Montijo v. Amazon.com Services LLC

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: November 3, 2022
• Docket: 1:22-cv-00084
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10

11 LUIS MONTIJO, Case No. 1:22-cv-00084-ADA-SAB

12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDING GRANTING 13 v. DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO DISMISS, STAY, OR TRANSFER; RECOMMENDING 14 AMAZON.COM SERVICES LLC, TRANSFER TO CENTRAL DISTRICT; AND RECOMMENDING DENYING 15 Defendant. ALTERNATIVE MOTIONS TO STAY OR DISMISS AS MOOT 16 (ECF Nos. 13, 14, 16, 17, 25, 26) 17 OBJECTIONS DUE WITHIN FOURTEEN 18 DAYS

19 20 I. 21 INTRODUCTION 22 Currently before the Court is Defendant Amazon.com Services LLC’s: (1) motion to 23 dismiss, stay, or transfer action pursuant to the first-to-file doctrine; (2) motion to alternatively 24 stay pursuant the Court’s inherent power; and (3) motion to alternatively dismiss pursuant to 25 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). (ECF No. 13.) The motions have been 26 referred to a United States magistrate judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and Local Rule 27 302. (ECF No. 25.) Based on the moving, opposition, and reply papers; Defendant’s request for judicial notice; the arguments presented at the October 19, 2022 hearing; and the Court’s record, 1 the Court recommends granting Defendant’s motion to dismiss, stay, or transfer, by transferring 2 this action to the Central District of California, and that the motions requesting alternative forms 3 of relief requested by Amazon be denied as moot. 4 II. 5 BACKGROUND 6 A. Procedural Background 7 On December 10, 2021, Plaintiff Luis Montijo (“Plaintiff” or “Montijo”) filed this 8 putative class action against Amazon.com Services LLC (“Defendant” or “Amazon”) in the 9 Stanislaus County Superior Court, State of California, Case No. CV-21-006616. (ECF No. 1 at 10 6; Compl., ECF No. 1-2 at 7.)1 On January 20, 2022, Defendant removed this action to the 11 United States District Court for the Eastern District of California. (ECF No. 1.) On the same 12 date, Defendant filed a notice of related cases. (ECF No. 2.) On January 21, 2022, the parties 13 filed a stipulation to extend the time for Defendant to file a responsive pleading. (ECF No. 6.) 14 On February 17, 2022, pursuant to the parties’ stipulation, the Court continued the scheduling 15 conference in this matter and set a briefing schedule for Defendant to file a motion to dismiss 16 transfer or stay. (ECF Nos. 10, 11.) On February 24, 2022, Defendant filed an additional notice 17 of related case. (ECF No. 12.) 18 On February 24, 2022, Defendant filed the motion to transfer, dismiss, or stay, that is the 19 subject of these findings and recommendations. (Def.’s Mot. Transfer, Dismiss, or Stay 20 (“Mot.”), ECF No. 13.) Defendant also concurrently filed a request for judicial notice. (ECF 21 No. 14.) On March 17, 2022, Plaintiff filed an opposition to the motion. (Pl.’s Opp’n Mot. 22 (“Opp’n”), ECF No. 16.) On March 31, 2022, Defendant filed a reply brief. (Def.’s Reply Supp. 23 Def.’s Mot. (“Reply”), ECF No. 17.) 24 On August 24, 2022, this action was reassigned to District Judge Ana de Alba. (ECF No. 25 19.) On September 12, 2022, District Judge Ana de Alba referred the pending motion to transfer, 26

27 1 All references to pagination of specific documents pertain to those as indicated on the upper right corners via the CM/ECF electronic court docketing system. 1 dismiss, or stay, to the assigned Magistrate Judge for the preparation of findings and 2 recommendations or other appropriate action. (ECF No. 25.) On September 15, 2022, the Court 3 set a hearing on the Defendant’s motion for October 19, 2022, at 10:00 a.m., in Courtroom 9, 4 before Magistrate Judge Stanley A. Boone. (ECF No. 26.) On October 19, 2022, the Court held 5 a hearing on Defendant’s motion. (ECF No. 28.) Rosemary Khoury appeared on behalf of 6 Plaintiff. Katie Magallanes and Megan Cooney appeared on behalf of Defendant. 7 B. The Complaint and Class Allegations 8 On December 10, 2021, Plaintiff filed this action against Defendant on behalf of himself 9 and a putative class of “[a]ll Defendants’ California employees, at any time during the four years 10 before filing this Complaint through the date of trial.” (Compl. ¶ 13.) Plaintiff seeks to certify 11 one putative “Expense Reimbursement Subclass,” consisting of “[a]ll Class Members who 12 incurred business-related expenses, including but not limited to cell phone expenses.” (Id. ¶ 14.) 13 Under the Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”), California Business and Professions Code section 14 17200 et seq., Plaintiff also seeks to certify a “UCL Subclass” of “[a]ll Class Members who were 15 subject to Defendants’ unlawful or unfair business acts or practices.” (Id. ¶¶ 15, 28–29.) 16 Plaintiff alleges that he worked “as a ‘Production Assistant’ at Defendants’ Patterson facility . . . 17 for approximately five years, ending on March 6, 2020.” (Id. ¶ 4.) 18 Plaintiff alleges, on behalf of himself and the classes he seeks to represent, that 19 Defendant “failed to reimburse Plaintiff and other similarly-situated employees for their 20 reasonable business use of their cell phones, including for their use of cell phone applications 21 which Defendants required them to download and use,” in violation of California Labor Code 22 section 2802. (Id. ¶¶ 23–26.) Specifically, Plaintiff contends that, during the class period, 23 Defendant: 24 required Plaintiff and other similarly-situated employees to use their personal cell phones for work-related purposes, but did not 25 reimburse these employees for the work-related use of their cell phones. Plaintiff and similarly situated employees were required 26 to download and use two cell phone applications, ‘Amazon Chime’ and ‘A to Z,’ to perform their work duties. Amazon Chime is an 27 internal instant messaging and video call system which allowed managers and supervisors to coordinate operations and to organize 1 received Amazon Chime notifications both at work and off-the- clock, and was required to respond to these messages immediately. 2 A to Z is a scheduling application that employees like Plaintiff were required to use to examine, and make changes to, their work 3 schedules. 4 (Id. ¶ 12.) 5 Plaintiff also seeks relief under the UCL based on Defendant’s alleged failure to 6 reimburse these same cell phone expenses. (Id. ¶¶ 27–32.) Plaintiff seeks declaratory 7 judgments, injunctive relief, expense reimbursements, interest, attorneys’ fees, and costs for his 8 claims. 9 III. 10 LEGAL STANDARD 11 The first-to-file rule is “a judicially created ‘doctrine of federal comity,’ ” that applies 12 “when two cases involving ‘substantially similar issues and parties’ have been filed in different 13 districts.” In re Bozic, 888 F.3d 1048, 1051 (9th Cir. 2018) (first quoting Pacesetter Sys., Inc. v. 14 Medtronic, Inc., 678 F.2d 93, 94–95 (9th Cir. 1982); then quoting Kohn Law Grp., Inc. v. Auto 15 Parts Mfg. Miss., Inc., 787 F.3d 1237, 1239 (9th Cir. 2015)). The rule gives “the second district 16 court [the] discretion to transfer, stay, or dismiss the second in the interest of efficiency and 17 judicial economy.” In re Bozic, 888 F.3d at 1051–52 (quoting (Cedars–Sinai Med. Ctr. v. 18 Shalala, 125 F.3d 765, 769 (9th Cir. 1997)); see also Davis v. Macuhealth Distribution, Inc., No. 19 219CV01947WBSKJN, 2020 WL 2793078, at *2 (E.D. Cal. May 29, 2020). 20 The rule is “designed to avoid placing an unnecessary burden on the federal judiciary, 21 and to avoid the embarrassment of conflicting judgments.” Church of Scientology of Cal. v. 22 U.S. Dep’t of Army, 611 F.2d 738, 750 (9th Cir. 1979). Class actions “are frequently complex 23 affairs which tax judicial resources—the very cases in which the principles of avoiding 24 duplicative proceedings and inconsistent holdings are at their zenith.” Hilton v. Apple Inc., No. 25 C-13-2167, 2013 WL 5487317, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 1, 2013). 26 To determine whether application of the rule is warranted, “a court analyzes three factors: 27 chronology of the lawsuits, similarity of the parties, and similarity of the issues.” Kohn, 787 F.3d at 1240. Where the rule applies, courts have “the discretion to dismiss, transfer or stay the 1 claims.” Location Servs., LLC v. Digital Recognition Network, Inc., No. 2:18-CV-00893-KJM- 2 AC, 2018 WL 3869169, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 15, 2018) (citing Adoma v. Univ. of Phoenix, Inc., 3 711 F. Supp. 2d 1142, 1146 (E.D. Cal. 2010). Indeed, “[t]he most basic aspect of the first-to-file 4 rule is that it is discretionary; an ample degree of discretion, appropriate for disciplined and 5 experienced judges, must be left to the lower courts.” Adoma, 711 F. Supp. 2d at 1146 (quoting 6 Alltrade, Inc. v. Uniweld Prod., Inc., 946 F.2d 622, 628 (9th Cir. 1991)). 7 “Although the first-to-file rule guides the district court’s exercise of discretion in 8 handling related cases, the requirements of [28 U.S.C.] § 1404(a) cabin the exercise of that 9 discretion.” In re Bozic, 888 F.3d at 1054. In other words, a district court may only transfer an 10 action pursuant to the first-to-file rule to a transferee district “where it might have been brought.” 11 Id. (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a)). “The transferee court meets this requirement if: (1) it would 12 have subject-matter jurisdiction; (2) defendants would be subject to personal jurisdiction; and (3) 13 venue would be proper.” Golo, LLC v. Goli Nutrition Inc., No. 221CV02348VAPMAAX, 2021 14 WL 3360134, at *3 (C.D. Cal. July 30, 2021) (citing Hoffman v. Blaski, 363 U.S. 335, 343-44 15 (1960)). 16 IV. 17 DISCUSSION 18 Defendant submits that Plaintiff’s claim that Amazon did not reimburse him or other 19 employees for expenses incurred in the discharge of their duties is duplicative of a claim in an 20 earlier-filed putative class action currently pending in the Central District of California, Porter v. 21 Amazon.com Services LLC, Case No. 2:20-cv-09496-JVS-SHK (C.D. Cal.) (“Porter”). 22 Defendant proffers Plaintiff has refused to consent to transfer this case so that it may be litigated 23 before the same court presiding over the first-filed matter; therefore Defendant moves this Court 24 to transfer this action, or alternatively, stay or dismiss Plaintiff’s claims. (Mot. 11.) 25 A. Defendant’s Request for Judicial Notice 26 Under the Federal Rules of Evidence, a court may take judicial notice of a fact that is 27 “not subject to reasonable dispute in that it is either (1) generally known within the territorial 1 sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). Judicial notice 2 may be taken “of court filings and other matters of public record.” Reyn’s Pasta Bella, LLC v. 3 Visa USA, Inc., 442 F.3d 741, 746 n.6 (9th Cir. 2006); Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, 4 Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322 (2007); Bennett v. Medtronic, Inc., 285 F.3d 801, 802 n.2 (9th Cir. 5 2002). 6 In making the findings herein and recommendations based thereon, the Court grants 7 Defendant’s request for judicial notice for such purposes. (Req. Jud. Not. (“RJN”) ¶¶ 1-6, ECF 8 No. 14.) The Court takes judicial notice of the following documents: 9 1. A First Amended Complaint in Porter v. Amazon.com Services, LLC, Case No. 10 2:20-cv-09496-JSV-SHK (C.D. Cal.), filed on November 30, 2020, (Ex. A, ECF 11 No. 14 at 5-23) (“Porter Compl.”); 12 2. Los Angeles County Superior Court Class Action Complaint, Case No. 13 20STCV32765, filed on August 25, 2020, that Amazon removed to the Central 14 District of California in Porter, (Ex. B, ECF No. 14 at 24-40); 15 3. Notice of Motion and Motion by Defendant Amazon.com Services LLC to 16 Dismiss Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) or Stay Action filed by Amazon in Porter on 17 January 15, 2021, (Ex. C, ECF No. 14 at 41-72); 18 4. Order Granting Joint Stipulation to Stay the Porter Action Pending Resolution of 19 Trevino, et al. v. Golden State FC LLC, Lead Case No. 1:18-cv-00120-DAD 20 (BAM) (E.D. Cal.) (“Trevino”)2, entered on December 9, 2021, (Ex. D, ECF No. 21 14 at 73-75); 22 5. Order staying Trevino pending Olean Wholesale Grocery Cooperative, Inc. v. 23 Bumble Bee Foods LLC, 5 F.4th 950 (9th Cir. 2021) (“Olean”), entered on 24 August 27, 2021, (Ex. E, ECF No. 14 at 76-78); 25 6. San Francisco County Superior Court Class Action Complaint Case No. CGC-21- 26 589695, filed February 8, 2021, that Amazon removed to the Northern District of 27 1 California in Scott v. Golden State FC, LLC, Case No. 4:21-cv-02147-HSG (N.D. 2 Cal.) (“Scott”), filed on March 26, 2021, (Ex. F, ECF No. 14 at 79-104). 3 B. The Court Recommends Granting Defendant’s Motion to Transfer 4 Based on the arguments presented by the parties and the Court’s review of the pleadings 5 here and the other relevant actions, the Court recommends transfer to the Central District of 6 California as the most appropriate remedy sought through Defendant’s motions. The Court finds 7 the interests of efficiency and judicial economy weigh in favor of transfer and deferring 8 judgment on any motion to dismiss or stay to the transferee district. In re Bozic, 888 F.3d at 9 1051– 52 (court has discretion to transfer, stay, or dismiss in interests of efficiency and judicial 10 economy). The Court finds these interests are not best served if the Court were to elect to stay 11 this action, as Plaintiff argues. 12 The Court finds transfer to be the most appropriate remedy given the earlier action, 13 Porter, filed August 25, 2020, asserts substantially similar claims against the same Defendant 14 Amazon, by a substantially similar putative class. The Court further finds transfer is appropriate 15 under 28 U.S.C. § 1404 because permitting this action to proceed in the Eastern District while 16 substantially similar litigation is pending in the Central District, would waste limited judicial 17 resources and risk inconsistent judgments regarding the same legal and factual questions as 18 applied to a same group of Amazon employees. 19 1. The Porter & Trevino Actions 20 Christian Porter was formerly employed by Amazon as a non-exempt employee in 21 Amazon’s “Rosemead, California warehouse facility.” (Porter Compl. ¶ 12.) On August 25, 22 2020, more than a year before the instant action was filed, Porter filed a putative class action 23 against Amazon in Los Angeles County Superior Court. (RJN, Ex. B.) Porter purports to 24 represent “[a]ll persons who are employed or have been employed by [Amazon.com Services, 25 LLC] in the state of California and who are/were not classified as ‘Exempt’ or primarily 26 employed in executive, professional, or administrative capacities within four (4) years prior to 27 the date this lawsuit [was] filed . . . until resolution of this lawsuit.” (Porter Compl. ¶ 26.) Porter seeks penalties for various alleged Labor Code violations. (Id. ¶¶ 11–25.) Porter seeks to 1 represent a reimbursement subclass “consisting of all Employees employed by [Amazon] in 2 California who within the statutory liability period were not indemnified for expenses incurred in 3 direct consequence of the discharge of their duty,” under Labor Code section 2802. (Id. ¶¶ 28, 4 59.) Porter alleges that Amazon failed to reimburse associates for use of their personal cell 5 phones in the performance of their job duties, including to “ ‘clock in’ and ‘clock out’ for their 6 shifts on the ‘Amazon A to Z’ App,” and to communicate with each other and staff on the 7 “Amazon Chimes” application. (Id. ¶¶ 14–16, 23.) Porter asserts a UCL claim, based in part on 8 Amazon’s alleged failure to reimburse. (Id. ¶¶ 62–68.)3 9 Amazon removed Porter to the Central District of California and then moved to dismiss 10 many of the claims under Rule 12(b)(6) or, in the alternative, to stay. (RJN, Ex. C.) Defendant 11 proffers the Porter court granted Amazon’s motion in part, staying Porter pending the then yet to 12 be issued decision by the California Supreme Court in Ferra v. Loews Hollywood Hotel, LLC, 13 40 Cal. App. 5th 1239 (2019), rev’d, 11 Cal. 5th 858, 489 P.3d 1166 (2021). (Porter, ECF No. 14 29 at 5 (“Since a key question of law will be resolved in Ferra, a stay is merited[.]”).4 The 15 California Supreme Court issued its decision in Ferra on July 15, 2021. 11 Cal. 5th 858. 16 The Porter court subsequently granted continuation of the stay in light of Porter’s overlap 17 with another earlier-filed putative class action against Amazon, Trevino. (RJN, Ex. D.) The 18 Trevino case, which Defendant highlights does not assert a reimbursement claim under Section 19 2802, has progressed for over four years, including through a Magistrate Judge’s findings and 20 recommendations on class certification issued June 8, 2021. (ECF No. 166.) At the time 21 Defendant filed this motion, it proffered the District Judge’s court’s order on class certification 22 was expected shortly after the en banc Ninth Circuit’s decision in Olean, 5 F.4th 950. (Mot. 13- 23 14; see Trevino, ECF No. 173).

24 3 Defendant argues these claims, too, overlap, and Amazon moved to dismiss Porter’s UCL claim for the same 25 reasons it asserts in part III.C of the current motion. (RJN, Ex. C at 10– 13.) (Mot. 13 n.1.) Porter also pleads claims not asserted by Plaintiff Montijo here, including claims for alleged failure to pay meal premiums at the regular rate of pay, failure to pay all “sick pay wages” due upon termination of employment, failure to provide 26 accurate wage statements, and a claim for penalties under California’s Private Attorneys General Act. (Porter Compl. ¶¶ 38, 39, 47, 48, 73.) 27 4 This filing was not a part of Defendant’s request for judicial notice, however, the Court has independently verified 1 The Court notes however, that since the filing of the instant motion, on August 29, 2022, 2 the Magistrate Judge in Trevino issued an order specifying that while the motion for class 3 certification was referred back to the Magistrate Judge for the issuance of amended findings and 4 recommendations in light of the Ninth Circuit’s en banc decision in Olean, 31 F.4th 651, given a 5 petition for certiorari of the en banc decision was recently filed with the United States Supreme 6 Court, the Court did not intend on addressing the referral of the motion for class certification 7 unless the petition for certiorari is denied or the Supreme Court decides the case. (Trevino, ECF 8 No. 192.) 9 2. The Court Finds the First-to-File Rule Factors Weigh in Favor of Transfer 10 The Court finds the three first-to-file rule factors weigh in favor of transferring this case: 11 Porter preceded this action, the parties are substantially similar, and the issues in the cases are 12 substantially similar. 13 a. The Chronology Weighs in Favor of Transfer 14 Porter was filed in state court on August 25, 2020, and removed to the Central District on 15 October 16, 2020. Plaintiff Montijo filed this action in state court on December 10, 2021, and 16 this action was removed to the Eastern District on January 20, 2022. Thus, Porter, was filed 17 more than a year before this case. 18 The Court finds the “chronology of the lawsuits” favors a transfer. See, e.g., Negrete v. 19 Petsmart, Inc., No. 2:13-CV-01218-MCE-AC, 2013 WL 4853995, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 10, 20 2013) (“Where duplicative actions are filed in courts of concurrent jurisdiction, the court which 21 first acquired jurisdiction generally should proceed with the litigation . . . it is clear that the 22 Northern District of California is the first court to acquire jurisdiction and, thus, should proceed 23 with the litigation.”). 24 b. The Similarity of the Parties Weighs in Favor of Transfer 25 Amazon.com Services LLC is the named defendant in both Porter and this action. Porter 26 seeks to represent “[a]ll persons who are employed or have been employed by [Amazon.com 27 Services, LLC] in the state of California and who are/were not classified as ‘Exempt’ or 1 reimbursement subclass of all employees who “were not indemnified for expenses incurred in 2 direct consequence of the discharge of their duty” from August 25, 2016 to the present. (Porter 3 Compl. ¶¶ 26, 28.) 4 Defendant proffers plaintiffs in both actions seek to represent members of the same 5 population of employees: Amazon employees who they contend were not indemnified for cell 6 phone expenses allegedly incurred as a consequence of the discharge of their duties. Defendant 7 contends Plaintiff Montijo and the putative class he seeks to represent fall squarely within the 8 Porter class as he, a former non-exempt employee himself, seeks to represent “similarly-situated 9 employees” at Amazon’s California facilities “who incurred business related expenses, including 10 but not limited to cell phone expenses” from December 10, 2017 to the present. (Compl. ¶¶ 13– 11 14, 25.) Defendant proffers Plaintiff Montijo’s proposed class is therefore encompassed by 12 Plaintiff Porter’s proposed class. (Mot. 16.) Plaintiff responds emphasizing that the proposed 13 class in this action is wider, encompassing all California employees, including exempt 14 employees. 15 The Court does not wholly agree that Montijo’s class “fall[s] squarely” within and totally 16 encompassed within the Porter class, at least as proposed. Nonetheless, the Court finds the 17 substantial similarity of the parties weighs in favor of transfer to the Central District. 18 “In the context of class actions, ‘the classes, and not the class representatives, are 19 compared.’ ” Urbina v. Freedom Mortg. Corp., No. 119CV01471NONEJLT, 2020 WL 20 4194086, at *3 (E.D. Cal. July 21, 2020) (quoting Adoma, 711 F. Supp. 2d at 1148); Horne v. 21 Nissan N. Am., Inc., No. 2:17-CV-00436-MCE-DB, 2018 WL 746467, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 6, 22 2018) (same). “Strict identity of the parties in the two actions is not required, but rather only 23 substantial similarity.” Horne, 2018 WL 746467, at *3 (citing Adoma, 711 F. Supp. 2d at 1147). 24 “The rule is satisfied if some parties in one matter are also in the other matter, regardless of 25 whether there are additional unmatched parties in one or both matters.” Id. (citing Medlock v. 26 HMS Host USA, Inc., 2010 WL 5323990 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 16, 2010)2010 WL 5323990 (E.D. Cal. 27 Dec. 16, 2010)). 1 supports transfer, given that the putative class claim asserted here is subsumed in an action 2 already pending in the Central District of California. (Mot. 17.) Defendant states “the plaintiffs 3 in both actions seek to represent the same putative class against the same defendant.” (Mot. 16, 4 citing Horne, 2018 WL 746467, at *3.) However, Plaintiff Montijo’s class definition, at least as 5 proposed, is broader here. Thus the situation is somewhat inversed here compared to that existed 6 in cases such as Horne: 7 Here, the two named defendants in each of the Horne and Johnson Actions are identical—Nissan North America, Inc. and Nissan 8 Motor Co. Ltd. Further, there is substantial similarity between the classes in both actions in that the Johnson class encompasses the 9 Horne class. The former includes purchasers and lessees of certain Nissan models that had the defective sunroofs, and the Johnson 10 Plaintiff notes in the complaint that she anticipates amending the class “upon Nissan identifying in discovery all of its vehicles 11 manufactured and sold with the panoramic sunroof feature.” The Horne group is essentially a subclass of the Johnson class, being 12 comprised of purchasers and lessees of Infiniti models that had the panoramic sunroof feature. Upon discovery to determine which of 13 all of Nissan's vehicles, including its Infiniti line, were sold or leased with the sunroof feature, the Johnson class will ultimately 14 subsume the Horne group. Moreover, there is almost complete factual identity between the experiences of the class members in 15 both actions. Thus, the Court finds that the parties in the two actions are substantially similar. 16 17 2018 WL 746467, at *3. However, even “some overlap” between classes can demonstrate 18 substantial similarity between classes for purposes of granting a transfer or stay: 19 “Courts have held that proposed classes in class action lawsuits are substantially similar where both classes seek to represent at least 20 some of the same individuals.” Wallerstein v. Dole Fresh Vegetables, Inc., 967 F. Supp. 2d 1289, 1296 (N.D. Cal. 21 2013); see Adoma, 711 F. Supp. 2d at 1148 (determining the proposed classes were “substantially similar in that both classes 22 seek to represent at least some of the same individuals”). As plaintiffs concede, there is some overlap between the proposed 23 class in this lawsuit and the FHA proposed class in the Texas case. (Doc. No. 26 at 6.) Specifically, the proposed FHA class in the 24 Texas case does not limit its class members to individuals who purchased property in Texas, meaning the proposed FHA class in 25 the Texas case will encompass individuals who purchased property in California and who are members of the proposed class in this 26 case. (Compare Doc. No. 23-1 at 52, with Compl. ¶ 51.) While there are proposed class members in this case that are not 27 represented in the Texas case, and vice versa, “some” overlap exists with the proposed FHA class in the Texas case and the 1 based on FHA guideline violations with respect to properties located in California. See Adoma, 711 F. Supp. 2d at 1148. As a 2 result, consideration of the second factor also weighs in favor of the granting of a stay. 3 4 Urbina, 2020 WL 4194086, at *3. There is more than some overlap here. Indeed, the Porter 5 class does completely encompass the presumably larger in number portion of non-exempt 6 employees.5 7 Further, despite Plaintiff Montijo attempting to bring claims on behalf of a larger class of 8 all California employees, Montijo is in fact a non-exempt employee that would fall within the 9 Porter class, and presumably would be afforded relief through the Porter class, unless he opts out 10 and proceeds individually. Thus Plaintiff as an individual falls within the Porter class. Here, 11 Plaintiff is an individual that would qualify as a member of a proposed class in the earlier-filed 12 putative class action, and is attempting to file a later action as a class representative on a 13 proposed class seeking to represent the same employees as the first class, but with additional 14 types of employees that the named representative Montijo does not qualify as being part of. 15 Recognizing the Court considers the class and not the representatives, Adoma, 711 F. Supp. 2d at 16 1148, the Court finds this relevant to analysis of this factor6 in that the interests behind the first- 17 to-file rule that the Court finds weigh in favor of transfer would not be served by allowing 18 Plaintiff to maintain this action in this district. See Wallerstein v. Dole Fresh Vegetables, Inc., 19 967 F. Supp. 2d 1289, 1296 (N.D. Cal. 2013) (“In addition, each class representative could 20 become a member of the other lawsuits nationwide class if that action is certified.”); Adoma, 711 21 F. Supp. 2d at 1148 (“[T]he proposed classes for the collective actions are substantially similar in 22 that both classes seek to represent at least some of the same individuals.”); Murphy v. 23

24 5 Defendant additionally proffers that while Plaintiff’s definition of “incurred” expenses in this case may superficially appear broader than Porter’s definition, which covers only those “not indemnified,” this is of no 25 moment, because any individuals who incurred but were indemnified for their business-related expenses cannot recover under Plaintiff’s theory, and in any event, the law does not require “exact parallelism.” (Mot. 16.) Plaintiff did not respond to this argument. This issue does not sway the Court’s findings as to substantial similarity. 26

6 The focus on the class and not the individual appears grounded in the reality of a class action compared to a normal 27 civil action subject to the rule where the same or similar individual plaintiff is bringing a later action. In a typical later-filed class action, the court must compare the classes in order for the first-to-file doctrine to have practical 1 Sprint/United Mgmt. Co., No. 2:20-CV-00507-TLN-DB, 2021 WL 5853579, at *7 (E.D. Cal. 2 Dec. 9, 2021) (“Plaintiff may qualify to join the Amaraut and Navarrete classes as a non-exempt 3 sales supervisor.”); Booker v. Am. Honda Motor Co., No. 2:20-CV-05166-SVW, 2020 WL 4 7263538, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 20, 2020) (“Plaintiffs here are members of the putative 5 nationwide class in Oliver and, in the present case, that is sufficient to find substantial similarity 6 between the parties in each lawsuit.”). At least, the Court finds in this case given these proposed 7 classes and claims, transfer is prudent and appropriate so that the transferee court can determine 8 if the cases should be consolidated or otherwise.7 9 For these reasons, the Court finds the parties in this action are substantially similar to 10 those in Porter, and finds this factor weighs in favor of transferring this action to the Central 11 District. Urbina, 2020 WL 4194086, at *3 (“While there are proposed class members in this case 12 that are not represented in the Texas case, and vice versa, ‘some’ overlap exists with the 13 proposed FHA class in the Texas case and the plaintiffs in this case.”); Wallerstein, 967 F. Supp. 14 2d at 1296; Booker, 2020 WL 7263538, at *2; Adoma, 711 F. Supp. 2d at 1148; Wong v. Old 15 Lyme Gourmet Co., No. 20-CV-07095-WHO, 2021 WL 5909209, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 22, 16 2021) (“While the classes are not perfectly identical, they are substantially similar and 17 overlapping[;] . . . [t]he parties are sufficiently similar to weigh in favor of the second factor of 18 the first-to-file rule.”); Medlock., 2010 WL 5232990, at *4 (quoting Intersearch Worldwide, Ltd. 19 v. Intersearch Grp., Inc., 544 F. Supp. 2d 949, 959 n.6 (N.D. Cal. 2008) (“[E]xact identity is not 20 required[;] [t]he rule is satisfied if some the parties in one matter are also in the other matter, 21 regardless of whether there are additional unmatched parties in one or both matters.”)); Wright v. 22 RBC Cap. Markets Corp., No. CIVS093601FCDGGH, 2010 WL 2599010, at *5 (E.D. Cal. June 23 24, 2010) (“With respect to both the parties and the issues, courts routinely recognize that they 24 need not be identical in the two actions. Substantial similarity is sufficient.”). 25 / / / 26 7 Defendant also correctly notes the Porter class period is longer and entirely encompasses Plaintiff’s proposed class 27 period. (Compare Compl. ¶ 13 (“four years before filing this Complaint [December 10, 2017] through the date of trial”), with Porter Compl. ¶ 26 (running from “four (4) years prior to the date this lawsuit is filed [August 25, 2016] 1 c. The Similarity of Issues Weighs in Favor of Transfer 2 “The application of the first to file rule does not require identity of issues or ‘exact 3 parallelism,’ but rather substantial similarity or overlap.” Pac. Coast Breaker, Inc. v. 4 Connecticut Elec., Inc., No. CIV. 10-3134 KJM EFB, 2011 WL 2073796, at *4 (E.D. Cal. May 5 24, 2011) (citations omitted). The court may find substantial similarity “where the actions 6 involve closely related questions or common subject matter.” PETA, Inc. v. Beyond the Frame, 7 Ltd., No. CV 10-07576 MMM SSX, 2011 WL 686158, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 16, 2011) (quoting 8 Centocor, Inc. v. MedImmune, Inc., No. C 02-03252 CRB, 2002 WL 31465299, at *3 (N.D. Cal. 9 Oct. 22, 2002)). 10 Defendant argues the reimbursement theory in Porter is identical to the theory Plaintiff 11 seeks to litigate in this action. Plaintiff responds “the specificity, narrow focus, and the broader 12 nature of the expense reimbursement claim distinguishes it from” plaintiff Porter’s 13 reimbursement claim, such that the issues are not “substantially related.” (Opp’n 5) 14 As Plaintiff describes, his “essential class allegations are that Amazon required exempt 15 and non-exempt ‘California employees’ to ‘use their personal cell phones for work related 16 purposes but did not reimburse these employees for the work- related use of their cell phones,’ ” 17 and were required to download and use the “Amazon Chime” and “A to Z” applications to 18 perform their work duties. (Id.; Compl. ¶ 12; see also Compl. ¶ 25 (claim for violation of Labor 19 Code §§ 2802 and 2804 alleging “Defendants failed to reimburse Plaintiff and other similarly- 20 situated employees for their reasonable business use of their cell phones, including for their use 21 of cell phone applications which Defendants required them to download and use.”).) Plaintiff 22 proffers that since the filing of this action, it has since been determined that the use of such 23 phones also included work-related text messages, emails, phone calls, internet searches, and use 24 of camera functions necessary to perform duties at Amazon. (Decl. J. Jason Hill Supp. Opp’n 25 (“Hill Decl.”) ¶ 3, ECF No. 16-1 at 1.)8 26 8 As for Plaintiff’s reference of facts in a declaration attached to the opposition, the Court finds such facts outside 27 the pleadings without a request for judicial notice, and not demonstrably relevant to finding the actions not substantially similar or countering the findings herein. See Stanley v. Bobo Const., Inc., No. 14-CV-00035 JAM- 1 The complaint in Porter in part pleads that Amazon “violated Section 2802 by, among 2 other things, failing to indemnify Plaintiff and Class Members for expenditures incurred for 3 using personal mobile phone in the performance of job duties.” (Porter Compl. ¶ 59; see also id. 4 ¶¶ 14–16, 23 (“Defendants have also failed indemnify Plaintiff and Defendants’ employees for 5 expenses incurred in direct consequence of the discharge of their duty . . . were required to use 6 their personal phones to access the Amazon App(s) which they were required to download”).) 7 Plaintiff highlights the proposed class definition only includes those “who are/were not classified 8 as ‘Exempt’ or primarily employed in executive, professional, or administrative capacities.” 9 Plaintiff argues the claims nor class(es) in Porter nor Trevino fully encompass Montijo’s 10 specificity of claims nor the larger potential pool of proposed class members. 11 At this point, Plaintiff submits that the proposed class definitions in Trevino include an 12 expense reimbursement class of “[a]ll persons employed by Defendants in California who 13 incurred business expenses,” during the relevant time period. (Opp’n 6, citing ECF RJN, Ex. F, 14 p. 83, ¶ 11.) However, Defendant correctly responds that Plaintiff incorrectly attributes the class 15 definitions from Scott—which does involve reimbursement claims—to Trevino, and 16 consequently appears to be under the mistaken impression that Trevino involves reimbursement 17 claims. The Trevino Complaint proffers to seek to represent the following subclasses: 18 Subclass 1. Unpaid Wages Subclass. All Class members who were not compensated for all hours worked for Defendants at the 19 required rates of pay, including overtime.

20 Subclass 2. Alternative Work Week Subclass: All Class members who worked at locations operating under an improper or otherwise 21 invalid alternative work week schedule who were not compensated for all hours worked for Defendants at the required rates of pay, 22 including overtime.

23 Subclass 3. Meal Period Subclass. All Class members who were subject to Defendants’ policy and/or practice of failing to provide 24 lawful 30-minute uninterrupted meal periods and failing to pay one hour of pay at the Employee’s regular rate of pay for such periods. 25 Subclass 4. Rest Break Subclass. All Class members who were 26

27 declaration by his counsel [that] was not attached to the complaint nor has Plaintiff requested judicial notice of it; therefore, this declaration is outside the pleadings.”). 1 subject to Defendants’ policy and/or practice of failing to authorize and permit Employees to take uninterrupted, lawful10-minute rest 2 periods for every four hours worked, or major fraction thereof, and failing to pay one hour of pay at the Employee’s regular rate of pay 3 for such periods.

4 Subclass 5. Wage Statement Subclass. All Class members who, within the applicable limitations period, were not provided with 5 accurate itemized wage statements with all the information required by Labor Code Section 226(a). 6 Subclass 6. Termination Pay Subclass. All Class members who, 7 within the applicable limitations period, either voluntarily or involuntarily separated from their employment and were subject to 8 Defendants’ policy and/or practice of failing to timely pay all wages owing upon termination. 9 Subclass 7. UCL Subclass. All Class members who are owed 10 restitution as a result of Defendants’ business acts and practices to the extent such acts and practices are found to be unlawful, 11 deceptive, and/or unfair. 12 (Trevino Compl. ¶ 22.) As for Scott, the Court agrees with Defendant, that the fact it is another 13 earlier-filed action that includes an overlapping claim under section 2802 pending and stayed in 14 the Northern District, filed in state court on February 8, 2021, and removed on March 26, 2021 15 demonstrate it inefficient and unfair for Plaintiff’s claims to proceed here. (Reply 8 n.3.) 16 Proceeding, Plaintiff argues “each case derives from starkly different circumstances than 17 Montijo, which specifically addresses the use of personal smart phones necessary for business 18 operations.” (Opp’n 6.) Defendant responds that Plaintiff does not meaningfully dispute the key 19 fact underlying Amazon’s motion: a putative class action against Amazon containing an identical 20 reimbursement claim on behalf of an overlapping employee population was filed more than a 21 year before his, and as such, his case should not proceed at this time. 22 The Court agrees with Defendant. Plaintiff has not cited to legal authority that counsels 23 against transfer due to the proposed class being more expansive here, inclusive of exempt 24 employees (of which Plaintiff is not one). “Courts in the Ninth Circuit have adopted a flexible 25 approach in evaluating the similarity of the parties and issues.” PETA, 2011 WL 686158, at *2 26 (collecting cases). “As with the parties, the first-to-file rule only requires substantial similarity 27 of the issues in the two actions.” Horne, 2018 WL 746467, at *3 (citing Negrete, 2013 WL 4853995, at *3). Plaintiff has not overcome the fact that the parties and claims are at least 1 substantially similar to those in Porter. See PETA, 2011 WL 686158, at *2 (“Indeed, the first-to- 2 file rule does not require identical parties or issues, so long as the actions are substantially 3 similar or involve substantial overlap.”) (emphasis in original); Medlock, 2010 WL 5232990, at 4 *5 (first-to-file rule requires only sufficient similarity of issues to be applied and exact identity of 5 parties is not required); Pac. Coast Breaker, 2011 WL 2073796, at *4. 6 The Court agrees with Defendant that core issues in this action are substantially similar to 7 those in Porter, as in both cases, a court will address the same substantive legal questions 8 regarding: the appropriateness of class action treatment of the claims including whether Amazon 9 violated section 2802 in connection with its employees’ use of personal phones. The Court finds 10 the basis of Plaintiff’s reimbursement claim, as a class action, arises from the same nucleus of 11 facts,9 in a manner that would risk inconsistent judgments, as well as risk duplicating the parties’ 12 and the courts’ expenditure of resources. Zerez Holdings Corp. v. Tarpon Bay Partners, LLC, 13 No. 2:17-CV-00029-TLN-DB, 2018 WL 402238, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 12, 2018) (transferring 14 case because both actions “arise out of the same nucleus of facts” such that allowing both to 15 proceed in different districts simultaneously would waste judicial resources and the “risk of ‘the 16 embarrassment of conflicting judgments’ [was] immediately obvious.”) (quoting Church of 17 Scientology, 611 F.2d at 750); Tompkins v. Basic Rsch. LL, No. CIV. S08244LKKDAD, 2008 18 WL 1808316, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 22, 2008) (“Because the issues of liability significantly 19 overlap . . . they would most efficiently be resolved by the same court[;] such an approach would 20 also lower the risk of inconsistent judgments.”). Therefore, “the balance of sound judicial 21 administration, conservation of judicial resources, comprehensive disposition of litigation, and 22 efficiency favor transfer of this action to the Central District.” Jeske v. California Dep’t of Corr. 23 & Rehab., No. 1:11-CV-01838 JLT, 2012 WL 1130639, at *8 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 30, 2012); Bashiri 24 v. Sadler, No. CV 07-2268-PHX-JAT, 2008 WL 2561910, at *2 (D. Ariz. June 25, 2008) 25 (“While the specific legal issues vary across the litigations, the discovery and evidence necessary 26 to litigate each is substantially similar.”). 27 1 As for Plaintiff’s argument to maintain jurisdiction over this action because Trevino is 2 also pending before the Eastern District, the Court agrees with Defendant that retaining due to 3 Trevino is not prudent as that case does not contain a reimbursement claim under section 2802, a 4 claim that is nearly identical to that in Porter. Based on the Court’s review of the pleadings, the 5 Court does not find the facts, claims, or proposed classes in Trevino to present any convincing 6 reason why, this action should not be transferred to the Central District with Porter. The Court 7 further finds the fact Porter is currently stayed does not change the recommendation to transfer. 8 See Maciel v. Flowers Foods, Inc., No. 20-CV-03814-WHO, 2020 WL 5760448, at *4 (N.D. 9 Cal. Sept. 28, 2020) (transferring action although earlier-filed, overlapping case was stayed, 10 reasoning that “allowing [the later-filed case] to proceed with the same claims that are before the 11 [other] court and have been subject to discovery and extensive briefing . . . would interfere with 12 that court’s disposition of the case” and “impact potential class . . . members in that case.”). 13 The Court finds transfer more prudent than a stay. Pedro v. Millennium Prod., Inc., No. 14 15-CV-05253-MMC, 2016 WL 3029681, at *6 (N.D. Cal. May 27, 2016) (“[T]ransfer would 15 better serve the first-to-file doctrine’s objectives of efficiency and avoiding inconsistent 16 judgments . . . [i]f transferred rather than stayed, the [] claims, which have considerable factual 17 overlap, could be tried together rather than to two juries, and the [] claims would only have to be 18 tried once [and] [m]oreover, consolidating the cases before one tribunal is the only way to ensure 19 against inconsistent interlocutory rulings.”). Accordingly the Court concludes the three first-to- 20 file factors weigh in favor of transfer, and the factors of “conserve[ing] resources . . . the balance 21 of sound judicial administration, conservation of judicial resources, comprehensive disposition of 22 litigation, and efficiency favor transfer of this action to the Central District.” Jeske, 2012 WL 23 1130639, at *8; Kohn, 787 F.3d at 1240 (To determine whether application of the rule is 24 warranted, “a court analyzes three factors: chronology of the lawsuits, similarity of the parties, 25 and similarity of the issues.”). 26 3. Consideration of Section 1404(a) also Favors Transfer 27 “For the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, a district court 1 to any district or division to which all parties have consented.” 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a); In re Bozic, 2 888 F.3d at 1054 (“[T]he district court could only transfer this action to a district ‘where it might 3 have been brought’ under § 1404(a).”). “The purpose of Section 1404(a) is to ‘prevent the waste 4 of time, energy, and money and to protect litigants, witnesses and the public against unnecessary 5 inconvenience and expense.’ ” Imhoff v. California Tchrs. Ass’n, No. 2:18-CV-02934-MCE- 6 DB, 2019 WL 294310, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 23, 2019) (quoting Van Dusen v. Barrack, 376 U.S. 7 612, 616 (1964)); see also Davis v. Macuhealth Distribution, Inc., No. 219CV01947WBSKJN, 8 2020 WL 2793078, at *4 (E.D. Cal. May 29, 2020) (“A court may decline to apply the first-to- 9 file rule when the balance of convenience weighs in favor of the later-filed action . . . courts 10 consider the location of witnesses and evidence, the lack of connection to the forum, and the 11 degree of calendar congestion in the court, among other factors.”). 12 The Court finds the Central District is a district where this action might have been 13 brought. See 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a); 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(1) (“A civil action may be brought in . . . 14 a judicial district in which any defendant resides, if all defendants are residents of the State in 15 which the district is located.”); 28 U.S.C. § 1391(c)(2) (“[A]n entity with the capacity to sue and 16 be sued in its common name under applicable law, whether or not incorporated, shall be deemed 17 to reside, if a defendant, in any judicial district in which such defendant is subject to the court’s 18 personal jurisdiction with respect to the civil action in question.”); 28 U.S.C. § 1391(d) (“For 19 purposes of venue under this chapter, in a State which has more than one judicial district and in 20 which a defendant that is a corporation is subject to personal jurisdiction at the time an action is 21 commenced, such corporation shall be deemed to reside in any district in that State within which 22 its contacts would be sufficient to subject it to personal jurisdiction if that district were a separate 23 State.”). 24 In the opposition papers, Plaintiff only generally responds that it is in the Court’s 25 discretion to transfer or stay; that Amazon removed this action from the state court, which was 26 Plaintiff’s chosen venue; and submits that should the Court, in its discretion, agree with 27 Amazon’s venue arguments, then on behalf of Mr. Montijo, Plaintiff’s counsel urges that the 1 matter, which “is still pending, but with an unclear path forward partially because of varied mix 2 of labor code violation claims.” (Opp’n 7.) Plaintiff also submits that the if the venue is 3 transferred, the issue of stay should be reserved for the transferee court. 4 The Court already addressed consideration of Trevino in relation to transfer above. The 5 Court finds that for much of the same reasons the three first-to-file rule factors favors transfer, 6 the purposes of transfer pursuant to section 1404(a) also favor transfer to the Central District. 7 The similarity of the actions would give rise to overlapping discovery, briefs, arguments, and 8 rulings at virtually every stage in the litigation. See Medlock, 2010 WL 5232990, at *7 (“A 9 transfer offers potential conservation or resources and judicial economy, especially if the actions 10 are consolidated.”); N. S B v. Pascarella, 2020 WL 3492562, at *2–3 (E.D. Cal. June 26, 2020) 11 (transferring action to the Central District of California pursuant to section 1404); Shields v. 12 Amerigas Propane, Inc., 2015 WL 5436772, at *2, *7 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 15, 2015) (same); eNom, 13 Inc. v. Philbrick, No. C08-1288RSL, 2008 WL 4933976, at *2 (W.D. Wash. Nov. 17, 2008) 14 (“Both cases arise out of the same nucleus of operative facts, so simultaneous adjudication of 15 both cases would waste judicial resources, multiply the proceedings, undermine judicial 16 efficiency, and risk conflicting determinations of the parties’ legal rights . . . even if it were not 17 transferring this case based on the first to file rule, it would transfer the case pursuant to 28 18 U.S.C. § 1404(a). . . . transferring this action will likely result in consolidation of the two cases, 19 so the issues will be tried efficiency, expeditiously, and in a cost-effective manner.”); Negrete, 20 2013 WL 4853995, at *4 (“In short, both actions assert identical violations of the California 21 Labor Code, and other California Code sections, which are based on the same practices occurring 22 during the same time period . . . [and] [t]he similarity of these allegations would require the court 23 to make similar determinations.”). 24 / / / 25 / / / 26 / / / 27 / / / 1 V. 2 RECOMMENDATION 3 For the above explained reasons, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that: 4 1. Defendant Amazon.com Services LLC’s motion to transfer, dismiss, or stay 5 action, (ECF No. 13), be GRANTED; 6 2. This case be transferred to the United States District Court for the Central District 7 of California, where an earlier-filed putative class action, Porter v. Amazon.com 8 Services LLC, Case No. 2:20-cv-09496-JVSSHK, is pending against Defendant; 9 3. Defendant’s alternative motion to stay this action pursuant to the Court’s inherent 10 powers be DENIED as moot; and 11 4. Defendant’s alternative motion to dismiss this action under Federal Rules of Civil 12 Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6), be DENIED as moot. 13 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the district judge assigned to this 14 | action, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and this Court’s Local Rule 304. Within fourteen 15 | (14) days of service of these recommendations, Plaintiff may file written objections to the 16 | findings and recommendations with the Court. Such a document should be captioned 17 | “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” The district judge will 18 | review the magistrate judge’s findings and recommendations pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 19 | 636(b)(1)(C). Plaintiff is advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may 20 | result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 839 (9th Cir. 2014) 21 | (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)). 22 73 IT IS SO ORDERED. DAM Le 24 | Dated: _November 2, 2022 _ Of 05 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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