Nacarino v. Chobani, LLC

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: February 4, 2022
• Docket: 3:20-cv-07437
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 ELENA NACARINO, Case No. 20-cv-07437-EMC

8 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S 9 v. MOTION TO DISMISS THIRD AMENDED COMPLAINT 10 CHOBANI, LLC, Docket No. 54 11 Defendant.

12 13 14 I. INTRODUCTION 15 Plaintiff Elena Nacarino (“Plaintiff”) brings this putative class action against Defendant 16 Chobani, LLC (“Defendant” or “Chobani”) based in California consumer-protection law over 17 allegedly unlawful labeling on a Chobani yogurt container. See Third Amended Complaint 18 (“TAC”); Docket No. 51. Plaintiff now specifically alleges that the “unqualified ‘Vanilla’ 19 representation on the front of the packaging, which she relied upon in making her purchase, 20 violated FDA regulations in that the vanilla flavor of the Product is not independently derived 21 from the vanilla plant but rather contains other non-vanilla plant flavoring that simulates, 22 resembles, or reinforces the characterizing vanilla flavor of the Product.” Id. ¶ 7 (emphasis 23 added). Pending before the Court is Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s third amended 24 complaint. See Motion to Dismiss (“MTD”); Docket No. 54. For the following reasons, the Court 25 DENIES Defendant’s motion to dismiss. 26 II. BACKGROUND 27 The Court previously noted that this case was one of many recent putative class actions 1 exclusively or in significant part, with vanilla extract or vanilla bean. See, e.g., Clark v. Westbrae 2 Natural, Inc., 2020 WL 7043879 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 1, 2020) (“Clark I”); Cosgrove v. Blue Diamond 3 Growers, 2020 WL 7211218 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 7, 2020); Zaback v. Kellogg Sales Co., 2020 WL 4 6381987 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 29, 2020). Notably, many plaintiffs have focused on manufacturers’ use 5 of the term “vanilla” on product labels. See, e.g., Clark I, 2020 WL 7043879; Cosgrove, 2020 WL 6 7211218; Pichardo v. Only What You Need, Inc., 2020 WL 6323775 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 27, 2020). 7 Plaintiff’s counsel filed this case on behalf of Plaintiff Elena Nacarino and a purported 8 class of California consumers on October 23, 2020. See Complaint; Docket No. 1. After a 9 hearing on Defendant’s motion to dismiss the second amended complaint, this Court issued an 10 order granting in part and denying in part Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s second 11 amended complaint with leave to amend. See Order; Docket No. 48 (August 9, 2021). 12 According to the second amended complaint, Plaintiff purchased a container of Chobani 13 yogurt (the “Product”) at a Whole Foods grocery store in San Francisco, California, in 2020. SAC 14 ¶ 8; Docket No. 26. The Product is named “Greek Yogurt Vanilla Blended,” displaying what 15 Plaintiff terms the “Vanilla Representations” on its container : (1) the word “Vanilla,” without 16 qualifiers, on the front; (2) images of the vanilla flower and vanilla bean on all sides; and (3) the 17 following text on the back:

18 Carried from some far-off, exotic place, where a little flower became a little bean. And that little bean, suspended and unremarkable, the 19 cloak that conceals the magic within. Flavor like perfume, folded up in earthen envelopes, rich and warm and wonderful. Entirely vanilla, 20 gently opening like the blossom that began it all. 21 Id. ¶¶ 2-5 (emphasis added). Plaintiff relied on the vanilla representations in concluding that the 22 Product’s vanilla flavor comes “exclusively from ingredients derived from the vanilla plant, such 23 as vanilla beans or vanilla extract,” and in purchasing the Product. See id. ¶¶ 6, 8 (emphasis in 24 original). Plaintiff brought claims under (1) the unlawful prong of California’s Unfair 25 Competition Law (“UCL”), Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200 et seq.; (2) the unfair and fraudulent 26 prongs of the UCL; (3) California’s False Advertising Law (“FAL”), Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 27 17500 et seq.; and (4) California’s Consumer Legal Remedies Act (“CLRA”), Cal. Civ. Code § 1 disgorgement, injunctive relief, compensatory and punitive damages, and attorneys’ fees and 2 costs. See id., Prayer for Relief at 25. 3 In its August 9, 2021 Order, the Court held that no reasonable consumer would take the 4 Product’s use of the word “vanilla” on the front and the package’s vanilla imagery as indicating 5 that the Product’s flavor is derived exclusively from the vanilla plant, as the Product does not 6 display any statements “even arguably conveying that vanilla bean or extract is the exclusive 7 source of its vanilla flavor.” Order at 11-12. The Court emphasized that “[h]ere, the Product 8 nowhere asserts that it is, e.g., ‘made with all-natural vanilla’ or ‘100%’ vanilla, nor displays any 9 other statements even arguably conveying that vanilla bean or extract is the exclusive source of its 10 vanilla flavor.” Id. at 13. As such, the Court dismissed Plaintiff’s claims under the unfair and 11 fraudulent prongs of the UCL, the FAL, and the CLRA without leave to amend “since further 12 amendment would be futile, given the manifest implausibility of her deceptive labeling 13 claims. . . .” Id. at 15. 14 However, the Court found that Plaintiff “adequately alleged that the Product does not 15 comply with [21 C.F.R. §] 101.22(i), as she asserts that the Product’s flavoring does not derive 16 exclusively from the vanilla plant and that its label does not include ‘with other natural flavor’ in 17 compliance with the prescriptive terms of Section 101.22(i)(1)(iii).” Id. at 16. Section 18 101.22(i)(1) provides in its entirety:

19 (1) If the food contains no artificial flavor which simulates, resembles or reinforces the characterizing flavor, the name of the 20 food on the principal display panel or panels of the label shall be accompanied by the common or usual name of the characterizing 21 flavor, e.g., “vanilla”, in letters not less than one-half the height of the letters used in the name of the food, except that: 22 (i) If the food is one that is commonly expected to contain a 23 characterizing food ingredient, e.g., strawberries in “strawberry shortcake”, and the food contains natural flavor derived from such 24 ingredient and an amount of characterizing ingredient insufficient to independently characterize the food, or the food contains no such 25 ingredient, the name of the characterizing flavor may be immediately preceded by the word “natural” and shall be 26 immediately followed by the word “flavored” in letters not less than one half the height of the letters in the name of the characterizing 27 flavor, e.g., “natural strawberry flavored shortcake,” or “strawberry (ii) If none of the natural flavor used in the food is derived from the 1 product whose flavor is simulated, the food in which the flavor is used shall be labeled either with the flavor of the product from 2 which the flavor is derived or as “artificially flavored.”

3 (iii) If the food contains both a characterizing flavor from the product whose flavor is simulated and other natural flavor which 4 simulates, resembles or reinforces the characterizing flavor, the food shall be labeled in accordance with the introductory text and 5 paragraph (i)(1)(i) of this section and the name of the food shall be immediately followed by the words “with other natural flavor” in 6 letters not less than one-half the height of the letters used in the name of the characterizing flavor. 7 8 21 C.F.R. § 101.22(i)(1). As relevant here, this Section states that a manufacturer can label its 9 product as a “vanilla” product so long as it contains no artificial ingredients that provide the 10 vanilla flavor, although there are certain exceptions. Additionally, § 101.22(i)(1)(iii) “means that 11 if, for example a product does not contain enough real vanilla to independently characterize a 12 product’s vanilla flavor (hence, the product falls within (i)(1)(i)), and the product contains other 13 natural flavors which simulate, resemble or reinforce the vanilla flavor, then the label must comply 14 with (i)(1)(i) and have the word ‘natural’ precede ‘vanilla’ and it must also say ‘with other natural 15 flavor’ after the name on the food.” Clark v. Westbrae Natural Inc., 2021 WL 1580827, at *6 16 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 22, 2021) (“Clark II”). 17 The Court further explained in its Order that given the “allegedly stark differences in” the 18 mass spectrometry testing results on the Product and competitor products noted in the SAC, 19 Plaintiff “plausibly pled that the Product is not exclusively flavored with ‘real’ vanilla.” Order at 20 16. “The marked differences in vanillin levels between the Product and competitor yogurts 21 plausibly imply that the Product’s vanillin does not come solely from the vanilla plant” and as 22 such, the Court denied Defendant’s motion to dismiss with respect to Plaintiff’s claim under the 23 UCL’s unlawful prong which was predicated on the violation of the C.F.R. Id. at 17. The Court 24 specifically found that “the difference in aromatic compound levels and the disparity among 25 vanillin levels between the Product and competitor yogurts provide[d] an adequate factual basis 26 for [Plaintiff] to state a plausible federal violation and resultant claim under the UCL’s unlawful 27 prong.” Id. (emphasis added). 1 remedies that she requests under the UCL’s unlawful prong, as she lacks an adequate remedy at 2 law with respect to her request for injunctive relief but not her request for equitable restitution.” 3 Id. at 19 (emphasis added). The Court acknowledged that Plaintiff does not seek damages under 4 her UCL unlawful prong claim, but rather, she seeks an injunction and restitution and 5 disgorgement of all monies from the sale of the Products that were unjustly acquired. Id. at 20. 6 However, the Court noted that Plaintiff “does seek damages with respect to her unavailing CLRA 7 claim.” Id. Notably, the Court ultimately dismissed Plaintiff’s request for equitable relief with 8 respect to her claim for restitution or disgorgement under the UCL’s unlawful prong since “she 9 ha[d] not demonstrated that there is an inherent limitation of the legal remedy” of damages. Id. at 10 22. The Court emphasized that Plaintiff failed “to allege any specific facts—e.g., that she would 11 receive less compensation via damages than restitution—showing damages under the CLRA are 12 necessarily ‘inadequate or incomplete, and nothing in the record supports that conclusion.’” Id. 13 (citations omitted). However, since the Court was unable to conclude that amendment would be 14 futile, the Court granted Plaintiff leave to amend “to plead that damages are inadequate and that 15 she is thus entitled to seek equitable restitution under the UCL’s unlawful prong.” Id. at 23. Thus, 16 the Court permitted Plaintiff’s UCL unlawful prong claim to proceed, specifically as to her request 17 for injunctive relief. Id. 18 Notably, in its Order granting leave to amend, the Court acknowledged that the district 19 court in Elgindy v. AGA Service Co., 2021 WL 1176535 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 29, 2021), suggested that 20 a plaintiff could pursue equitable remedies under the UCL where such claims were “rooted in a 21 different theory” of liability and involved different factual allegations than her claims for damages. 22 Order at 22 (quoting Elgindy, 2021 WL 1176535 at *15). The Court noted that in the instant case, 23 Plaintiff’s claims were rooted in the same allegations that labeling the Product “vanilla” is 24 misleading to consumers and a violation of the FDA regulations. Id. 25 In response to the Court’s grant of leave to amend, Plaintiff’s Third Amended Complaint 26 (“TAC”) added the allegation that “Plaintiff lacks an adequate remedy at law because the UCL, 27 the only claim brought by Plaintiff, does not provide for damages.” TAC ¶ 53. Additionally, as 1 regulations, not because the vanilla flavor allegedly does not come exclusively from the vanilla 2 plant, but because the “vanilla flavor of the Product does not come independently from the vanilla 3 plant.” Id. ¶ 34 (emphasis added). As noted above, Plaintiff previously alleged that “[s]cientific 4 testing . . . revealed that the vanilla flavor of the Product does not come exclusively from . . . the 5 vanilla plant” with regard to her deceptive labeling claims that were dismissed without leave to 6 amend. SAC ¶ 36 (emphasis added). Plaintiff now alleges that the same “[s]cientific testing . . . 7 revealed that the characterizing vanilla flavor of the Product does not come independently from 8 vanilla extract or other ingredients derived from the vanilla plant” with regard to her FDA 9 regulation violation claim. TAC ¶ 20 (emphasis added). 10 Defendant claims that Plaintiff’s TAC should be dismissed primarily on the following two 11 grounds: (1) Plaintiff “has again failed to allege why monetary damages are inadequate, as 12 required by the Court’s order”; and (2) “Plaintiff lacks standing to bring her UCL unlawful claim 13 for injunctive relief” based on an intervening Ninth Circuit case In re Coca-Cola Prods. Mktg. & 14 Sales Practices Litig. (No. II), No. 20-15742, 2021 WL 3878654, at *2 (9th Cir. Aug. 31, 2021). 15 MTD at 2. Defendant also argues that if the Court declines to dismiss the TAC, the Court “should 16 strike Plaintiff’s new allegations that far exceed the scope of the Court’s Order granting leave to 17 amend.” Id. Finally, Defendant asserts that “there is an independent ground for dismissal of the 18 TAC in its entirety: Plaintiff fails to plausibly allege a violation of the UCL’s unlawful prong, 19 which requires that Plaintiff allege actual reliance and a resulting injury-in-fact.” Id. at 3. 20 III. LEGAL STANDARD 21 A. Failure to State a Claim (Rule 12(b)(6)) 22 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires a complaint to include “a short and plain 23 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). A 24 complaint that fails to meet this standard may be dismissed pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 25 Procedure 12(b)(6). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). To overcome a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss 26 after the Supreme Court’s decisions in Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009), and Bell Atlantic 27 Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007), a plaintiff’s “factual allegations [in the complaint] ‘must . 1 1123, 1135 (9th Cir. 2014). The court “accept[s] factual allegations in the complaint as true and 2 construe[s] the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Manzarek v. St. 3 Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008). But “allegations in a 4 complaint . . . may not simply recite the elements of a cause of action [and] must contain sufficient 5 allegations of underlying facts to give fair notice and to enable the opposing party to defend itself 6 effectively.” Levitt, 765 F.3d at 1135 (internal quotation marks omitted). “A claim has facial 7 plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable 8 inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “The 9 plausibility standard is not akin to a probability requirement, but it asks for more than a sheer 10 possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). 11 Claims sounding in fraud are also subject to the heightened pleading requirements of 12 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b), which requires a plaintiff bringing such a claim to “state 13 with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). To 14 satisfy the heightened standard of Rule 9(b), a plaintiff must identify the ‘‘who, what, when, 15 where, and how’’ of the alleged misconduct and explain how the statement or omission 16 complained of was false or misleading. Vess v. Ciba–Geigy Corp. USA, 317 F.3d 1097, 1106 (9th 17 Cir. 2003). The purpose of Rule 9(b) is to require that a plaintiff’s allegations be “specific enough 18 to give defendants notice of the particular misconduct which is alleged . . . so that they can defend 19 against the charge and not just deny that they have done anything wrong.” Swartz v. KPMG LLP, 20 476 F.3d 756, 764 (9th Cir. 2007). Rule 9(b) allows, however, that “[m]alice, intent, knowledge, 21 and other conditions of a person’s mind may be alleged generally.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). 22 Where a court dismisses a complaint, it “should grant leave to amend . . . unless it 23 determines that the pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.” Lopez v. 24 Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000). In making this determination, the court should 25 consider factors such as “the presence or absence of undue delay, bad faith, dilatory motive, 26 repeated failure to cure deficiencies by previous amendments, undue prejudice to the opposing 27 party[,] and futility of the proposed amendment.” See Moore v. Kayport Package Express, 885 1 B. Motion to Strike (Rule 12(f)) 2 Before responding to a pleading, a party may move to strike from a pleading any 3 “redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). The essential 4 function of a Rule 12(f) motion is to “avoid the expenditure of time and money that must arise 5 from litigating spurious issues by dispensing with those issues prior to the trial.” Wang v. OCZ 6 Tech. Grp., Inc., 276 F.R.D. 618, 624 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 14, 2011) (quoting Whittlestone, Inc. v. 7 Handi-Craft Co., 618 F.3d 970, 973 (9th Cir. 2010)). Motions to strike are generally disfavored. 8 See Shaterian v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 829 F. Supp. 2d 873, 879 (N.D. Cal. 2011); Platte 9 Anchor Bolt, Inc. v. IHI, Inc., 352 F. Supp. 2d 1048, 1057 (N.D. Cal. 2004). A motion to strike 10 should only be granted if the matter sought to be stricken clearly has no possible bearing on the 11 subject matter of the litigation. See Colaprico v. Sun Microsystems, Inc., 758 F. Supp. 1335, 1339 12 (N.D. Cal. 1991); Fantasy, Inc. v. Fogerty, 984 F.2d 1524, 1527 (9th Cir. 1993), rev’d on other 13 grounds, Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc., 510 U.S. 517 (1994) (“‘Immaterial matter’ is that which has no 14 essential or important relationship to the claim for relief or the defenses being pleaded.”). 15 Statements that do not pertain to, and are not necessary to resolve, the issues in question are 16 impertinent. Id. If there is any doubt whether the portion to be stricken might bear on an issue in 17 the litigation, the court should deny the motion to strike. Platte Anchor Bolt, 352 F. Supp. 2d at 18 1057. Just as with a motion to dismiss, the court should view the pleading sought to be struck in 19 the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id. 20 IV. DISCUSSION 21 A. Failure to State a Claim Under UCL’s Unlawful Prong 22 Presently, Plaintiff’s sole claim for relief is under the unlawful prong of the UCL. 23 Notably, Plaintiff specifically claims the Product’s label was “unlawful” under the UCL insofar as 24 it violated the Sherman Law, see Cal. Health & Saf. Code § 110100, which adopts and 25 incorporates the federal Food and Drug Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. § 301 et seq., and its food 26 labeling regulations, see 21 C.F.R. § 101 et seq. TAC ¶ 19. 27 Defendant contends that Plaintiff’s UCL claim should be dismissed in its entirety because 1 allege that her reliance on the Product caused her to be deceived such that she suffered an injury in 2 fact, and (2) fails to meet the heightened pleading requirements of (9)(b). MTD at 14-18. 3 Plaintiff argues that the “law of the case precludes reconsideration” of this issue since the 4 Court already found that Plaintiff “‘plausibly pled that the Product does not comply with 21 5 C.F.R. § 101.22(i) and thus violates the UCL’s unlawful prong.’” Opp’n at 4; Docket No. 55 6 (quoting Order at 15). Plaintiff states that the Court based its finding that she plausibly pled her 7 claim under the unlawful prong of the UCL on “allegations in the SAC that remain in [her] TAC.” 8 Id. 9 In its reply, Defendant emphasizes that “the law of the case is inapposite here” since 10 Plaintiff changed her factual allegations in the TAC and notes that the Court “only held that 11 Plaintiff alleged a violation of a federal regulation, but did not address whether [she] adequately 12 pleaded deception under the UCL’s unlawful prong, which requires materiality, reliance and 13 injury.” Reply at 11. Additionally, Defendant argues that “Plaintiff confirms that she is relying 14 on a strict liability standard—whether she adequately alleged a violation of 21 C.F.R. § 101.22(i)” 15 and emphasizes that this court and others in the Ninth Circuit have “rejected that theory for 16 purposes of stating a claim under the UCL’s unlawful prong.” Id. at 12. Further, Defendant 17 argues that Plaintiff failed to address its argument regarding the heightened pleading standard of 18 Rule 9(b) and therefore “effectively concedes the argument.” Id. at 13-14. 19 The UCL prohibits business acts or practices that are “unlawful.” Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code 20 § 17200. As the California Supreme Court has explained, the unlawful prong of the UCL 21 “borrows violations of other laws and treats [them] . . . as unlawful practices independently 22 actionable under section 17200 et seq. and subject to the distinct remedies provided thereunder.” 23 Farmers Ins. Exch. v. Superior Court, 2 Cal.4th 377, 383 (1992) (internal quotation omitted). 24 “Virtually any law can serve as the predicate for a section 17200 action.” Klein v. Earth Elements, 25 Inc., 59 Cal. App. 4th 965, 969 (1997). In order to state a claim under the UCL, while an unlawful 26 act may be predicated upon (and hence effectively incorporating), e.g., federal regulations, 27 standing under the UCL independently requires that the plaintiff is a “person who has suffered 1 Prof. Code § 17204 (emphasis added). 2 As noted above, the Court previously held that Plaintiff “adequately alleged that the 3 Product does not comply with Section 101.22(i), as she assert[ed] that the Product’s flavoring does 4 not derive exclusively from the vanilla plant and that its label does not include ‘with other natural 5 flavor’ in compliance with the prescriptive terms of Section 101.22(i)(1)(iii).” Order at 16. The 6 Court explicitly held that “since the Product’s label only includes the term ‘Vanilla,’ [Plaintiff] has 7 adequately alleged that the Product does not comply with Section 101.22(i)(1)(iii).” Id. Taken as 8 a given plausible claim of a violation of federal law, the Court turns to Defendant’s argument that 9 Plaintiff has failed to adequately plead loss of money or property as a result of a violation – i.e. 10 reliance (in the case of misrepresentation) as required by the UCL. 11 1. Plausibility of Allegations Pertaining to Reliance 12 Defendant specifically argues that “Plaintiff’s TAC fails to plausibly allege that her 13 reliance on the Product label caused her to be deceived such that she suffered an injury-in-fact.” 14 MTD at 14. Defendant claims that “Plaintiff cannot seek UCL relief—even under the UCL’s 15 unlawful prong—based on a strict liability theory” by merely pleading a violation of an FDA 16 regulation. Id. at 15. Defendant further notes that “[d]espite the Court’s finding that her 17 interpretation of the Product label was implausible as a matter of law, Plaintiff now alleges that 18 she ‘read and relied on Defendant’s label on the Product to believe that the characterizing flavor of 19 the Product was vanilla and that the vanilla flavor came independently from the vanilla plant.’” 20 Id. at 16 (quoting TAC ¶ 33). Defendant argues that Plaintiff “could not have plausibly reached 21 this conclusion given that (1) the front label states ‘vanilla,’ which the Court concluded ‘merely 22 indicates flavor and not an ingredient source,’ and (2) the ingredient list expressly provides that 23 the Product includes ‘natural flavors’ in addition to vanilla extract.” Id. (quoting Order at 10). As 24 such, Defendant asserts that “Plaintiff fails to plausibly allege that she relied on the Product’s 25 ‘vanilla’ label to conclude that the Product’s vanilla flavor ‘came independently’ from the vanilla 26 plant, and as a result of the alleged misrepresentation, was deceived and suffered an injury or loss 27 of money.” Id. 1 clear that where the essence of the claim is based on misrepresentations, “as a result of” under 2 Section 17204 “means ‘caused by’ and requires a showing of a causal connection or reliance on 3 the alleged misrepresentation.” Id. at 326 (citation and quotations omitted). The California 4 Supreme Court explained that because “reliance is the causal mechanism of fraud,” a plaintiff 5 “proceeding on a claim of misrepresentation as the basis of his or her UCL action must 6 demonstrate actual reliance on the allegedly deceptive or misleading statements.” Id. (citation 7 omitted). To satisfy the causation requirement, plaintiffs are required to plead and prove that they 8 actually relied on the statement at issue. See Great Pac. Sec. v. Barclays Capital, Inc., 743 F. 9 App’x 780, 783 (9th Cir. 2018) (citing Kwikset, 51 Cal. 4th at 326-27). Notably, this appears true 10 of all UCL claims, regardless of whether they are brought under the unfair, unlawful, or fraudulent 11 prong. Swearingen v. Late July Snacks LLC, No. 13-cv-04324-EMC, 2017 WL 4641896, at *2 12 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 16, 2017) (holding reliance is required to establish standing under the UCL 13 unlawful prong and granting the defendant’s motion to dismiss to the extent it seeks to dismiss any 14 UCL claim based on strict liability without showing reliance). 15 The test of reliance is not inherently based on objective standard. The reasonable 16 consumer test of reliance is a requirement under the UCL’s unlawful prong only when it is an 17 element of the predicate violation. The predicate violation here – California’s Sherman Law – 18 does not require reliance as measured by a reasonable consumer. As the Ninth Circuit in an 19 unpublished order in Bruton v. Gerber Products Company, 703 Fed. Appx. 468, 471-472 (9th Cir. 20 2017) stated, the best reading of California precedent is that California’s Sherman Law 21 incorporates standards set by FDA regulations, and the FDA regulations include no requirement 22 that the public be likely to experience deception. The Court thus reversed the district court’s grant 23 of summary judgment on the plaintiff’s claims that the labels were unlawful in violation of the 24 UCL. 25 Although this Court stated in its prior order that Plaintiff plausibly alleged a violation 26 under the UCL’s unlawful prong, see Order at 16-17, it did not address the question of reliance as 27 Defendant had not advanced the argument made herein that actual reliance under Kwikset must be 1 product whose characterizing vanilla flavor is independently derived from the vanilla plant” and 2 “read and relied on Defendant’s label on the Product to believe that the characterizing flavor of the 3 Product was vanilla and that the vanilla flavor came independently from the vanilla plant.” TAC 4 ¶¶ 32-33. Additionally, Plaintiff contends that had she “known the truth—that the label Plaintiff 5 relied upon in making the purchase was unlawful in that the vanilla flavor of the Product does not 6 come independently from the vanilla plant—[she] would not have purchased the Product at a 7 premium price or bought the Product at all.” Id. ¶ 34. Although given the Court’s prior 8 determination that no reasonable consumer would conclude the package implies the vanilla flavor 9 is derived exclusively (or independently) from the vanilla plant, Plaintiff has arguably sufficiently 10 pled her actual reliance resulting in her alleged injury in this case. 11 Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendant’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. 12 2. Heightened Pleading Standard of Rule 9(b) 13 Additionally, Defendant argues that Plaintiff fails to “satisfy the heightened pleading 14 standard of Rule (9)(b).” MTD at 17. Defendant specifically claims that Plaintiff “fails to explain 15 how she relied on any representations on the label to reach the illogical conclusion that the 16 Product’s vanilla flavor is ‘independently derived’ from the vanilla plant, based on the word 17 ‘Vanilla,’ and an ingredient list that includes both ‘vanilla extract’ and ‘natural flavors.’” Id. at 18 18 (emphasis added). 19 Notably, “[t]he Court looks to the ‘gravamen’ of Plaintiff’s causes of action to determine if 20 the causes of action are grounded in fraud . . . . Usually, violations of the Sherman Law and FDA 21 labeling regulations constitute misleading actions that are grounded in fraud.” Hadley v. Kellogg 22 Sales Co., 243 F. Supp. 3d 1074, 1098 (N.D. Cal. 2017). In Hadley, Judge Koh considered 23 Plaintiff’s similar admission that the “FDA regulations at issue are intended to prevent the 24 consuming public from being misled” in determining that Plaintiff’s unlawful prong UCL claim 25 was grounded in fraud. Hadley, 243 F. Supp. 3d at 1098-99 (dismissing UCL unlawful claim that 26 alleged a “bare technical violation” of federal regulations). As noted above, fraud allegations are 27 subject to the heightened pleading standard under Rule 9(b) and as such, “[a]verments of fraud 1 well as the circumstances indicating fraudulent conduct. Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA, 317 F.3d 2 1097, 1106 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting Cooper v. Pickett, 137 F.3d 616, 627 (9th Cir. 1997)). 3 Here, Plaintiff does explain how she relied on representations on the label to reach the 4 conclusion that the Product’s vanilla flavor is “independently derived” from the vanilla plant. She 5 explicitly alleges that she “read and relied on Defendant’s label on the Product to believe that the 6 characterizing flavor of the Product was vanilla and that the vanilla flavor came independently 7 from the vanilla plant.” TAC ¶ 33. Contrary to Defendant’s assertion, it appears that Plaintiff’s 8 allegations satisfy 9(b)’s how requirement. 9 Thus, the Court DENIES Defendant’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim on the 10 basis that Plaintiff failed to satisfy heightened pleading requirements of Rule (9)(b). 11 B. Adequacy of Legal Remedy 12 Plaintiff specifically alleges that she “lacks an adequate remedy at law because the UCL, 13 the only claim [now] brought by Plaintiff, does not provide for damages.” TAC ¶ 53. 14 Defendant argues that the TAC still fails to allege that monetary damages are inadequate 15 and argues that Plaintiff’s allegation that the UCL does not provide for damages is conclusory.” 16 MTD at 4. Further, Defendant states that Plaintiff failed to “add any factual allegations to explain 17 how monetary damages are inherently inadequate to redress her alleged harm and still ‘has not 18 demonstrated that there is an inherent limitation of the legal remedy.’” Id. at 4 (quoting Order at 19 22). 20 In her opposition, Plaintiff states that the “TAC is crystal clear that [she] relied upon 21 [Defendant’s] unlawful label, and her injury was monetary” and notes that she “seeks restitution 22 and disgorgement of [Defendant’s] ill-gotten gains, as expressly permitted under the UCL.” 23 Opp’n at 8. Plaintiff claims that Defendant is “ultimately tak[ing] issue with how, not whether, 24 Plaintiff has pled that she does not have an adequate remedy at law” and emphasizes that plaintiffs 25 are “‘masters of the complaint.’” Id. at 11 (quoting Caterpillar Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 26 395 (1987). Plaintiff argues that she “amended her allegations to show that there is an inherent 27 limitation on the legal remedy in that damages are simply not permitted under the sole unlawful 1 nor sought legal remedies in the TAC” and “argues that equitable restitution goes beyond the 2 damages available to her because Plaintiff has no damages available to her.” Id. 3 In its reply, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s assertion that “because the Court dismissed 4 her claim under the CLRA, she is unable to seek damages[,]” is “premised on a fundamental 5 misunderstanding of the law.” Reply at 3; Docket No. 57. Defendant states that Plaintiff 6 “misconstrues ‘inherent limitation’ to mean ‘unavailable.’” Id. Defendant emphasizes that “the 7 Court explained that Plaintiff’s ‘inability to obtain damages here results from her CLRA claim’s 8 failure on the merits; she has not demonstrated that there is an inherent limitation of the legal 9 remedy that renders it inadequate.’” Id. (quoting Order at 22). Defendant further claims that 10 “whether Plaintiff is able to pursue a CLRA claim for damages is irrelevant to this inquiry.” Id. 11 Defendant agrees that Plaintiff is the “master of her complaint” and notes that she “sought 12 damages in all three of her prior complaints” and that only “now she does not seek damages 13 because the Court dismissed her claim as inadequately pled. But whether or not her claim for 14 damages was dismissed on the merits or voluntarily, she cannot escape the fact that she sought 15 damages under the CLRA and her request for restitution is based on a loss of monetary value.” Id. 16 at 4. 17 “[A] federal court must apply traditional equitable principles before awarding restitution 18 under the UCL and CLRA.” Sonner v. Premier Nutrition Corp., 971 F.3d 834, 841 (9th Cir. 19 2020). This includes the equitable principle that in order to obtain an equitable remedy, a plaintiff 20 must lack an “adequate remedy at law.” Mort v. U.S., 86 F.3d 890, 892 (9th Cir. 1996); see also 21 Anderson v. Apple Inc., No. 3:20-cv-02328-WHO, 2020 WL 6710101, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 16, 22 2020) (“[The adequate remedy at law] principle applies squarely to an award of restitution – an 23 equitable remedy – under the UCL.”). Judge Seeborg explained in Sonner, “[i]n the Ninth Circuit, 24 the relevant test is whether an adequate damages remedy is available, not whether the plaintiff 25 elects to pursue it, or whether she will be successful in that pursuit.” Mullins v. Premier Nutrition 26 Corp., No. 13-cv- 01271-RS, 2018 WL 510139, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 23, 2018), aff'd sub nom. 27 Sonner, 971 F.3d 834. 1 against a company that marketed and sold a liquid dietary supplement, asserting damages and 2 equitable restitution claims for false or misleading advertising in violation of the UCL and CLRA, 3 based on allegations that the company’s advertisements and packages encouraging consumers to 4 use the supplement to help keep their joints flexible and lubricated impliedly promoted the 5 supplement as a remedy for pain and stiffness in arthritic joints. Sonner, 971 F.3d at 837-838. 6 Following the consumer’s amendment of the complaint to drop the CLRA damages claim on the 7 eve of trial, the district court granted the company’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim 8 and denied leave to amend the complaint to reallege a CLRA damages claim. Id. at 838. 9 On appeal, the Ninth held that the consumer was not entitled to equitable restitution for 10 violation of the UCL and CLRA since the consumer failed to establish that she lacked an adequate 11 remedy at law for false or misleading advertisement claims against the company and thus, the 12 consumer was not entitled to equitable restitution for a violation of the UCL and CLRA. Id. at 13 844. The Ninth Circuit noted that the consumer conceded that she sought “the same sum in 14 equitable restitution as ‘a full refund of the purchase price’—$32,000,00—as she requested in 15 damages to compensate her for the same past harm.” Id. The Ninth Circuit concluded that the 16 consumer failed to “explain how the same amount of money for the exact same harm is inadequate 17 or incomplete . . . .” Id. The Ninth Circuit further held that the district court did not abuse its 18 discretion in denying the consumer leave to amend her complaint for a third time to reallege a 19 damages claim for false or misleading advertisement under the CLRA against the company, 20 emphasizing that the consumer strategically chose to amend the complaint on the eve of trial to 21 drop the damages claim and seek only equitable restitution, the company opposed the request to 22 amend and argued that the consumer needed to establish lack of a legal remedy before seeking 23 equitable restitution and warned that it would bring a motion to dismiss on that basis, and the 24 district court cautioned the consumer prior to amendment about the risk she was taking in 25 dropping the damages claim on the eve of trial. Id. at 845. 26 Sonner teaches that a plaintiff, on the eve of trial, cannot create an inadequacy of a legal 27 remedy by eliminating its availability by taking volitional action. See Guzman v. Polaris Indus. 1 granting the defendants’ motion for summary judgment the court explained that the plaintiff 2 sought damages for violations of the CLRA in addition to restitution under the UCL in the second 3 amended complaint but failed to identify facts to establish an inadequate legal remedy and the 4 court noted that “the relevant question, however, is not whether [the plaintiff] has pleaded legal 5 remedies, but whether he could have sought an adequate legal remedy.”), appeal filed May 19, 6 2021 (No. 21-55520). Similarly, where the plaintiff had an adequate legal remedy but forsook it 7 (e.g. by failure to abide by the statute of limitations), the plaintiff cannot be said to have been 8 without an adequate legal remedy. See Guzman, 2021 WL 2021454, at *11. 9 Thus, while a plaintiff may not through actions within its control forsake an adequate legal 10 remedy and then claim it has no adequate legal remedy, thereby opening the door to otherwise 11 identical equitable relief, the analysis is less clear where the legal remedy has been denied despite 12 plaintiff’s best efforts. In particular, it is not clear whether the plaintiff must demonstrate there is 13 some structural impediment to an equivalent legal remedy (such as a statutory limit) as opposed to 14 e.g. a failure of factual proof on the legal claim. Although this Court in its prior order suggested 15 the plaintiff must demonstrate there is some “inherent limitation” on the legal remedy (Order at 16 22; Docket No. 48), other courts have indicated imposing such a burden at the pleading state may 17 be premature. The Court takes note of those decisions and refines its analysis, at least as it applies 18 at this pleading stage. 19 In Junhan Jeong v. Nexo Financial LLC, et. al., No. 21-CV-02392-BLF, 2022 WL 174236 20 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 19, 2022), in addition to several other claims, the plaintiff sought damages under 21 breach of contract and UCL claims, as well as restitution under the UCL and injunctive relief 22 under the UCL and CLRA. On a motion to dismiss, the court distinguished Sonner when 23 analyzing the plaintiff’s claim for restitution under the UCL at the pleading stage, noting that 24 “[c]ourts in the Ninth Circuit are divided on how exacting a standard Sonner imposes on plaintiffs 25 who plead claims for equitable remedies at the pleading stage.” Id. at*27 (citing Byton N. Am. Co. 26 v. Breitfeld, No. CV 19–10563–DMG (JEMx), 2020 WL 3802700, at *9 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 28, 2020) 27 (referencing an “intra-circuit split on the issue of whether courts may allow UCL claims to 1 absence of controlling authority, the court would allow the plaintiffs to plead UCL claims in the 2 alternative, even when other adequate remedies may exist) (citation omitted)). The court found 3 “that Sonner has limited applicability to the pleading stage because it pertained to circumstances in 4 which a plaintiff dropped all damages claims on the eve of trial” and as such, “provides limited 5 guidance for pleading claims for legal and equitable relief.” Id. In so finding, the court noted 6 other cases where courts “d[id] not consider Sonner to impose strict requirements at the pleading 7 stage.” Id. (citing Freeman v. Indochino Apparel, Inc., 443 F.Supp.3d 1107, 1114 (N.D. Cal. 8 2020) (“Plaintiff may allege claims in the alternative at the pleading stage. The equitable remedies 9 afforded by the UCL and CLRA are expressly stated to be in addition to other available remedies 10 at law.”); Byton, 2020 WL 3802700, at *9 (“[T]he Ninth Circuit's general rule is that plaintiffs 11 may plead alternative claims, even if those claims are inconsistent.”)). The court emphasized that, 12 “in light of Sonner’s limited applicability to the pleading stage, there is no binding precedent that 13 holds that pleading equitable restitution in the alternative is improper.” Id. Thus, “[g]iven the 14 general liberal policy courts have toward pleading in the alternative,” the court held that the 15 plaintiff could “proceed with his equitable restitution claim at this stage even though he is also 16 seeking contract damages” and that the court could “reassess at a later stage of the case . . . .” Id. 17 In Johnson v. Trumpet Behav. Health, LLC, No. 3:21-CV-03221-WHO, 2022 WL 74163, 18 at *3 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 7, 2022), Judge Orrick similarly ruled on a motion to dismiss that “because 19 Sonner was decided at a later posture, I agree with the plaintiffs that, if a plaintiff pleads that she 20 lacks an adequate legal remedy, Sonner will rarely (if ever) require more this early in the case . . . 21 [and that] it is too early to determine whether the plaintiffs’ legal remedies will ultimately be 22 adequate, so it makes sense to defer this determination.” 23 These ruling are consistent with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 which allows for 24 pleading in the alternative. Specifically, Rule 8 states that a claim for relief must contain “a 25 demand for relief sought, which may include relief in the alternative or different types of relief.” 26 Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(3) (emphasis added). See Sagastume v. Psychemedics Corp., 2020 WL 27 8175597, at *7 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 30, 2020) (“Sonner does not hold that plaintiffs may not seek 1 Similar to the plaintiff in Junhan Jeong, 2022 WL 174236, Plaintiff here initially pled a 2 claim for damages under the CLRA and a claim for restitution under the UCL. After the Court 3 dismissed Plaintiff’s CLRA claim on the merits, Plaintiff now pleads that there is an inadequate 4 legal remedy since she has no other basis to assert damages. See TAC ¶ 53. Moreover, as 5 discussed below, Plaintiff has added allegations that arguably distinguishes her UCL claim to 6 some extent from the prior CLRA claim. Thus, “[w]hile the Court may reassess at a later stage of 7 this case, it declines to trim out Plaintiff’s equitable restitution claim at this early stage.” Junhan 8 Jeong, 2022 WL 174236, at *27. The issue of Plaintiff’s entitlement to seek the equitable remedy 9 of restitution may be revisited at a later stage. 10 As such, the Court DENIES Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s claim for 11 restitution. 12 C. Standing to Seek Injunctive Relief 13 Defendant specifically claims that under In re Coca-Cola Products Marketing & Sales 14 Practices Litigation (No. II), No. 20-15742, 2021 WL 3878654 (9th Cir. Aug. 31, 2021), Plaintiff 15 lacks standing under Article III to pursue injunctive relief since her “conditional promise to 16 purchase a reformulated product is insufficient as [a] matter of law” and she has not attempted to 17 allege that she has or imminently will suffer from any “imminent or particularized harm.” Id. at 18 11. As such, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s UCL claim should be dismissed in its entirety with 19 prejudice. Id. 20 Plaintiff broadly asserts that “the law of the case precludes reconsideration of issues 21 already decided by this Court.” Opp’n at 4. Plaintiff argues that “Defendant identifies no proper 22 basis for this Court to reconsider its prior rulings that Plaintiff plausibly pled her claim under the 23 unlawful prong of the UCL and that she has standing with respect to that claim.” Id. at 9. Plaintiff 24 specifically argues that In re Coca-Cola does not constitute an intervening change in the law as it 25 simply reiterated the standing requirement of Davidson v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 889 F.3d 956 26 (9th Cir. 2018). Id. at 6-7. 27 Defendant argues that an “intervening change in the law” constitutes an exception to the 1 Cir. 2021) (the Ninth Circuit recognizes the following exceptions to the law of the case doctrine: 2 (1) the decision is clearly erroneous and its enforcement would work a manifest injustice, (2) 3 intervening controlling authority makes reconsideration appropriate, or (3) substantially different 4 evidence was adduced at a subsequent trial). Defendant contends that the Ninth Circuit’s decision 5 in In re Coca-Cola constitutes intervening authority warranting reconsideration. Defendant 6 specifically argues that “Plaintiff’s allegation[] that she ‘would likely purchase’ the product again 7 in the future if it was reformulated is insufficient under the Ninth Circuit’s recent decision.” Id. 8 As the Court previously noted, when seeking injunctive relief, the injury-in-fact 9 requirement is met when the consumer alleges that she (1) cannot “rely on the product’s 10 advertising or labeling in the future, and so will not purchase the product although she would like 11 to” or (2) might purchase the product again, “as she may reasonably, but incorrectly, assume the 12 product was improved.” Davidson, 889 F.3d at 969-70. Notably, the Court previously held that 13 Plaintiff had “standing to seek injunctive relief, albeit solely with respect to her claim under the 14 UCL’s unlawful prong.” Order at 18. The Court expressly found that Plaintiff had “standing to 15 pursue injunctive relief under Davidson’s first scenario, as she has alleged that she cannot rely on 16 the Product’s advertising or labeling, and that she will not purchase the Product again despite her 17 desire to.” Id. at 19. The Court emphasized that Plaintiff’s specific allegation that she “would 18 purchase the Product again in the future if the Product were reformulated such that the vanilla 19 flavor came exclusively from the ingredients derived from the vanilla plant or the Product were 20 not deceptively labeled” satisfied Davidson’s first prong. Id. (quoting SAC ¶ 9). Plaintiff 21 similarly claims in the TAC that she “would purchase the Product again in the future if the Product 22 were reformulated such that the characterizing vanilla flavor of the Product is independently 23 derived from the vanilla plant or if the labelling complied with federal and state regulations.” 24 TAC ¶ 8. 25 In In re Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola appealed a district court order granting class certification in 26 a multidistrict consumer action alleging mislabeling of Coke. In re Coca-Cola Products 27 Marketing & Sales Practices Litigation (No. II), 2021 WL 3878654 at *1. The plaintiffs claimed 1 public by using the advertising slogan ‘no artificial flavors. no preservatives added. since 1886’ 2 even though Coke contains phosphoric acid; and that Coca-Cola continues to mislabel its product 3 by not including a required disclosure that phosphoric acid is an ‘artificial flavor’ or a 4 ‘preservative.’” Id. The Ninth Circuit explained that “Davidson offered two non-exclusive 5 examples of threatened future harm a consumer complaining of assertedly false labeling might 6 plausibly allege: ‘she will be unable to rely on the product’s advertising or labeling in the future, 7 and so will not purchase the product although she would like to’ and ‘she might purchase the 8 product in the future, despite the fact it was once marred by false advertising or labeling, as she 9 may reasonably, but incorrectly, assume the product was improved.’” Id. (quoting Davidson, 889 10 F.3d at 969-70). The Ninth Circuit noted that two of the plaintiffs, Engurasoff and Dube, did not 11 specify whether they would want to purchase Coke in the future and concluded that “[w]ithout any 12 stated desire to purchase Coke in the future, [they did] not have standing to pursue injunctive 13 relief.” Id. at *2. Additionally, the Ninth Circuit noted that four of the plaintiffs, Ogden, Merritt, 14 Sowizrol, and Lazaroff, “submitted declarations stating that they ‘would consider purchasing’ 15 Coke depending on ‘several factors, including but not limited to what disclosures Coca-Cola 16 provided regarding phosphoric acid or any other ingredient in Coke, whether Coca-Cola removed 17 phosphoric acid, and what, if anything replaced phosphoric acid, and the price of [Coke] relative 18 to other beverages.’” Id. The Ninth Circuit emphasized that the “‘threatened injury must be 19 certainly impending to constitute injury in fact’” and held that “[t]hese plaintiffs’ declarations that 20 they would ‘consider’ purchasing properly labeled Coke are insufficient to show an actual or 21 imminent threat of future harm.” Id. (citations omitted). Additionally, as for two plaintiffs, 22 Woods and Marino, that asserted that “they would be interested in purchasing Coke again if its 23 labels were accurate, regardless of whether it contained chemical preservatives or artificial 24 flavors,” the Ninth Circuit concluded that this allegation of a bare procedural violation could not 25 satisfy the demands of Article III standing as it was “insufficient to demonstrate that they suffered 26 any particularized adverse effects.” Id. Thus, the Ninth Circuit held that none of the plaintiffs had 27 demonstrated the requisite harm or imminence required under Davidson, and as such, had “not 1 *3. 2 It appears that In re Coca-Cola explains and expands upon Davidson’s standing 3 requirement, and this is sufficient to warrant reconsideration. However, In re Coca-Cola does not 4 change the outcome here. It is factually distinguishable. The In re Coca-Cola plaintiffs either: 5 (1) did not specify whether they would purchase the allegedly mislabeled Coke in the future; (2) 6 alleged that they “would consider purchasing” Coke depending on several factors, including but 7 not limited to what disclosures Coca-Cola provided regarding phosphoric acid or any other 8 ingredient in Coke; or (3) asserted that “they would be interested in purchasing Coke again if its 9 labels were accurate, regardless of whether it contained chemical preservatives or artificial 10 flavors.” See In re Coca-Cola Products Marketing & Sales Practices Litigation (No. II), 2021 11 WL 3878654 at *2. In contrast to the In re Coca-Cola plaintiffs, Plaintiff here alleges that she 12 would purchase the Product again in the future if the Product were reformulated such that the 13 characterizing vanilla flavor of the Product is independently derived from the vanilla plant or if 14 the labelling complied with federal and state regulations. See TAC ¶ 8. Plaintiff alleges more 15 than “a bare procedural violation” and that the Court’s prior finding that Plaintiff establish 16 standing for injunctive relief still obtains. See Order at 19 (“Every consumer who satisfies 17 Davidson’s first scenario would purchase the contested product only ‘if’ it changed in some 18 way.”); see also Vizcarra v. Unilever U.S., Inc., 2020 WL 4016810, at *6 (N.D. Cal. July 16, 19 2020) (finding that the plaintiff had standing where she alleged that she would purchase an ice 20 cream product again “if it were truly flavored as labeled and advertised”); cf. Lanovaz v. Twinings 21 N. Am., Inc., 726 Fed. Appx. 590, 591 (9th Cir. 2018) (finding that a plaintiff lacked standing 22 where she only alleged that she would “consider buying” a product again). 23 Thus, the Court DENIES Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s request for injunctive 24 relief on standing grounds. 25 D. Striking New Allegations 26 If the Court does not dismiss Plaintiff’s UCL claim in its entirety, Defendant argues in the 27 alternative that the Court should strike Plaintiff’s revised allegations under Rule 12(f) for 1 equitable relief. MTD at 12. Defendant states that the Court’s “Order granted Plaintiff limited 2 leave to amend her complaint to plead that damages are inadequate.” Id. Defendant argues that 3 not only did Plaintiff fail to plead that damages are an inadequate remedy “but she added new and 4 different allegations to her TAC, in an effort to bolster her claim that the Product’s label fails to 5 comply with FDA’s regulations.” Id. Defendant emphasizes that “Plaintiff’s prior complaints 6 were based on her theory that [Defendant’s] label was deceptive based on her allegations that the 7 Product’s vanilla flavoring did not come ‘exclusively from the vanilla plant,’ [but now she] 8 contends that the vanilla flavor does not come ‘independently’ from the ‘vanilla plant.’” Id. 9 (quoting SAC ¶ 8, TAC ¶¶ 33-34). Defendant specifically states that Plaintiff’s “improper 10 amendments include the following allegations:

11 • Adding the image of the 5.3-ounce product label (id. ¶ 2), which was not included in the SAC; 12 • Repackaging her allegations that the Product’s vanilla flavor 13 does not come “exclusively from the vanilla plant” (SAC ¶ 8) to allege that the “characterizing vanilla flavor” of the Product is 14 not “independently derived from the vanilla plant” (TAC ¶¶ 7, 8, 32) or “does not come independently from . . . the vanilla plant,” 15 (id. ¶¶ 20, 33, 34);

16 • Removing images of the back product label (SAC ¶¶ 5, 26)

17 • Adding conclusory allegations regarding laboratory testing results of other products (TAC ¶ 28); 18 • Adding [the] allegation that Plaintiff purchased the 32 ounce size 19 Product (id. ¶ 7);

20 • Adding allegations regarding the source and characteristics of vanillin (id. ¶¶ 14, 22); 21 • Changing her purported “benefit of the bargain allegations” [] 22 from alleging that she was denied the benefit of the bargain because she would have purchased other products that “contain 23 the same or immaterially different amounts of real vanilla” (SAC ¶ 68), to alleging that she would have purchased other products 24 that “are properly labeled . . .” (TAC ¶ 50); and

25 • Changing her requested remedy from a request for injunctive relief to “commence a corrective advertising campaign” (SAC ¶ 26 69) to a request for injunctive relief ordering Chobani to “commence corrective action” (TAC ¶ 51). 27 1 amended complaint as a matter of course” and argues that Plaintiff’s new allegations are outside 2 the scope of the Court’s Order and an “impermissible attempt to change her factual allegations 3 without leave of Court as required under Rule 15.” Id. at 13. 4 In her opposition Plaintiff notes that she “took into account this Court’s analysis of 5 Elgindy” and states that all of her new allegations “stem directly from the Court’s Order 6 dismissing her deception claims and granting her leave to amend her complaint to plead that 7 damages are inadequate.” Opp’n at 13. Plaintiff claims that “[u]nder the unusual circumstances 8 of this case, where only the claim under the UCL’s unlawful prong survived, Plaintiff amended 9 her complaint in good faith.” Id. Moreover, she argues that striking her allegations would be 10 improper even if this Court finds that she exceeded the scope of the amendment the Court 11 authorized because “that by itself does not necessarily warrant striking the unauthorized 12 allegations.” Id. at 14. Further, Plaintiff states that nothing in the TAC is redundant, immaterial, 13 or scandalous, and “certainly nothing that is prejudicial.” Id. at 15. Additionally, Plaintiff argues 14 that she did “not put forth any new allegations of which Defendant was unaware or that increases 15 its expenditure of time and money from litigating spurious issues” and as such, there are “no 16 grounds to strike any of Plaintiff’s allegations in the TAC.” Id. 17 In its reply, Defendant argues that “[n]either Rule 12(f) nor Rule 15 permit Plaintiff to 18 impermissibly change factual or legal allegations beyond the scope of the Court’s order granting 19 leave to amend.” Reply at 10. Additionally, Defendant claims that Plaintiff “clearly prejudices” 20 Defendant “by revising her core allegations many months into litigation in her fourth complaint,” 21 but that even if Defendant was not prejudiced, the Court could still appropriately grant the motion 22 to strike. Id. at 11. 23 “District [c]ourts in this circuit generally allow plaintiffs to add new claims and/or parties 24 to an amended complaint where a prior order of dismissal granted leave to amend without 25 limitation.” Jameson Beach Prop. Owners Ass'n v. United States, No. 2:13–cv–01025–MCE–AC, 26 2014 WL 4925253, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 29, 2014) (citing Katz v. Cal–W. Reconveyance Corp., 27 09–CV–04866–LHK, 2010 WL 3768049 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 21, 2010)); see, e.g., Cover v. Windsor 1 omitted); DeLeon v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., No. 10–CV–01390–LHK, 2010 WL 4285006, at *3 2 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 22, 2010) (citations omitted); Topadzhikyan v. Glendale Police Dep't, No. CV 10– 3 387 CAS (SSx), 2010 WL 2740163, at *3 n.1 (C.D. Cal. July 8, 2010). “However, . . . where 4 leave to amend is given to cure deficiencies in certain specified claims, courts have held that new 5 claims alleged for the first time in the amended pleading should be dismissed or stricken.” Ketab 6 Corp. v. Mesriani & Assocs., 2:14–cv–07241–RSWL (MRW), 2015 WL 8022874, at *8 (C.D. 7 Cal. Dec. 4, 2015) (citing DeLeon, 2010 WL 4285006, at *3); see, e.g., Jameson Beach Prop. 8 Owners Ass'n, 2014 WL 4925253, at *3 (“[W]here a prior court order granted limited leave to 9 amend, [d]istrict [c]ourts in this circuit generally strike new claims or parties contained in an 10 amended complaint when the plaintiff did not seek leave to amend.” (citing Benton v. Baker 11 Hughes, CV–12–07735–MMM, 2013 WL 3353636 (C.D. Cal. June 30, 2013) and Crane v. 12 Yarborough, CV 05–8534–DSF, 2012 WL 1067956 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 29, 2012))). See also Raiser 13 v. City of Los Angeles, No. CV 13-2925 RGK (RZ), 2014 WL 794786, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 26, 14 2014) (district court dismissed the plaintiff’s second amended complaint because the plaintiff 15 continued to name several defendants whom the court had dismissed from the action and because 16 “many if not all of the changes in the second amended complaint exceed[ed] the scope of leave 17 granted by the [c]ourt . . . .”). But see Khan v. K2 Pure Sols., L.P., Case No. 12–cv–05526–WHO, 18 2013 WL 6503345, at *11 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 4, 2013) (“Exceeding the scope of a court’s leave to 19 amend is not necessarily sufficient grounds for striking a pleading or portions thereof.” (quoting 20 Lamumba Corp. v. City of Oakland, No. 05–cv–2712, 2006 WL 3086726, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 21 30, 2006))). “Thus, whether a district court will accept new claims and/or parties in an amended 22 complaint after a motion to dismiss will depend on whether the plaintiff was granted leave to 23 amend with or without limitation.” Jameson Beach Prop. Owners Ass'n, 2014 WL 4925253, at *3 24 (citing Urista v. Bank of Am., N.A., C11–03097–HRL, 2012 WL 10596, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 3, 25 2012)). “In all of these cases, courts looked at the specific language of the prior order to determine 26 whether or not leave to amend was granted without limitation.” Id. 27 As noted above, the Court’s Order expressly “[g]ave [Plaintiff] leave to amend her 1 restitution under the UCL’s unlawful prong.” Order at 23. In finding that Plaintiff failed to 2 demonstrate that there was an inherent limitation of the legal remedy, the Court noted that 3 Elgindy, 2021 WL 116535 “suggested that a plaintiff could pursue equitable remedies under the 4 UCL where such claims were ‘rooted in a different theory’ of liability that involved different 5 allegations that her claims for damages.” Id. at 22 (quoting Elgindy, 2021 WL 116535 at *15). 6 Further, the Court noted that Plaintiff’s various claims were rooted in the same allegations that the 7 labeling of the Product was misleading to consumers and a violation of FDA regulations. Id. 8 Defendant appears correct in that the Court’s order was somewhat limited as it specifically 9 granted Plaintiff leave to amend her remaining claim under the UCL’s unlawful prong to plead the 10 inadequacy of legal remedies with respect to her request for equitable restitution. However, by 11 now solely alleging a single claim under the UCL’s unlawful prong based on the new and different 12 theory that Defendant’s labeling violated FDA regulations since the Product is not derived 13 independently from the vanilla plant, Plaintiff took note of the Court’s emphasis on Elgindy (see 14 Order at 22). More specifically, since Elgindy, 2021 WL 116535 at *15 states that a plaintiff can 15 pursue equitable remedies under the UCL where such claims were rooted in a different theory. 16 The Court’s prior Order granting leave to amend was predicated on this. It appears that Plaintiff’s 17 new allegations pertaining to her new and different theory—that the Product’s vanilla flavor is not 18 independently derived from the vanilla plant—are permissibly within the scope of the Court’s 19 Order. As such, Plaintiff’s new allegations regarding laboratory testing of other related products 20 as well as her new allegations regarding the source and characteristics of vanillin arguably support 21 Plaintiff’s new theory. On the other hand, Plaintiff’s other new allegations — that she purchased 22 the 32 ounce size of the Product; that she is now seeking injunctive relief ordering Defendant to 23 commence corrective action when she previously requested injunctive relief to commence a 24 corrective advertising campaign; and changing her benefit of the bargain allegations to allege that 25 she would have purchased other products that are properly labeled — are not within the scope of 26 the Court’s Order granting leave to amend. Those allegations are thus struck. 27 The Court thus GRANTS in part and DENIES in part Defendant’s motion to strike 1 V. CONCLUSION 2 For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES Defendant’s motion to dismiss and 3 GRANTS in PART and DENIES in PART Defendant’s motion to strike Plaintiff’s new 4 allegations in the TAC. 5 This order disposes of Docket No. 54. 6 7 IT IS SO ORDERED. 8 9 Dated: February 4, 2022 10 11 ______________________________________ EDWARD M. CHEN 12 United States District Judge 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27