1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 SAN JOSE DIVISION 7 8 ANTHONY L. MORENO, Case No. 22-cv-04520-VKD
9 Plaintiff, ORDER SCREENING COMPLAINT 10 v. PURSUANT TO 28 U.S.C. § 1915A; GRANTING LEAVE TO AMEND 11 JOSHUA PEFFLEY, et al.,
Defendants. 12
13 14 Pro se plaintiff Anthony Moreno, a state prisoner, filed this civil rights action against 15 employees at the Correctional Training Facility (“CTF”). Dkt. No. 1 at 2. The Court granted Mr. 16 Moreno’s request to proceed in forma pauperis in a separate order. Dkt. No. 4. 17 For the reasons explained below, the Court concludes that the allegations are insufficient to 18 state any claim under the Fourteenth Amendment. Mr. Moreno may amend his complaint to 19 attempt to correct the deficiencies discussed below. 20 I. BACKGROUND 21 Mr. Moreno is currently confined at CTF. Dkt. No. 1 at 1. He brings this action against 22 defendants Correctional Officers L. Mendez, D. Naranjo, and Joshua Peffley for “intentionally 23 falsifying evidence” in validating him as an associate of the Mexican Mafia (“EME”). Id. at 4, 9. 24 Mr. Moreno alleges that on March 17, 2020, Mr. Peffley conducted a cell search and 25 confiscated several items. Id. at 8. Mr. Peffley then used some of these items as “source items” in 26 the validation package that he prepared on March 23, 2020 to establish Mr. Moreno’s affiliation 27 with the EME. Id. Mr. Moreno alleges that the evidence included a “fabricated address book with 1 claims that this address book was “fabricated” because there was no record that such an item was 2 confiscated from his cell by Mr. Peffley. Id. Mr. Moreno claims Mr. Peffley refused to afford 3 him an opportunity to rebut the evidence, as required under CDCR’s regulations governing the 4 gang validation process. Id. at 8, 10. On July 7, 2020, Mr. Moreno appeared before defendants 5 Mendez and Naranjo at a Security Threat Group Classification Committee and informed them that 6 Mr. Peffley denied him an opportunity to rebut the evidence and that the address book was 7 fabricated. Id. at 9. Nevertheless, defendants approved Mr. Moreno’s validation as an associate of 8 the EME. Id. 9 Based on the foregoing allegations, Mr. Moreno claims defendants violated his 10 “Fourteenth Amendment rights to due process and to equal protection.” Id. at 10. He also claims 11 defendants’ actions violated CDCR’s regulations for gang validation. Id. He seeks compensatory, 12 exemplary, punitive, and nominal damages, expungement of the gang validation from his central 13 file, and other forms of relief, including appointment of counsel. Id. at 11-12. 14 II. LEGAL STANDARD 15 A federal court must conduct a preliminary screening in any case in which a prisoner seeks 16 redress from a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. See 28 U.S.C. 17 § 1915A(a). A court may dismiss a case filed without the payment of the filing fee whenever it 18 determines that the action “(i) is frivolous or malicious; (ii) fails to state a claim on which relief 19 may be granted; or (iii) seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such 20 relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i)-(iii). In conducting its review, the Court must identify any 21 cognizable claims and dismiss any claims that are frivolous, malicious, fail to state a claim upon 22 which relief may be granted, or seek monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such 23 relief. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1), (2). Pro se pleadings must be liberally construed. See 24 Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1988); Jackson v. Carey, 353 F.3d 25 750, 757 (9th Cir. 2003). 26 Section 1983 “provides a cause of action for the ‘deprivation of any rights, privileges, or 27 immunities secured by the Constitution and laws’ of the United States.” Wilder v. Virginia Hosp. 1 substantive rights, but merely provides a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere 2 conferred. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393-94 (1989). To state a claim under § 1983, a 3 plaintiff must allege two essential elements: (1) that a right secured by the Constitution or laws of 4 the United States was violated, and (2) that the alleged violation was committed by a person acting 5 under the color of state law. See West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988). 6 Additionally, a complaint must include facts that are “more than labels and conclusions, 7 and formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. 8 Twombly, 550 U.S. 554, 555 (2007). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, 9 supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 10 (2009). Only plausible claims for relief will survive a motion to dismiss. Id. at 679. A claim is 11 plausible if the facts pled permit the court to draw a reasonable inference that the defendant is 12 liable for the alleged misconduct. Id. A plaintiff does not have to provide detailed facts, but the 13 pleading must include “more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me 14 accusation.” Id. at 678. 15 III. DISCUSSION 16 Mr. Moreno contends that his rights to due process and equal protection under the 17 Fourteenth Amendment were violated. He also contends that defendants failed to adhere to 18 CDCR’s regulations for gang validation. The Court considers these claims below. 19 A. Due Process 20 Interests protected by the Due Process Clause may arise from two sources – the Due 21 Process Clause itself and laws of the states. See Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. 215, 223-27 (1976). 22 Changes in conditions so severe as to affect the sentence imposed in an unexpected manner 23 implicate the Due Process Clause itself, whether or not they are authorized by state law. See 24 Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 484 (1995). Deprivations that are authorized by state law and are 25 less severe or more closely related to the expected terms of confinement may also amount to 26 deprivations of a procedurally protected liberty interest, provided that (1) state statutes or 27 regulations narrowly restrict the power of prison officials to impose the deprivation, i.e., give the 1 at 477-87. Generally, “real substance” will be limited to freedom from (1) a restraint that imposes 2 “atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life,” 3 id. at 484, or (2) state action that “will inevitably affect the duration of [a] sentence,” id. at 487. If 4 the alleged deprivation does not amount to punishment and there is no state statute or regulation 5 from which the interest could arise, no procedural due process claim is stated and the claim should 6 be dismissed. See Meachum, 427 U.S. at 223-27. 7 Mr. Moreno claims that the denial of an opportunity to rebut the evidence against him 8 violated due process under the Fourteenth Amendment. But before the Court can determine what 9 process was due, Mr. Moreno must establish that he had a protected interest that was taken away.
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1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 SAN JOSE DIVISION 7 8 ANTHONY L. MORENO, Case No. 22-cv-04520-VKD
9 Plaintiff, ORDER SCREENING COMPLAINT 10 v. PURSUANT TO 28 U.S.C. § 1915A; GRANTING LEAVE TO AMEND 11 JOSHUA PEFFLEY, et al.,
Defendants. 12
13 14 Pro se plaintiff Anthony Moreno, a state prisoner, filed this civil rights action against 15 employees at the Correctional Training Facility (“CTF”). Dkt. No. 1 at 2. The Court granted Mr. 16 Moreno’s request to proceed in forma pauperis in a separate order. Dkt. No. 4. 17 For the reasons explained below, the Court concludes that the allegations are insufficient to 18 state any claim under the Fourteenth Amendment. Mr. Moreno may amend his complaint to 19 attempt to correct the deficiencies discussed below. 20 I. BACKGROUND 21 Mr. Moreno is currently confined at CTF. Dkt. No. 1 at 1. He brings this action against 22 defendants Correctional Officers L. Mendez, D. Naranjo, and Joshua Peffley for “intentionally 23 falsifying evidence” in validating him as an associate of the Mexican Mafia (“EME”). Id. at 4, 9. 24 Mr. Moreno alleges that on March 17, 2020, Mr. Peffley conducted a cell search and 25 confiscated several items. Id. at 8. Mr. Peffley then used some of these items as “source items” in 26 the validation package that he prepared on March 23, 2020 to establish Mr. Moreno’s affiliation 27 with the EME. Id. Mr. Moreno alleges that the evidence included a “fabricated address book with 1 claims that this address book was “fabricated” because there was no record that such an item was 2 confiscated from his cell by Mr. Peffley. Id. Mr. Moreno claims Mr. Peffley refused to afford 3 him an opportunity to rebut the evidence, as required under CDCR’s regulations governing the 4 gang validation process. Id. at 8, 10. On July 7, 2020, Mr. Moreno appeared before defendants 5 Mendez and Naranjo at a Security Threat Group Classification Committee and informed them that 6 Mr. Peffley denied him an opportunity to rebut the evidence and that the address book was 7 fabricated. Id. at 9. Nevertheless, defendants approved Mr. Moreno’s validation as an associate of 8 the EME. Id. 9 Based on the foregoing allegations, Mr. Moreno claims defendants violated his 10 “Fourteenth Amendment rights to due process and to equal protection.” Id. at 10. He also claims 11 defendants’ actions violated CDCR’s regulations for gang validation. Id. He seeks compensatory, 12 exemplary, punitive, and nominal damages, expungement of the gang validation from his central 13 file, and other forms of relief, including appointment of counsel. Id. at 11-12. 14 II. LEGAL STANDARD 15 A federal court must conduct a preliminary screening in any case in which a prisoner seeks 16 redress from a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. See 28 U.S.C. 17 § 1915A(a). A court may dismiss a case filed without the payment of the filing fee whenever it 18 determines that the action “(i) is frivolous or malicious; (ii) fails to state a claim on which relief 19 may be granted; or (iii) seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such 20 relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i)-(iii). In conducting its review, the Court must identify any 21 cognizable claims and dismiss any claims that are frivolous, malicious, fail to state a claim upon 22 which relief may be granted, or seek monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such 23 relief. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1), (2). Pro se pleadings must be liberally construed. See 24 Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1988); Jackson v. Carey, 353 F.3d 25 750, 757 (9th Cir. 2003). 26 Section 1983 “provides a cause of action for the ‘deprivation of any rights, privileges, or 27 immunities secured by the Constitution and laws’ of the United States.” Wilder v. Virginia Hosp. 1 substantive rights, but merely provides a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere 2 conferred. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393-94 (1989). To state a claim under § 1983, a 3 plaintiff must allege two essential elements: (1) that a right secured by the Constitution or laws of 4 the United States was violated, and (2) that the alleged violation was committed by a person acting 5 under the color of state law. See West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988). 6 Additionally, a complaint must include facts that are “more than labels and conclusions, 7 and formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. 8 Twombly, 550 U.S. 554, 555 (2007). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, 9 supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 10 (2009). Only plausible claims for relief will survive a motion to dismiss. Id. at 679. A claim is 11 plausible if the facts pled permit the court to draw a reasonable inference that the defendant is 12 liable for the alleged misconduct. Id. A plaintiff does not have to provide detailed facts, but the 13 pleading must include “more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me 14 accusation.” Id. at 678. 15 III. DISCUSSION 16 Mr. Moreno contends that his rights to due process and equal protection under the 17 Fourteenth Amendment were violated. He also contends that defendants failed to adhere to 18 CDCR’s regulations for gang validation. The Court considers these claims below. 19 A. Due Process 20 Interests protected by the Due Process Clause may arise from two sources – the Due 21 Process Clause itself and laws of the states. See Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. 215, 223-27 (1976). 22 Changes in conditions so severe as to affect the sentence imposed in an unexpected manner 23 implicate the Due Process Clause itself, whether or not they are authorized by state law. See 24 Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 484 (1995). Deprivations that are authorized by state law and are 25 less severe or more closely related to the expected terms of confinement may also amount to 26 deprivations of a procedurally protected liberty interest, provided that (1) state statutes or 27 regulations narrowly restrict the power of prison officials to impose the deprivation, i.e., give the 1 at 477-87. Generally, “real substance” will be limited to freedom from (1) a restraint that imposes 2 “atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life,” 3 id. at 484, or (2) state action that “will inevitably affect the duration of [a] sentence,” id. at 487. If 4 the alleged deprivation does not amount to punishment and there is no state statute or regulation 5 from which the interest could arise, no procedural due process claim is stated and the claim should 6 be dismissed. See Meachum, 427 U.S. at 223-27. 7 Mr. Moreno claims that the denial of an opportunity to rebut the evidence against him 8 violated due process under the Fourteenth Amendment. But before the Court can determine what 9 process was due, Mr. Moreno must establish that he had a protected interest that was taken away. 10 Specifically, he must allege that he suffered a deprivation of “real substance” under Sandin 11 because of the gang validation. However, the complaint contains no allegation of any deprivation 12 that amounts to punishment or significant hardship, such as a move to more restrictive housing. 13 For example, if the gang validation caused Mr. Moreno’s placement in the Security Housing Unit 14 (“SHU”), he must allege that such a change amounts to an “atypical and significant hardship.” 15 See, e.g., Wilkinson v. Austin, 545 U.S. 209, 223-25 (2005) (indefinite placement in Ohio’s 16 “supermax” facility, where inmates are not eligible for parole consideration, constitutes an 17 “atypical and significant hardship within the correctional context”); Bruce v. Ylst, 351 F.3d 1283, 18 1287-1288 (9th Cir. 2003) (finding CDCR’s prior gang validation regulations creates due process 19 liberty interest in not being placed indefinitely in the SHU unless decision supported by “some 20 evidence”). Sandin requires a factual comparison between conditions in the plaintiff’s former 21 status and his new status, examining the hardship caused by the challenged action in relation to the 22 basic conditions of life as a prisoner. Jackson v. Carey, 353 F.3d 750, 755 (9th Cir. 2003). 23 Mr. Moreno may file an amended complaint to attempt to cure this deficiency to state a 24 cognizable due process claim. 25 B. Equal Protection 26 “The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment commands that no State shall 27 deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, which is essentially a 1 Living Center, 473 U.S. 432, 439 (1985). A plaintiff alleging denial of equal protection based on 2 race or other suspect classification must plead intentional unlawful discrimination or allege facts 3 that are at least susceptible of an inference of discriminatory intent. Monteiro v. Tempe Union 4 High School Dist., 158 F.3d 1022, 1026 (9th Cir. 1998). To state a claim for relief, the plaintiff 5 must allege that the defendant state actor acted at least in part because of the plaintiff’s 6 membership in a protected class. Furnace v. Sullivan, 705 F.3d 1021, 1030 (9th Cir. 2013); 7 Serrano v. Francis, 345 F.3d 1071, 1081-82 (9th Cir. 2003); see also Byrd v. Maricopa Cnty. 8 Sheriff's Dep't, 629 F.3d 1135, 1140 (9th Cir. 2011) (en banc) (claim that alleged harmful 9 treatment but mentioned nothing about disparate treatment was properly dismissed). 10 Mr. Moreno mentions equal protection once in the complaint and in the same context in 11 which he claims that his Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated. Dkt. No. 1 at 10. As stated 12 above, the complaint must include “more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed- 13 me accusation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Here, the complaint contains no allegations to support an 14 equal protection claim, i.e., that Mr. Moreno is a member of a protected class and that the named 15 defendants discriminated against him because of his membership in that class. See Furnace, 705 16 F.3d at 1030. 17 Mr. Moreno may file an amended complaint to attempt to cure this deficiency. 18 C. CDCR Regulations for Gang Validation 19 Mr. Moreno’s claim that defendants violated CDCR regulations for gang validation by 20 denying him an opportunity to rebut the evidence is grounded only in state law and not cognizable 21 under § 1983. However, because this claim is related to the due process claim discussed above 22 and therefore part of the same case or controversy, the Court can exercise supplemental 23 jurisdiction over this related claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1367, but only if Mr. Moreno is able to plead 24 sufficient facts to state a cognizable due process claim and he includes this state claim in an 25 amended complaint. 26 Accordingly, Mr. Moreno may included this claim in an amended complaint. 27 D. Request for Appointment of Counsel 1 a “lay-person and unskilled at law.” Dkt. No. 1 at 12. 2 There is no constitutional right to counsel in a civil case unless an indigent litigant may 3 lose his physical liberty if he loses the litigation. See Lassiter v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 452 U.S. 18, 4 25 (1981); Rand v. Rowland, 113 F.3d 1520, 1525 (9th Cir. 1997) (no constitutional right to 5 counsel in § 1983 action), withdrawn in part on other grounds on reh’g en banc, 154 F.3d 952 6 (9th Cir. 1998) (en banc). The decision to request counsel to represent an indigent litigant under 7 § 1915 is within “the sound discretion of the trial court and is granted only in exceptional 8 circumstances.” Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1236 (9th Cir. 1984). Here, the challenges 9 Mr. Moreno describes do not amount to the kind of exceptional circumstances that warrant 10 appointment of counsel at this time. Accordingly, his request is denied. See Agyeman v. Corr. 11 Corp. of Am., 390 F.3d 1101, 1103 (9th Cir. 2004); Rand, 113 F.3d at 1525; Terrell v. Brewer, 935 12 F.2d 1015, 1017 (9th Cir. 1991); Wilborn v. Escalderon, 789 F.2d 1328, 1331 (9th Cir. 1986). 13 This denial is without prejudice to the Court’s sua sponte appointment of counsel at a future date 14 should the circumstances of this case warrant such appointment. 15 IV. CONCLUSION 16 After screening the complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A, the Court finds that the due 17 process and equal protections claims under the Fourteenth Amendment are deficiently pled. 18 Mr. Moreno may file an amended complaint to attempt to correct the deficiencies 19 discussed above by no later than January 13, 2023. The amended complaint must include the 20 caption and civil case number used in this order, Case No. C 22-cv-04520 VKD, and the words 21 “AMENDED COMPLAINT” on the first page. If using the court form complaint, Mr. Moreno 22 must answer all the questions on the form in order for the action to proceed. 23 Mr. Moreno is advised that the amended complaint will supersede the original complaint, 24 the latter being treated thereafter as non-existent. Ramirez v. Cty. of San Bernardino, 806 F.3d 25 1002, 1008 (9th Cir. 2015). Consequently, claims not included in an amended complaint are no 26 longer claims and defendants not named in an amended complaint are no longer defendants. See 27 Ferdik v. Bonzelet, 963 F.2d 1258, 1262 (9th Cir. 1992). 1 to cure all defects described above, the Court may issue an order reassigning the case to a district 2 || judge with a recommendation that the complaint be dismissed in whole or in part for failure to 3 state a cognizable claim. 4 The Clerk of the Court shall include two copies of the Court’s form complaint with a copy 5 of this order to Mr. Moreno. 6 IT IS SO ORDERED. 7 Dated: December 14, 2022 8 . 28 □ 9 VIRGINIA K. DEMARCHI 10 United States Magistrate Judge 11 12
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