BardeeN, J.
The defendant county was proceeding to-erect its asylum under and by virtue of the authority conferred upon it by secs. 603, 604, Stats. 1898. Sec. 604 provides that, before proceeding to the construction of such buildings, the county shall prepare plans and specifications thereof, which shall be submitted to, and approved by, the-board of control. After such approval, the county board may adopt the same “ and proceed to contract for the construction of said buildings with the lowest bidder or bidders for all the work and material required therefor.” The complaint alleges and the answer admits that, with reference to the heating plant for said asylum, the plaintiff Mueller was. the lowest bidder, and that the county had let the contract therefor to the defendant Robbs, whose bid was $3 in excess, of Mueller's. One reason urged by the defendants in justification of their acts is that the law vested the committee [309] with a discretion in the matter, and that they had a right to determine which bid was most advantageous to the county, and that the courts have no right to question the reasonable exercise of that discretion. Undoubtedly, if their premise is correct, the rule suggested is the law of the land. When the powers conferred necessarily involve the exercise of discretion, the courts will not question its exercise except for an abuse equivalent to fraud. People ex rel. Belden v. Contracting Board, 27 N. Y. 378. See East River G. L. Co. v. Donnelly, 93 N. Y. 557. Many cases might be cited to this proposition. But does the statute invest the county authorities with the exercise of discretion ? It says the board may adopt plans and “ proceed to contract for the construction of said buildings with the lowest bidder or bidders for all the work and material required therefor.” The language is plain, simple, and easily understood. It is not open to construction. The duty of the board is ministerial and not judicial. It requires no exercise of judgment or discretion to determine which is the lowest bid. It is a mere matter of computation. The law says they may contract with the lowest bidder. Not with the bidder whose bid, in their judgment, is the most advantageous to the county, but with the person who will bid to do the work for the least money. The situation is entirely unlike the cases cited by defendants, where the authority conferred was to let the contract to the lowest bidder “giving adequate security,” or to the “ lowest responsible bidder.” In such cases the courts very properly hold that the power conferred implies the exercise of discretion, which will not be interfered with. In this case, however, the statute invests the board with a public duty, and points out the manner of its exercise. It can be legally exercised in no other way. The importance of strict adherence to, and literal compliance with, the mandates of the statute conferring the authority has been announced and reiterated by this court in no uncertain terms. It is entirely [310] unnecessary to repeat what has been said, and we will content ourselves with reference to the cases. Wells v. Burnham, 20 Wis. 112; Ricketson v. Milwaukee, 105 Wis. 591.
It will be observed that one of the reasons given for the strict enforcement of this rule is the prevention of favoritism and arbitrary action on the part of municipal authorities. This case affords a fair example of the dangers to be encountered by any relaxation from the strictness of this rule. Mueller had gone to the trouble and expense of traveling from Milwaukee to Eau Olaire; had no doubt spent some time in examining the plans; had submitted his bid and made his deposit, as required, assuming, as he had a right to, that the lowest bidder would receive the contract. Within the principle stated, he was clearly entitled to the contract, his bid being the lowest. But the committee thought otherwise. They believed, honestly no doubt, that they might survey the whole situation and accept the bid that was most to the advantage of the county. As they have set out in their answer, they believed that exigencies might arise when it would be more convenient for them and cheaper for the county to deal with a contractor who lived in their midst and with whose business methods they were familiar. The difference in the bids was but a trifle, and the loss to the county might be made up many times, during the progress of the work, by having the contractor at hand. This contention is specious, but fatal to open bidding and destructive of the very purpose of the statute. It opens the door to favoritism, stifles competition in bidding, and leads to abuses without limit. It makes no difference that the amount involved is small or that the injury to the county is insignificant. The moment you depart from the line which has been blazed, you strike a very wilderness. Each municipal body would become a law unto itself. Consideration of local pride, arguments of convenience, friendship to bidders, all would unite to the prejudice [311] of one and the benefit of another. A committee without any rudder but its own sweet will, or, as argued here, its reasonable discretion in such matters, might be guilty of many abuses, and yet find justification on the very grounds set up in the answer in this case. But the superlative objection may be found in its influence upon the bidding. If the considerations suggested were allowed to prevail, outside bidders would find little encouragement to compete against local contractors, and the scheme of competition by bidding would be reduced to the level of mere negotiation. ¥e therefore have no hesitancy in saying that the answer presents no sufficient defense.
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BardeeN, J.
The defendant county was proceeding to-erect its asylum under and by virtue of the authority conferred upon it by secs. 603, 604, Stats. 1898. Sec. 604 provides that, before proceeding to the construction of such buildings, the county shall prepare plans and specifications thereof, which shall be submitted to, and approved by, the-board of control. After such approval, the county board may adopt the same “ and proceed to contract for the construction of said buildings with the lowest bidder or bidders for all the work and material required therefor.” The complaint alleges and the answer admits that, with reference to the heating plant for said asylum, the plaintiff Mueller was. the lowest bidder, and that the county had let the contract therefor to the defendant Robbs, whose bid was $3 in excess, of Mueller's. One reason urged by the defendants in justification of their acts is that the law vested the committee [309] with a discretion in the matter, and that they had a right to determine which bid was most advantageous to the county, and that the courts have no right to question the reasonable exercise of that discretion. Undoubtedly, if their premise is correct, the rule suggested is the law of the land. When the powers conferred necessarily involve the exercise of discretion, the courts will not question its exercise except for an abuse equivalent to fraud. People ex rel. Belden v. Contracting Board, 27 N. Y. 378. See East River G. L. Co. v. Donnelly, 93 N. Y. 557. Many cases might be cited to this proposition. But does the statute invest the county authorities with the exercise of discretion ? It says the board may adopt plans and “ proceed to contract for the construction of said buildings with the lowest bidder or bidders for all the work and material required therefor.” The language is plain, simple, and easily understood. It is not open to construction. The duty of the board is ministerial and not judicial. It requires no exercise of judgment or discretion to determine which is the lowest bid. It is a mere matter of computation. The law says they may contract with the lowest bidder. Not with the bidder whose bid, in their judgment, is the most advantageous to the county, but with the person who will bid to do the work for the least money. The situation is entirely unlike the cases cited by defendants, where the authority conferred was to let the contract to the lowest bidder “giving adequate security,” or to the “ lowest responsible bidder.” In such cases the courts very properly hold that the power conferred implies the exercise of discretion, which will not be interfered with. In this case, however, the statute invests the board with a public duty, and points out the manner of its exercise. It can be legally exercised in no other way. The importance of strict adherence to, and literal compliance with, the mandates of the statute conferring the authority has been announced and reiterated by this court in no uncertain terms. It is entirely [310] unnecessary to repeat what has been said, and we will content ourselves with reference to the cases. Wells v. Burnham, 20 Wis. 112; Ricketson v. Milwaukee, 105 Wis. 591.
It will be observed that one of the reasons given for the strict enforcement of this rule is the prevention of favoritism and arbitrary action on the part of municipal authorities. This case affords a fair example of the dangers to be encountered by any relaxation from the strictness of this rule. Mueller had gone to the trouble and expense of traveling from Milwaukee to Eau Olaire; had no doubt spent some time in examining the plans; had submitted his bid and made his deposit, as required, assuming, as he had a right to, that the lowest bidder would receive the contract. Within the principle stated, he was clearly entitled to the contract, his bid being the lowest. But the committee thought otherwise. They believed, honestly no doubt, that they might survey the whole situation and accept the bid that was most to the advantage of the county. As they have set out in their answer, they believed that exigencies might arise when it would be more convenient for them and cheaper for the county to deal with a contractor who lived in their midst and with whose business methods they were familiar. The difference in the bids was but a trifle, and the loss to the county might be made up many times, during the progress of the work, by having the contractor at hand. This contention is specious, but fatal to open bidding and destructive of the very purpose of the statute. It opens the door to favoritism, stifles competition in bidding, and leads to abuses without limit. It makes no difference that the amount involved is small or that the injury to the county is insignificant. The moment you depart from the line which has been blazed, you strike a very wilderness. Each municipal body would become a law unto itself. Consideration of local pride, arguments of convenience, friendship to bidders, all would unite to the prejudice [311] of one and the benefit of another. A committee without any rudder but its own sweet will, or, as argued here, its reasonable discretion in such matters, might be guilty of many abuses, and yet find justification on the very grounds set up in the answer in this case. But the superlative objection may be found in its influence upon the bidding. If the considerations suggested were allowed to prevail, outside bidders would find little encouragement to compete against local contractors, and the scheme of competition by bidding would be reduced to the level of mere negotiation. ¥e therefore have no hesitancy in saying that the answer presents no sufficient defense.
The nest question suggested is that, under the facts presented, the plaintiffs are not entitled to maintain this action. The presence of the contractor Mueller neither adds to nor detracts from the rights of his coplaintiffs. They sue as taxpayers to redress their own wrongs and those of the public. The fact that their ultimate pecuniary loss may be almost infinitesimal is not controlling. Their right to sue is not based alone upon a direct loss to them in the ultimate winding up of the transaction attacked. It rests rather upon the fact that an illegal contract has been entered into which will require a large amount of the taxpayers’ money to satisfy. In other words, a debt has been created without warrant of law, and the money of the taxpayer is about to be used for its liquidation. Every taxpayer, great or small, has an interest in the disposition of county funds. Courts will not stop to balance differences or enter into computations to ascertain just how much the taxpayer will be likely to suffer, and then grant or deny relief according as they find his loss will be great or small. The principle stated in the recent case of Kyes v. St. Croix Co., write, p. 136, is applicable to, and governing in, this case; or, as is said in another case: “ The private person so suing must show something more than a mere speculative or threatened [312] wrong or illegal act. He must show an active or threatened invasion or destruction of a distinct right belonging to himself or to the body of citizens for whom he sues.” Linden L. Co. v. Milwaukee E. R. & L. Co. 107 Wis. 493. When this is shown, and it appears that a burden of debt is about to be illegally oast upon the county, the taxpayer’s right to sue is recognized, and the court will not stop to inquire whether his individual loss is great or small. In contemplation of a court of equity, the loss to the county would be the entire amount of the contract price to be paid on the illegal contract, and not the difference between the valid and void contracts. If courts should stop to balance up such differences, cases would multiply without end, and each court would be a law unto itself.
A clause in the contract provides that, “Should said committee, at any time during the progress of the work of said heating plant, require any alteration, addition, or omission from the work specified, the same shall be done, and shall not affect or avoid this contract, and will be added to, or deducted from, the contract price, as may be, by a fair and reasonable valuation.” Upon this the plaintiffs attempt to found an argument that it is an evasion of the statute, which says that the board shall prepare complete plans and specifications for the work. This “smacks of overrefinement.” It is the clause usually put in building contracts to enable the owner to make changes, correct mistakes, or cause additions or omissions in order to make the building more truly conform to its intended use. It must be construed reasonably, and, so construed, would, of course, limit the changes to such as would not substantially alter the character of the building or increase its cost to an unreasonable amount. See Kretschmar v. Bruss, post, p. 396.
By the Court.— The order appealed from is reversed, and the cause is remanded with directions to sustain the demurrer to the answer, and for further proceedings according to law.