OPINION
STOWERS, Justice.
We granted certiorari in this workers’ compensation action to consider whether under the facts of this case the death of a worker at his place of employment satisfies the “arising out of” employment requirement of the New Mexico Workers’ Compensation Act, NMSA 1978, Section 52-1-28 (Repl.Pamp.1987).
Plaintiff-respondent, Pilar Griego, is the surviving spouse of Robert Griego, decedent. On August 16, 1984, Robert Griego was employed as a loan officer by defendant-petitioner, Mortgage Investment Company of El Paso (MICO). Between 9:00 and 10:00 that morning, Robert Griego was shot to death while at work in his office. There were no witnesses to the shooting. For a period of approximately one year following Robert Griego’s death, respondent collected death benefits as provided by the Workers’ Compensation Act. After Angel R. Martinez pled guilty to the charge of voluntary manslaughter in the death of Robert Griego, respondent’s death benefits were terminated.
Respondent filed a complaint for restoration of these death benefits, claiming that Robert Griego’s death “arose out of” his employment with MICO and, therefore, his death was compensable under the Workers’ Compensation Act. Petitioners, MICO and The Home Insurance Companies, counterclaimed, requesting reimbursement of amounts received by respondent as a result of Robert Griego’s death.
After a trial on the merits, the district court entered judgment dismissing respondent’s claim and petitioners’ counterclaim. The trial court made the following findings: The decedent’s office was located in a public area, which was well trafficked and easily visible to the general public; the decedent did not work in a high crime area; Angel R. Martinez is the perpetrator in the death of Robert Griego; the reason or motivating cause of decedent’s death is unknown or unexplained, but may have been explained by Angel or Dorothy Martinez, husband and wife, had they been asked or subpoened to testify; respondent failed to produce sufficient credible evidence to establish that the decedent’s death was caused by a risk incident to his employment with MICO or that it was a natural consequence of that employment; respondent failed to produce sufficient credible evidence to establish that the decedent’s death arose out of his employment with MICO; and, petitioners failed to produce sufficient credible evidence that decedent’s death was motivated by jealous revenge on the part of Angel R. Martinez. As a result of these findings, the trial court concluded that respondent failed to meet the necessary burden of proof that decedent’s death “arose out of” his employment with MICO. And further, petitioners were not entitled to an offset or reimbursement for benefits paid. Respondent appealed and petitioners cross-appealed.
The court of appeals concluded that this case is controlled by Ensley v. Grace, 76 N.M. 691, 417 P.2d 885 (1966), because the trial court had determined that the cause of Griego’s death is unknown and unexplained. Under Ensley, the court reasoned, respondent was entitled to the presumption that Griego’s death arose out of his employment with MICO, and petitioners failed to rebut this presumption with credible evidence. The court of appeals reversed the district court’s decision denying respondent’s claim for death benefits and affirmed the denial of petitioners’ counterclaim for reimbursement. We granted certiorari, and now reverse the court of appeals’ decision on respondent’s claim for death benefits.
In order to establish liability under the Workers’ Compensation Act, a claim must be supported by substantial evidence indicating the existence of “an accidental injury arising out of, and in the course of [the worker’s] employment,” and that the injury must be “reasonably incident to [the worker’s] employment.” NMSA 1978, § 52-1-28. See also § 52-1-19. Whether an injury occurs in the course of employment relates to the time, place, and circumstances under which the accident takes place. Sena v. Continental Casualty Co., 97 N.M. 753, 755, 643 P.2d 622, 624 (Ct.App.1982). If the worker was not reason ably involved in fulfilling the duties of his employment at the time of his injury, he was not acting within the course of his employment. Gutierrez v. Artesia Pub. Schools, 92 N.M. 112, 583 P.2d 476 (Ct.App.1978). The necessity that an injury “arise out of” and be incident to a worker’s employment requires a showing that the injury was caused by a risk to which the worker was reasonably subjected by reason of his employment. Velkovitz v. Penasco Indep. School Dist., 96 N.M. 577, 633 P.2d 685 (1981).
The “arising out of” requirement excludes an injury which cannot fairly be traced to the employment as a contributing proximate cause; the causative danger must be peculiar to the work, it must not be independent of the relation of master and servant. After the event it must appear that the accidental injury had its origin in a risk connected with the employment and have flowed from the risk as a rational consequence. [Emphasis in original]
McDaniel v. City of Albuquerque, 99 N.M. 54, 55-56, 653 P.2d 885, 886-87 (Ct.App.1982). The burden of proof, however, is always on the claimant to show that the employee sustained an accidental injury in the course of and arising out of his employment. Clower v. Grossman, 55 N.M. 546, 549, 237 P.2d 353, 354 (1951); Sena, 97 N.M. at 756, 643 P.2d at 625.
Before trial in the present case, respondent and petitioners stipulated that Robert Griego’s death occurred during the course of his employment. Hence, the only issue which remained to be tried was whether his death “arose out of’ his employment within the meaning of Section 52-1-28.
“When an employee is found dead under circumstances indicating that death took place within the time and space limits of the employment, in the absence of any evidence of what caused the death, most courts will indulge a presumption or inference that the death arose out of the employment.” 1 A. Larson, Workmen’s Compensation Laws § 10.32 (1985) (emphasis added); accord Ensley, 76 N.M. at 695, 417 P.2d at 887. In Ensley we held that, because the facts were uncontradicted, evidence of an unexplained assault on the employee by her co-employee while she was at work at her usual place of employment did not rebut the presumption that her death arose out of the employment. Ensley, 76 N.M. at 696, 417 P.2d at 888. Thus, we based the permissive presumption of compensability applicable in that case on “logical” as well as “policy” grounds.
“Until the adoption of the Rules of Evidence in 1973, the law in New Mexico was that a presumption ceases to exist upon the introduction of evidence which would support a finding of its nonexistence.” Trujillo v. Chavez, 93 N.M. 626, 629, 603 P.2d 736, 739 (Ct.App.1979); see also Morris v. Cartwright, 57 N.M.
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OPINION
STOWERS, Justice.
We granted certiorari in this workers’ compensation action to consider whether under the facts of this case the death of a worker at his place of employment satisfies the “arising out of” employment requirement of the New Mexico Workers’ Compensation Act, NMSA 1978, Section 52-1-28 (Repl.Pamp.1987).
Plaintiff-respondent, Pilar Griego, is the surviving spouse of Robert Griego, decedent. On August 16, 1984, Robert Griego was employed as a loan officer by defendant-petitioner, Mortgage Investment Company of El Paso (MICO). Between 9:00 and 10:00 that morning, Robert Griego was shot to death while at work in his office. There were no witnesses to the shooting. For a period of approximately one year following Robert Griego’s death, respondent collected death benefits as provided by the Workers’ Compensation Act. After Angel R. Martinez pled guilty to the charge of voluntary manslaughter in the death of Robert Griego, respondent’s death benefits were terminated.
Respondent filed a complaint for restoration of these death benefits, claiming that Robert Griego’s death “arose out of” his employment with MICO and, therefore, his death was compensable under the Workers’ Compensation Act. Petitioners, MICO and The Home Insurance Companies, counterclaimed, requesting reimbursement of amounts received by respondent as a result of Robert Griego’s death.
After a trial on the merits, the district court entered judgment dismissing respondent’s claim and petitioners’ counterclaim. The trial court made the following findings: The decedent’s office was located in a public area, which was well trafficked and easily visible to the general public; the decedent did not work in a high crime area; Angel R. Martinez is the perpetrator in the death of Robert Griego; the reason or motivating cause of decedent’s death is unknown or unexplained, but may have been explained by Angel or Dorothy Martinez, husband and wife, had they been asked or subpoened to testify; respondent failed to produce sufficient credible evidence to establish that the decedent’s death was caused by a risk incident to his employment with MICO or that it was a natural consequence of that employment; respondent failed to produce sufficient credible evidence to establish that the decedent’s death arose out of his employment with MICO; and, petitioners failed to produce sufficient credible evidence that decedent’s death was motivated by jealous revenge on the part of Angel R. Martinez. As a result of these findings, the trial court concluded that respondent failed to meet the necessary burden of proof that decedent’s death “arose out of” his employment with MICO. And further, petitioners were not entitled to an offset or reimbursement for benefits paid. Respondent appealed and petitioners cross-appealed.
The court of appeals concluded that this case is controlled by Ensley v. Grace, 76 N.M. 691, 417 P.2d 885 (1966), because the trial court had determined that the cause of Griego’s death is unknown and unexplained. Under Ensley, the court reasoned, respondent was entitled to the presumption that Griego’s death arose out of his employment with MICO, and petitioners failed to rebut this presumption with credible evidence. The court of appeals reversed the district court’s decision denying respondent’s claim for death benefits and affirmed the denial of petitioners’ counterclaim for reimbursement. We granted certiorari, and now reverse the court of appeals’ decision on respondent’s claim for death benefits.
In order to establish liability under the Workers’ Compensation Act, a claim must be supported by substantial evidence indicating the existence of “an accidental injury arising out of, and in the course of [the worker’s] employment,” and that the injury must be “reasonably incident to [the worker’s] employment.” NMSA 1978, § 52-1-28. See also § 52-1-19. Whether an injury occurs in the course of employment relates to the time, place, and circumstances under which the accident takes place. Sena v. Continental Casualty Co., 97 N.M. 753, 755, 643 P.2d 622, 624 (Ct.App.1982). If the worker was not reason ably involved in fulfilling the duties of his employment at the time of his injury, he was not acting within the course of his employment. Gutierrez v. Artesia Pub. Schools, 92 N.M. 112, 583 P.2d 476 (Ct.App.1978). The necessity that an injury “arise out of” and be incident to a worker’s employment requires a showing that the injury was caused by a risk to which the worker was reasonably subjected by reason of his employment. Velkovitz v. Penasco Indep. School Dist., 96 N.M. 577, 633 P.2d 685 (1981).
The “arising out of” requirement excludes an injury which cannot fairly be traced to the employment as a contributing proximate cause; the causative danger must be peculiar to the work, it must not be independent of the relation of master and servant. After the event it must appear that the accidental injury had its origin in a risk connected with the employment and have flowed from the risk as a rational consequence. [Emphasis in original]
McDaniel v. City of Albuquerque, 99 N.M. 54, 55-56, 653 P.2d 885, 886-87 (Ct.App.1982). The burden of proof, however, is always on the claimant to show that the employee sustained an accidental injury in the course of and arising out of his employment. Clower v. Grossman, 55 N.M. 546, 549, 237 P.2d 353, 354 (1951); Sena, 97 N.M. at 756, 643 P.2d at 625.
Before trial in the present case, respondent and petitioners stipulated that Robert Griego’s death occurred during the course of his employment. Hence, the only issue which remained to be tried was whether his death “arose out of’ his employment within the meaning of Section 52-1-28.
“When an employee is found dead under circumstances indicating that death took place within the time and space limits of the employment, in the absence of any evidence of what caused the death, most courts will indulge a presumption or inference that the death arose out of the employment.” 1 A. Larson, Workmen’s Compensation Laws § 10.32 (1985) (emphasis added); accord Ensley, 76 N.M. at 695, 417 P.2d at 887. In Ensley we held that, because the facts were uncontradicted, evidence of an unexplained assault on the employee by her co-employee while she was at work at her usual place of employment did not rebut the presumption that her death arose out of the employment. Ensley, 76 N.M. at 696, 417 P.2d at 888. Thus, we based the permissive presumption of compensability applicable in that case on “logical” as well as “policy” grounds.
“Until the adoption of the Rules of Evidence in 1973, the law in New Mexico was that a presumption ceases to exist upon the introduction of evidence which would support a finding of its nonexistence.” Trujillo v. Chavez, 93 N.M. 626, 629, 603 P.2d 736, 739 (Ct.App.1979); see also Morris v. Cartwright, 57 N.M. 328, 258 P.2d 719 (1953). This theory of presumptions known as the “Thayer-Wigmore” or “bursting bubble” theory was eliminated when the 1973 Rules of Evidence were adopted by this court. Trujillo, 93 N.M. at 629, 603 P.2d at 739; accord Benham v. All Seasons Child Care, Inc., 101 N.M. 636, 638-39, 686 P.2d 978, 980-81 (Ct.App.), cert. denied, 101 N.M. 686, 687 P.2d 743 (1984). As stated by the court of appeals in State Farm Automobile Insurance Co. v. Duran, 93 N.M. 489, 492, 601 P.2d 722, 725 (Ct.App.1979):
Rule 301 ... provides that, * * * “a presumption imposes on the party against whom it is directed the burden of proving that the nonexistence of the presumed fact is more probable than its existence.” Thus the inference may continue to operate in an evidentiary sense even after introduction of evidence tending to establish the contrary, and may sufficiently influence the trier of facts to conclude that the presumed fact does exist.
See also Benham, 101 N.M. at 639, 686 P.2d at 981. In 1980 Rule 301 was amended to eliminate the shift in the burden of persuasion. Rule 301, now codified in SCRA 1986, 11-301 (formerly NMSA 1978, Evid. Rule 301 (Repl.Pamp.1983)), reads:
In all civil actions and proceedings not otherwise provided for by statute or by these rules, a presumption imposes on the party against whom it is directed the burden of going forward with evidence to rebut or meet the presumption, but does not shift to such party the burden of proof in the sense of the risk of non-persuasion, which remains throughout the trial upon the party on whom it was originally cast.
Our Rule 301 is patterned after the comparable federal rule, Fed.R.Evid. 301. According to the judiciary committee notes, a presumption does not vanish upon the introduction of contradictory evidence. Instead, it shifts to the party against whom the presumption is directed the burden of going forward with evidence to meet or rebut the presumption, but it does not shift to that party the burden of persuasion on the existence of the presumed fact. If the adverse party offers no evidence contradicting the presumed fact, the trial court will instruct the jury that if it finds the basic facts, it may presume the existence of the presumed fact. If the adverse party does offer evidence contradicting the presumed fact, the court cannot instruct the jury that it may presume the existence of the presumed fact from proof of the basic fact. The court may, however, instruct the jury that it may infer the existence of the presumed fact from proof of the basic facts. Fed.R.Evid. 301 advisory committee’s note.
The effect of the federal rule was to make clear that, while evidence of facts giving rise to a presumption shifts the burden of coming forward with evidence to rebut or meet the presumption, it does not shift the burden of persuasion or the existence of the presumed fact. The burden of persuasion remains on the party to whom it is allocated under the rules governing the allocation in the first instance. See Fed.R. Evid. 301 and SCRA 1986, 11-301.
Presumptions governed by the federal rule operate to avoid a directed verdict and to justify an instruction to the jury. 21 C. Wright and K. Graham, Federal Practice and Procedure § 5123 (1977). Nevertheless, the rule applies to civil nonjury as well as jury proceedings.
There are, of course, no instructions and no motions for a directed verdict in cases tried to the court. The motion for an involuntary dismissal at the conclusion of the plaintiff’s case is not the same as a directed verdict since the judge actually weighs the evidence rather than judging its sufficiency to support a verdict. Therefore, as a practical matter, presumptions in a civil nonjury trial under Rule 301 are little more than rhetorical devices; one can argue them to a judge but they have no mandatory effect upon his decision. [Emphasis aded.]
Id. (footnotes omitted)
Our rule of evidence imposes only a burden of production on the party against whom the presumption is directed. See Benham, 101 N.M. at 639, 686 P.2d at 981. In the instant case the presumption that Griego’s death arose out of his employment was directed against MICO. To overcome this presumed fact, MICO had the burden of coming forward with evidence to prove its nonexistence, namely, Griego’s death did not arise out of his employment. Whether or not MICO met its burden of production, the presumption did not disappear. And the burden of persuasion on the existence of the presumed fact remained throughout the trial on the party invoking the presumption. See SCRA 1986, 11-301.
The district court found that the production of evidence did not suffice to meet MICO’s burden of production in this case.
The burden that Rule 301 places upon the adverse party “of going forward with evidence to rebut or meet the presumption” is a burden that is similar to the burden of proof, in that whether it has been satisfied is left to the [fact finder]; it is the risk that if the opponent of the presumption does not come up with any evidence to contradict the presumed fact, the [fact finder] may choose to find in accordance with the presumption. * * * [If] the opponent introduces evidence to prove the non-existence of the presumed fact * * * [and] that evidence would not be sufficient to support a jury finding that the presumed fact did not exist, it would have the same effect on the presumption as no evidence at all * * * [T]he [fact finder] * * * may find the presumed fact, but is not compelled to do so. If, however, the evidence is sufficient to support a finding that the presumed fact did not exist, this evidence does not eliminate the presumption from the case * * *. [In that case] the [fact finder] may infer the existence of the presumed fact from proof of the basic facts.
C. Wright and K. Graham § 5126 (footnotes omitted).
The trial judge found that MICO failed to rebut the presumption. As the fact finder, he was entitled to presume that Griego’s death arose out of Griego’s employment. He was not, however, required to make this presumption, and upon weighing the evidence, he correctly resolved the issue against Greigo. The claimant did not meet her burden of persuasion that the death of Griego was work related.
We need not address the issue of whether petitioners are entitled to reimbursement of the death benefits paid to respondent, since this issue was not included in the petition for writ of certiorari. See SCRA 1986, 12-502(C)(2). For these reasons, the court of appeals is reversed and the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
RANSOM and BACA, JJ., concur. SCARBOROUGH, J., concurring in result only. SOSA, C.J., dissenting.