCA00016314–73. See Ex. K to Staric Decl. (docket no. 40-10 at 3); see also Ex. P to Byrnes Decl. (docket no. 28-16 at 15); Ex. O to Byrnes Decl. (docket no. 28-15 at 46). These records were either withheld or redacted under Exemption 6, not Exemption 5, and they are addressed in the next section. Navy staff discussing the tasks they are planning or coordinating are quintessentially “deliberative” and need not be disclosed. Similarly, figures, descriptions, noise analysis,

data, and spreadsheets that were circulated internally in connection with the preparation of NEPA documents, but differ from the information included in the publicly-released versions of those materials, qualify as “deliberative.” Lead Indus., 610 F.2d at 86. To the extent, however, that the “draft” figures, descriptions, noise analysis, data, and spreadsheets appear in the “final” records issued pursuant to NEPA, they are merely duplicative and their production is not dictated by FOIA. Id.

As observed in Lead Indus., the legislative history of FOIA neither requires nor authorizes the Court to “undertake a line-by-line analysis of agency records” to determine whether “some bits of non-exempt material may be found among exempt material,” unless the agency’s assertion of the deliberative-process privilege is facially vague, too sweeping, or suggestive of bad faith. Id. at 88 (quoting Weissman v. CIA, 565 F.2d 692,

697-98 (D.C. Cir. 1977)). The burdensome task of in camera review is not undertaken lightly because it is “conducted without the benefit of an adversary proceeding,” which might create “suspicions of unfairness,” see Weissman, 565 F.2d at 697, and it often requires the aid of individuals, perhaps designated as special masters, with expertise in the pertinent fields of study, see Lead Indus., 610 F.2d at 88. Given the Navy’s detailed

Vaughn Indices, supporting the conclusion that the records listed by plaintiff are entirely “deliberative,” not “reasonably segregable,” and/or duplicative of documents already made available to the public, the Court concludes that in camera review is not appropriate. ii. Comments from Other Agencies or the Public7 The parties disagree over whether a regulation, namely 40 C.F.R. § 1506.6(f),

promulgated by the Council on Environmental Quality (“CEQ”) pursuant to its authority under NEPA, overrides the protections set forth in Exemption 5. As originally adopted in 1978, the CEQ regulation read: Agencies shall . . . make environmental impact statements, the comments received, and any underlying documents available to the public pursuant to the provisions of [FOIA], without regard to the exclusion for interagency memoranda where such memoranda transmit comments of Federal agencies on the environmental impact of the proposed action. Materials to be made available to the public shall be provided to the public without charge to the extent practicable, or at a fee which is not more than the actual costs of reproducing copies required to be sent to other Federal agencies, including the Council. See 43 Fed. Reg. 55,978, 56,001 (Nov. 29, 1978). Effective September 14, 2020, the regulation was amended to provide: Agencies shall . . . [m]ake environmental impact statements, the comments received, and any underlying documents available to the public pursuant to the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act, as amended. 40 C.F.R. § 1506.6(f); see 85 Fed. Reg. 43,304, 43,371 (July 16, 2020). The final rule was published in the Federal Register after the parties completed briefing on the pending cross-motions for summary judgment. See 85 Fed. Reg. at 43,304. 7 In its motion for summary judgment, plaintiff challenged the Navy’s withholding of comments received from the public during the “scoping” period. Pla.’s Mot. at 13 & n.5 (docket no. 32). In its response, the Navy indicated that it would review the 200 pages of scoping comments listed on the Vaughn Index for the 2018 FOIA Request. See Navy’s Resp. at 21 n.8 (docket no. 36). In its subsequent reply in support of its own motion for summary judgment, the Navy represented that, upon further consideration, it would produce “responsive, segregable comments from the public for the purposes of this litigation.” See Navy’s Reply at 6 n.2 (docket no. 43). On July 6, 2020, plaintiff acknowledged receipt of the promised scoping comments. See Pla.’s Praecipe (docket no. 48). This issue is therefore moot, and the Court will not further address it. In challenging the Navy’s assertion of the deliberative-process privilege, plaintiff relied on the wording of the former CEQ regulation, citing Information Network for

Responsible Mining (“INFORM”) v. Bureau of Land Mgmt., 611 F. Supp. 2d 1178 (D. Colo. 2009), for support. Neither INFORM nor the prior version of § 1506.6(f) supports plaintiff’s view,8 and the intervening deletion of the language on which plaintiff based its argument renders plaintiff’s position meritless. The recent amendment to § 1506.6(f) was aimed at simplifying the paragraph to “make EISs, comments and underlying documents available to the public consistent with” FOIA, which has been

amended “numerous times since the enactment of NEPA.” 85 Fed. Reg. at 43,338. The removal of the proviso regarding inter-agency memoranda clarifies that the CEQ regulation is not attempting “an implausible repeal” of “a broad federal statute” or the exemptions expressly enumerated by Congress. See City of W. Chicago, 547 F. Supp. at 745. Plaintiff’s reliance on § 1506.6(f) to obtain comments from the EPA, National Park

Service, and/or U.S. Forest Service9 on unpublished drafts is misplaced, and the Navy is

8 In INFORM, the document redacted by the agency was a draft environmental analysis, which is distinct from and serves a different purpose than an EIS, and thus, the former text of the CEQ regulation, which applied only to an EIS, had no relevance. 611 F. Supp. 2d at 1187. Even in the context of an EIS, however, the previous CEQ regulation did not extend to inter-agency comments on unpublished drafts. See City of W. Chicago, 547 F. Supp. at 745-46. 9 Plaintiff accuses the Navy of redacting or withholding “several” documents regarding the Navy’s application to the U.S. Forest Service for a Special Use Permit, but the only record listed on a Vaughn Index is NPCA00016332–404, titled “Navy-Response-Comments-18Dec15,” and described as a “pre-decisional draft reflecting the evaluation of information and opinions by Navy staff and USFS staff related to the Navy’s permit application for the EW Range.” See Ex. O to Byrnes Decl. (docket no. 28-15 at 47). Whether this document contains any comments by the U.S. Forest Service on the permit application at issue, or merely sets forth the perceptions of Navy staff and proposed responses to feedback from the U.S. Forest Service, is unclear. In entitled to summary judgment that these inter-agency memoranda are exempt from disclosure under FOIA.

iii. Communications with Contractors In arguing that the Navy may not assert Exemption 5 with respect to its communications with contractors, plaintiff relies on a Ninth Circuit decision that it acknowledges has no precedential effect because the matter was reheard en banc on September 22, 2020. See Pla.’s Resp. at 23 (docket no. 39) (citing Rojas v. FAA, 927 F.3d 1046 (9th Cir. 2019), reh’g en banc granted, 948 F.3d 952 (9th Cir. 2020)). Not

only was the panel’s decision withdrawn, it was characterized by the dissenting judge as “upend[ing] basic discovery rules,” “disregard[ing] the careful balance Congress struck” when enacting FOIA, and running contrary to the decisions of the First, Second, Fourth, Fifth, Eighth, Tenth, and District of Columbia Circuits. See Rojas, 927 F.3d at 1060 (Christen, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). The types of communications

occurring between the Navy and its contractors in this matter, see Quay Decl. at ¶ 18 (docket no. 45), are the equivalent of intra-agency discussions, and they are protected from disclosure by FOIA Exemption 5. which plaintiff cites, does not stand for the proposition that Exemption 5 is inapplicable to the Navy’s draft. In Klamath Water Users, the documents sought under FOIA had passed between the Department of the Interior and certain Indian Tribes. Id. at 4. The Supreme Court concluded that the materials did not qualify as inter-agency or intra-agency communications because the Indian Tribes were not agencies of the United States, id. at 9 (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(f) (defining “agency”)) and had not been acting in a consultative capacity for the Department of the Interior (“DOI”), but rather were advocates before DOI’s Bureau of Reclamation, legitimately advancing their own interests “at the expense of others seeking benefits inadequate to satisfy everyone,” id. at 9-12. In contrast, in this matter, the record at issue is comprised of an agency’s own writings, concerning comments or responses to comments of another agency, and whether the Navy might 3. Exemption 6: Personal Privacy Plaintiff contends that the Navy has invoked Exemption 6 inappropriately in two

ways: (i) refusing to identify by name each of the 27 custodians whose materials were searched for records responsive to the 2016 FOIA Request and the 2018 FOIA Request; and (ii) redacting the names and email addresses of Navy personnel and contractors from both the various Vaughn Indices and the voluminous documents produced in redacted form. Exemption 6 protects “personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(b)(6) (emphasis added). Although the information at issue is not from personnel or medical files, the Supreme Court has construed “similar files” broadly to mean agency records containing information that “can be identified as applying to [an] individual.” See U.S. Dep’t of State v. Wash. Post Co., 456 U.S. 595, 602 (1982). Exemption 6 is different from most of the other FOIA exemptions because it

requires the Court to do more than determine whether the material at issue fits within a particular category. The Court must balance conflicting interests, namely the individual interest at stake and the public interest in disclosure, to determine whether production of the requested records would constitute an “unwarranted invasion” of privacy. See Lesar v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 636 F.2d 472, 486 & n.80 (D.C. Cir. 1980); see also Amnesty

Int’l USA v. CIA, 728 F. Supp. 2d 479, 523 (S.D.N.Y. 2010). Government employees and contractors might not have “as great a claim to privacy as that afforded ordinarily to private citizens,” but they do not entirely forego all claims to privacy “in matters related to official business.” Lesar, 636 F.2d at 487. They have an interest in keeping their names out of the public spotlight, avoiding harassing inquiries for access to sensitive information, and not being subjected to threats or attacks. See Hunton, 248 F. Supp. 3d at

257; Amnesty Int’l, 728 F. Supp. 2d at 523 (government employees “have privacy interests in the dissemination of their names”). On the other side of the scale, the only relevant public interest in a FOIA disclosure is to “shed light on an agency’s performance of its statutory duties” or to otherwise inform citizens about what their government is doing. See Amnesty Int’l, 728 F. Supp. 2d at 523 (quoting Bibles v. Ore. Natural Desert Ass’n, 519 U.S. 355, 355-56 (1997)).

In this case, the questions before the Court are (i) whether that public interest is served by compelled production of the identities of records custodians and junior-ranking Navy personnel who authored, received, or were copied on emails, memoranda, or other materials that have been redacted or withheld, and (ii) whether that public interest outweighs the privacy interests of the individuals involved. Plaintiff argues that, because

NEPA regulations require “preparers” to be listed in an environmental impact statement, Navy staff and contractors cannot claim any privacy interest. Whether all persons whose names have been redacted qualify, and were disclosed, as “preparers” is unclear. To the extent, however, that their identities are already known to plaintiff, no purpose would be served by simply naming them again. Rather, what plaintiff really seeks is information

about the role each person played in the crafting of the NEPA documents at issue. See Pla.’s Mot. at 19 (docket no. 32) (indicating that plaintiff wants to “understand each individual’s level of involvement” and to “track [their] participation in the preparation of the EIS throughout the process”); see also id. at 20 n.10 (asserting that a person’s identity correlates with the credibility and materiality of his or her comments).

The relevant CEQ (NEPA) regulation, which was recently renumbered and slightly modified, offers a framework for considering plaintiff’s FOIA request. It now reads: The environmental impact statement shall list the names, together with their qualifications (expertise, experience, professional disciplines), of the persons who were primarily responsible for preparing the environmental impact statement or significant background papers, including basic components of the statement. Where possible, the environmental impact statement shall identify the persons who are responsible for a particular analysis, including analyses in background papers. Normally the list will not exceed two pages. 40 C.F.R. § 1502.18 (effective Sep. 14, 2020). This version of the regulation governed when the Navy issued the NWTT Final Supplemental EIS/OEIS on September 18, 2020, but its predecessor also required that, “[w]here possible,” the various analyses in the EIS be traced to their sources. See 40 C.F.R. § 1502.17 (2019); see also 85 Fed. Reg. 43,304, 43,332 (July 16, 2020) (indicating that the second sentence was converted to active, rather than passive, voice). The Court has reviewed portions of the NWTT Final Supplemental EIS/OEIS, which is publicly available at https://nwtteis.com/Documents/2020-Northwest-Training- and-Testing-Final-Supplemental-EIS-OEIS/Final-Supplemental-EIS-OEIS, particularly Section 7 (List of Preparers) and Appendices J and K, titled, respectively, “Airspace Noise Analysis for the Olympic Military Operations Area” and “Geographic Mitigation Assessment.” Although the Navy has listed, as it must, all Navy employees and contractors who participated in preparing the NWTT Final Supplemental EIS/OEIS, along with their educational qualifications and years of experience, the Navy has not identified exactly who is responsible for the analyses of most interest to plaintiff, which

are set forth in Appendices J and K. The Navy is DIRECTED to show cause, on or before December 4, 2020, why it should not be required to disclose to plaintiff which Navy personnel and contractors developed Appendices J and K to the NWTT Final Supplemental EIS/OEIS. The Navy is further DIRECTED to file, on or before December 4, 2020, a declaration describing the content of the following records as to which plaintiff has requested in camera review:

(i) Bates Nos. NPCAII00002466–2466_0003, summarizing a call with Washington Governor Jay Inslee; and (ii) Bates Nos. NPCA00016314–73, titled “Frink-Comment.” See Ex. P to Byrnes Decl. (docket no. 28-16 at 15); Ex. O to Byrnes Decl. (docket no. 28-15 at 46). This declaration shall also explain why these documents cannot be produced in unredacted form. Plaintiff may include any argument concerning the Navy’s

submissions, as required in this paragraph, within the twelve-page supplemental response authorized in Section II.C.2.b of this Order (re: Attorney-Client Privilege). Similarly, the Navy may incorporate any discussion supporting redacting or withholding the materials outlined in this paragraph within the six-page supplemental reply previously allowed. The pending cross-motions for summary judgment are DEFERRED in part with

respect to the subjects set forth in the preceding paragraph. Otherwise, with regard to Exemption 6, the Navy’s motion for summary judgment is GRANTED, and plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment is DENIED. Plaintiff may not obtain, by challenging the Navy’s assertion of Exemption 6, what it cannot acquire as a result of Exemption 5, namely the insights into the deliberative process that might flow from knowing exactly who was corresponding with whom, on what timing, and about which subjects.

Moreover, the public has no interest in knowing the identities of records custodians, other than the three project managers primarily responsible for the NEPA documents at issue; those project managers’ names appear in the Navy’s declarations concerning its search for responsive materials, as well as throughout the Vaughn Indices. See Harrison v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 611 F. Supp. 2d 54, 65 (D.D.C. 2009) (deeming “frivolous” a FOIA plaintiff’s accusation that a search was inadequate because the persons conducting the

search were not named). Finally, the public’s interest in learning the identities of Navy personnel who are not listed as “preparers” in the relevant NEPA documents and who are not decisionmakers, but whose names (and perhaps email addresses or other contact information) appear on records responsive to plaintiff’s FOIA requests, is outweighed by those individuals’ privacy interests. See Amnesty Int’l, 728 F. Supp. 2d at 523-25.

Conclusion For the foregoing reasons, the Court ORDERS: (1) Plaintiff’s motion, docket no. 47, to strike portions of defendant’s reply, docket no. 43, as well as the declarations of Bradford B. Byrnes, docket no. 44, and Commander Erin Quay, docket no. 45, is DENIED.

(2) The Navy’s motion for summary judgment, docket no. 27, is GRANTED in part and DEFERRED in part. Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment, docket no. 32, is DENIED in part, STRICKEN in part as moot, and DEFERRED in part. The deferred portions of these motions are RENOTED to January 8, 2021. (3) With respect to Exemption 3, on or before December 4, 2020, the parties shall file a Joint Status Report in the form described in Section II.C.1 on Page 14 of this

Order. (4) With respect to Exemption 5 and the documents redacted pursuant to the attorney-client privilege, on or before December 4, 2020, the Navy shall file revised Vaughn Indices and a supplemental declaration as indicated in Section II.C.2.b on Page 19 of this Order. (5) With respect to Exemption 6, on or before December 4, 2020, the Navy shall (i) show cause why it should not be required to disclose to plaintiff which Navy personnel and contractors developed Appendices J and K to the NWTT Final Supplemental EIS/OEIS, and (ii) file a declaration as required in Section II.C.3 on Page 34 of this Order. (6) Plaintiff’s supplemental response (12 pages or less) is due by December 28, 2020, and the Navy’s supplemental reply (six pages or less) is due by January 8, 2021. (7) The Clerk is directed to send a copy of this Order to all counsel of record. IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated this 19th day of November, 2020. A Thomas S. Zilly United States District Judge