NOTICE: This opinion is subject to modification resulting from motions for reconsideration under Supreme Court Rule 27, the Court’s reconsideration, and editorial revisions by the Reporter of Decisions. The version of the opinion published in the Advance Sheets for the Georgia Reports, designated as the “Final Copy,” will replace any prior version on the Court’s website and docket. A bound volume of the Georgia Reports will contain the final and official text of the opinion.
In the Supreme Court of Georgia
Decided: October 21, 2025
S25A0645. MOMON v. THE STATE.
BETHEL, Justice.
A jury found Tarell Momon guilty of murder for the shooting
death of Michael Riley. 1 On appeal, Momon argues that his trial
counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to make several
evidentiary objections and that the cumulative effect of those errors
1 The shooting occurred on June 30, 2013. On September 10, 2013, a
Bulloch County grand jury jointly indicted Momon, Terrance Ray Griswould, Katrina Denise Ledford, and Antoinette Brady Riley for malice murder (Count 1) and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (Count 2). The indictment identified Travis Berrian as a co-conspirator, but Berrian died before trial. Ledford and Antoinette pleaded guilty to murder, and Momon and Griswould were jointly tried before a jury in November 2014. For Momon, the jury returned a guilty verdict on Count 1 and a not guilty verdict on Count 2. The jury found Griswould not guilty on both counts. The court sentenced Momon to serve life in prison with the possibility of parole. Momon filed a timely motion for new trial on December 19, 2014, which new counsel amended multiple times. Following delays from the COVID-19 pandemic and Momon’s hiring new counsel, the trial court denied the motion for new trial on December 13, 2024. Momon filed a timely notice of appeal, and the case was docketed to this Court’s April 2025 term and submitted for a decision on the briefs. denied him a fundamentally fair trial. Momon’s claims fail for the
following reasons, so we affirm.
1. The evidence presented at trial showed the following.
Around 7:00 a.m. on June 30, 2013, Riley was fatally shot in his
home. His wife Antoinette Riley—who was sleeping in a different
bedroom because of their marital strife—claimed she heard an
intruder enter the house and fire a gun. She called the police, who
arrived and found Riley dead with a gunshot wound to the face.
Police then questioned Antoinette and searched her phone. They
found only a single text message, received shortly after the murder,
from a number with a 678 area code and the contact name “King.”
The message, signed “Tha.gifted,” read: “Well mom I need u you [sic]
nut up … but wait till they go like I said give them about 30mins
then call!!!” After several subsequent interviews, police arrested
Antoinette as a suspect in her husband’s death.
Officers soon obtained Antoinette’s cell phone records and
identified two numbers that she repeatedly contacted around the
time of the murder. One number belonged to Antoinette’s daughter
2 Katrina Ledford, who was later indicted as a party to Riley’s murder.
The other number—the 678 number from which Antoinette received
the text message shortly after the murder—was used by Momon,
who was incarcerated and in a romantic relationship with Ledford.
Officers then obtained Ledford’s and Momon’s cell phone records,
which revealed repeated texts and calls between Momon’s and
Ledford’s cell phones and between Momon’s and Antoinette’s cell
phones. In one message, Antoinette’s phone texted Momon’s phone
that she did not have “a drop of love left” for Riley and that he “needs
to go.” Her phone also texted Riley’s phone number and home
address to Momon’s phone, which responded: “Got you Ma. The
gifted.” In another message, Momon’s phone texted Ledford’s phone
that he would have his friends beat Riley up, but later said he was
“getting in touch with them now, but they say they are going to kill.”
Ledford’s phone responded that “she d[id]n’t want her house messed
up.”
The phone records also showed that, hours before the murder,
Momon’s phone texted Antoinette’s phone that “they” were “coming
3 tonight.” Momon’s phone also asked Antoinette’s phone if “he” was
there and asked what the color of her front door was. Her phone
responded that it was green. In the hours and minutes surrounding
the murder, multiple calls and texts were exchanged between
Ledford’s, Momon’s, and Antoinette’s phones. Among other things,
Momon’s phone asked Antoinette’s phone shortly before the murder,
“They in?” Antoinette’s phone responded, “I think so[,] I hear
movement on the stairs,” and then, “[t]hey shot him.”
In addition to Antoinette’s and Ledford’s numbers, Momon’s
phone repeatedly contacted two other phone numbers, one with a
706 area code and the other with an 803 area code. Before the
murder, Momon’s phone texted Riley’s name and street address to
the 803 number. And around the time of the murder, Momon’s phone
repeatedly called the 706 number, which pinged a cell tower within
a few blocks of Riley’s home around the time he was shot.
Investigators later learned that co-defendant Terrance Griswould
used the 706 number. And following Griswould’s arrest, police
obtained records for the 706 number phone records and recovered
4 repeated communications between the 803 number and with
Momon’s phone. Police later connected the 803 number to co-indictee
Travis Berrian, to whom Griswould claimed to have lent his car and
phone on the day of the murder.
At trial, the State argued, based substantially on the cell phone
records, that Momon enlisted Berrian and Griswould to murder
Riley at Antoinette’s and Ledford’s behest. The jury acquitted
Griswould but found Momon guilty of murder.
2. Momon alleges that his trial counsel provided
constitutionally ineffective assistance in numerous ways. To
demonstrate ineffective assistance, a defendant must show both
that his trial counsel performed deficiently and that the deficiency
prejudiced his defense. Smith v. State, 315 Ga. 357, 365 (2022)
(citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 US 668, 687 (1984)). The
deficiency prong requires the defendant to “show that his attorney
performed at trial in an objectively unreasonable way considering
all the circumstances and in light of prevailing professional norms.”
Williams v. State, 316 Ga. 304, 314–15 (2023) (quotation marks
5 omitted). That inquiry “focus[es] on the objective reasonableness of
counsel’s performance, not counsel’s subjective state of mind.” State
v. Tedder, 305 Ga. 577, 584 (2019). The prejudice prong requires the
defendant to show a “reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.” Smith, 315 Ga. at 365. Showing that the error had “some
conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding” is not enough;
the defendant must instead “establish a ‘reasonable probability’ of a
different result, which means ‘a probability sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome.’” Neuman v. State, 311 Ga. 83, 96–97
(2021) (quoting Strickland, 466 US at 693, 694). Demonstrating
ineffective assistance is a “high bar,” Mohamed v. State, 307 Ga. 89,
93 (2019), and if a defendant fails to show either deficiency or
prejudice, we are not required to consider the other. Id.
Here, Momon claims his trial counsel provided ineffective
assistance by failing to raise various evidentiary objections. To
demonstrate deficiency on that basis, a defendant must show that
“no reasonable lawyer would have … failed to” make the objection.
6 State v. Spratlin, 305 Ga. 585, 591 (2019). And a defendant fails to
carry that burden if, for example, the objection would not have been
sustained, Davis v. State, 306 Ga. 140, 146 (2019), or if the disputed
evidence is cumulative of other, admissible evidence, Koonce v.
State, 305 Ga. 671, 676 (2019). A competent attorney need not make
every objection that would be sustained, Spratlin, 305 Ga. at 594
n.4, so a defendant alleging ineffective assistance must show that
not objecting to certain testimony was a “patently unreasonable”
strategy, Young v. State, 305 Ga. 92, 97 (2019).
(a) Momon first claims that his trial counsel should have raised
several objections to the State gang expert’s testimony. At trial, the
State elicited testimony from a prison security-threat investigator,
qualified as an expert in street gang affiliation in prison, who
testified about the process of screening incoming inmates to
determine whether they are associated with a gang. The expert
described how security-threat investigators conduct interviews and
complete standardized gang affiliation forms for incoming inmates
suspected of gang affiliation. And through the expert’s testimony,
7 the State introduced gang affiliation forms for Momon and Berrian.
The expert then provided some context for information on Momon’s
and Berrian’s forms, including how and why both were validated as
members of the Gangster Disciples, which the expert explained was
a subset of the Folk Nation alliance of gangs. And he testified that
Momon denied gang affiliation in response to every question asked
during his threat assessment. The expert also testified about the
“other comments” section of Momon’s form, which indicated that
Momon was a leader in the Gangster Disciples, had ordered an
attack on another inmate, and had been involved in a contraband
drug and cell phone ring while incarcerated.
On appeal, Momon says the gang expert provided no expert
testimony and instead simply “regurgitated” information from
Momon’s and Berrian’s gang affiliation assessments, which the
expert did not prepare. Momon also says that, even if the gang
expert provided some expert testimony, he was not permitted to
8 simply read the hearsay supporting that testimony into the record.2
But Momon has not shown that no reasonable attorney would
have failed to make those objections. See Blalock v. State, 320 Ga.
694, 700 (2025) (“[T]he making of objections falls within the realm
of trial tactics and strategy and thus usually provides no basis for
reversal of a conviction.” (quotation marks omitted)). He instead
argues only that the objections would have been meritorious and
repeatedly cites his trial counsel’s new trial hearing testimony that
he could not recall strategic reasons for not making various
objections. But subjective intent (or memory of it) does not
2 Momon also claims the gang expert improperly commented on Momon’s
exercising his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination by testifying that Momon offered no response to any of the gang affiliation assessment questions. Momon asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object on that basis. But Momon has forfeited this claim because he did not raise it in the trial court. See Patterson v. State, 314 Ga. 167, 171 (2022) (“Ineffectiveness claims must be raised and pursued at the earliest practicable moment, which for a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel is at the motion for new trial stage if the defendant is no longer represented by the attorney who represented him at trial.”). Momon’s new counsel asked Momon’s trial counsel about the issue at the motion for new trial hearing, but new counsel made no argument about the alleged improper comment, did not mention it in the amendments to Momon’s motion for new trial, and the trial court did not rule on it. “[Q]uestioning during the motion-for-new-trial hearing, by itself, is insufficient to amend a motion for new trial to add a claim where the trial court did not rule on the claim,” Patterson, 314 Ga. at 171, so Momon has forfeited this claim. 9 determine whether it was objectively unreasonable not to make the
objections Momon contends his trial counsel should have made. See
Tedder, 305 Ga. at 584; Lane v. State, 312 Ga. 619, 623 (2021) (“[W]e
are not limited in our assessment of the objective reasonableness of
lawyer performance to the subjective reasons offered by trial counsel
for his conduct. If a reasonable lawyer might have done what the
actual lawyer did — whether for the same reasons given by the
actual lawyer or different reasons entirely — the actual lawyer
cannot be said to have performed in an objectively unreasonable
way.” (punctuation omitted)). In fact, we have held that
undermining testimony on cross-examination rather than objecting
to it can be reasonable trial strategy. Koonce, 305 Ga. at 673–74
(cross-examination rather than objection is not deficient
performance unless so “patently unreasonable … that no competent
lawyer would have made it”). And here, the record demonstrates
that Momon’s trial counsel vigorously cross-examined the gang
expert, undermining his testimony by eliciting further testimony
that inmates who enter prison young (like Momon) often join gangs
10 for protection; that there are roughly 650 recognized gangs and
11,000 validated gang members in Georgia prisons (which could
suggest that gang membership is prevalent and says little about
whether one might orchestrate a murder) and that the gang expert
did not conduct Momon’s or Berrian’s gang affiliation assessments
and thus had no personal knowledge of them. Even if some of the
gang expert’s testimony “regurgitated” hearsay, Momon has not
shown that it was objectively unreasonable to decline to object on
that basis, instead allow the testimony in, and undermine it on
cross-examination. That strategy could avoid the risk of drawing the
jury’s attention to the evidence, suffering an adverse ruling in front
of the jury, or appearing concerned about the expert’s testimony.
Especially when there was other evidence of Momon’s gang
membership—including his girlfriend Ledford’s direct testimony to
that effect—we cannot say that no reasonable attorney would have
handled potential hearsay in the gang expert’s testimony through
cross-examination rather than an objection. Accordingly, this
enumeration of error fails.
11 (b) Momon next claims his trial counsel provided ineffective
assistance by not objecting to other parts of the gang expert’s
testimony which, Momon says, fell outside the witness’s expertise.
At trial, the gang expert addressed Momon’s and Berrian’s
“movement records,” which track the occurrence of and reasons for
inmates’ residence transfers inside and between prisons. He
testified that, based on the pair’s movement history, they were
housed in the same dorm but not the same cell for a few weeks
several years earlier. And he explained that transfers for
disciplinary infractions could include, among other things,
contraband possession and (in Momon’s case) trouble with other
inmates. Momon says the testimony exceeded the gang expert’s
expertise because he was not admitted as an expert in prisoner
movements and because he testified about misconduct unrelated to
gang activity.
But Momon has not shown that objecting to the gang expert’s
testimony about prisoner movements would have been successful,
which ends the deficiency inquiry. See Denny v. State, 321 Ga. 427,
12 431 (2025) (“[Appellant] has not shown that trial counsel was
deficient in failing to lodge such an objection because he has not
shown that it would have succeeded.”). At the time of Momon’s trial,
a witness in a criminal proceeding was qualified to give expert
testimony so long as he “ha[d] been educated in a particular skill or
profession[, and] his special knowledge [could] be derived from
experience as well as study.” Davis v. State, 301 Ga. 397, 406–07
(2015) (quotation marks omitted). 3 Indeed, former OCGA § 24-7-707
provided that, “[i]n criminal proceedings, the opinions of experts on
any question of science, skill, trade, or like questions shall always
be admissible; and such opinions may be given on the facts as proved
by other witnesses.” Applying that broad standard, we rejected, for
example, challenges to the scope of a psychiatrist’s expert testimony
about brain damage, Moody v. State, 316 Ga. 490, 528–30 (2023),
3 The General Assembly subsequently repealed § 24-7-707 and extended
the civil standard for expert testimony to criminal proceedings. Reddick v. State, 321 Ga. 73, 85 n.7 (2025) (citing OCGA § 24-7-702). But we assess objective reasonableness based on trial counsel’s perspective at the time of trial, so we apply the law that was in effect at that time. See Rhoden v. State, 303 Ga. 482, 484–86 (2018). Here, that means former OCGA § 24-7-707 informs whether an objection to the scope of the gang expert’s testimony would have been successful. 13 and the scope of a medical examiner’s expert testimony about
confessions in child-abuse cases, Johnson v. State, 316 Ga. 672, 686
(2023). Here, neither the record nor Momon offers any support for
the suggestion that an objection to the scope of the gang expert’s
testimony would have succeeded. The trial court qualified that
witness as an expert in gang affiliations in prison, especially as it
related to the witness’s job as a prison security-threat investigator.
In that role, the gang expert was familiar with prisoner movement
records. He explained to the jury how those forms are kept and what
their various notations mean, explained how they showed possible
contact between Momon and Berrian, and explained some of
Momon’s transfers based on misconduct or trouble with other
inmates. Given his experience and the subject matter on which the
gang expert was qualified to offer expert testimony, we cannot say
that an objection to the scope of his testimony would have succeeded.
Cf. Lopez v. State, 350 Ga. App. 662, 664 (2019) (former gang
member turned gang prosecutor could testify about a different gang,
and challenge to qualifications was really challenge to weight and
14 credibility of testimony).
Momon cites only one case, Robertson v. State, 225 Ga. App.
389 (1997), to support his claim that the gang expert’s testimony
about Momon’s and Berrian’s movement records exceeded his
expertise. But Robertson, a Court of Appeals case, upheld a trial
court’s ruling that a physician could not offer expert testimony about
ballistics; it concerned an expert in one field attempting to testify
about another field, not the scope of an expert’s testimony within a
particular field. Id at 389–90. And barring a physician from
testifying about a discipline unrelated to medicine does not mean
that the expert witness here—who was qualified to testify about
gang affiliation and security threats in prison—would be
unqualified to testify about prisoner movements and related
misconduct. Momon has not shown this objection had merit, so he
has not shown that his trial counsel was deficient in failing to make
it. See Denny, 321 Ga. at 431.
(c) Momon next asserts that his trial counsel provided
ineffective assistance by not objecting to testimony about three
15 phone numbers connected with the co-indictees. At trial, the State
elicited testimony from a detective who detailed how he attributed
certain phone numbers to Momon, Griswould, and Berrian. The
detective testified that Ledford identified the 678 area code number
as belonging to Momon. And the detective testified that officers
attributed the 706 and 803 area code numbers to Griswould and
Berrian, respectively, based on a car accident report where the men
provided those numbers as contact information. Momon claims his
trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by not raising hearsay
objections to that testimony.
(i) Momon cannot show deficiency as to testimony about
Momon’s and Griswould’s phone numbers. Trial counsel does not
perform deficiently by not raising a hearsay objection where
purported hearsay evidence is cumulative of other admissible
evidence. Koonce, 305 Ga. at 676. Here, Ledford testified that the
678 area code number was Momon’s and that messages she received
from that number were from him. Antoinette testified extensively
about messages she sent to and received from Momon at the 678
16 area code number. And another witness testified that the 706 area
code number was Griswould’s. Plus, the 706 area code number’s text
message records, obtained from a cell carrier, matched those
downloaded from the phone Griswould surrendered to the police.
Because that other testimony was admissible, Momon’s trial counsel
was not deficient for not objecting to duplicative testimony about
Momon’s and Griswould’s phone numbers. See Koonce, 305 Ga. at
676; Hill v. State, 310 Ga. 180, 192–93 (2020) (failure of counsel to
act in a way that “would have been fruitless … [does] not constitute
deficient performance”).
(ii) Pretermitting deficiency regarding testimony about
Berrian’s phone number, Momon has not shown prejudice. The
evidence of his guilt was strong even absent the testimony about
Berrian’s phone number: Momon has not established a reasonable
probability that the outcome of the trial would have been different
had Momon’s trial counsel raised that objection. See Blalock, 320
Ga. at 702. See also, e.g., Calhoun v. State, 308 Ga. 146, 153 (2020)
(no prejudice from assumed deficiency given strength of evidence of
17 guilt). Momon suggests that without the car accident report, there
was little evidence tying Berrian to the 803 area code number and
therefore little evidence tying him to Berrian, the alleged shooter
whom Momon allegedly enlisted to kill Riley. But even if the 803
area code number belonged to an unknown third party, we fail to see
how a reasonable jury would view that as undermining the strong
evidence of Momon’s guilt, including evidence that Momon, using
the 678 number, coordinated Riley’s murder. Momon concedes that
the State “produced significant evidence of connections between
Momon, Ledford, and Antoinette.” Thus, whomever Momon enlisted
to pull the trigger, the record supports the inference that Momon did
the enlisting. That is what mattered for the State’s theory of the
crime, so excluding the evidence linking Berrian to the 803 number
likely would not have changed the outcome of Momon’s trial. See
Blalock, 320 Ga. at 702. Momon has not shown prejudice, so this
claim fails.
(d) In his final ineffective assistance claim, Momon argues that
his trial counsel should have objected to certain gang-affiliation and
18 prison-misconduct evidence as irrelevant, see OCGA § 24-4-401
(“Rule 401”), and unfairly prejudicial, see OCGA § 24-4-403 (“Rule
403”). In a pretrial motion and at a pretrial evidentiary hearing,
Momon sought to exclude evidence from Momon’s movement records
and gang affiliation assessment form: his validation as a member of
the Gangster Disciples and evidence of prison misconduct not
explicitly related to gang activity, including “contraband
introduction” and “assault towards other inmates.” The trial court
deemed the evidence admissible to the extent it tended to establish
a connection between Momon and Berrian. When the State sought
to introduce the evidence at trial, the court asked Momon’s attorney
whether he had an objection, and counsel responded, “no objection.”
Momon now claims his trial counsel waived his earlier objections to
the evidence by stating “no objection” when it was admitted. And he
claims this was deficient because that evidence was not relevant
under Rule 401 and unfairly prejudicial under Rule 403.
Assuming for purposes of our analysis that Momon’s trial
counsel in fact waived the Rule 401 and Rule 403 objections, Momon
19 has not shown that reasserting those objections would have
succeeded. That failure is fatal to his deficiency claim. See Bowling
v. State, 289 Ga. 881, 887 n.5 (2011) (“[T]rial counsel could not have
been ineffective, however, for failing to make or preserve a meritless
objection.”).
(i) Relevant evidence is evidence with “any tendency to make
the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination
of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without
the evidence.” OCGA § 24-4-401. That standard is a “liberal one.”
State v. Jones, 297 Ga. 156, 159 n.2 (2015). The State’s theory of the
crime was that Momon, a high-ranking gang member, ordered a
subordinate gang member or members to execute Riley. Evidence of
gang membership—either direct or inferential—could make it more
probable that Momon was in a position to order Riley’s murder.
Momon has not shown that a Rule 401 objection would have
succeeded, so he has not shown that his trial counsel was deficient
for not making it. See Denny, 321 Ga. at 431.
(ii) Momon also has not shown that a Rule 403 objection would
20 have succeeded, which means he has not shown deficiency. See id.
Relevant evidence should be excluded when it causes unfair
prejudice that substantially outweighs its probative value. OCGA
§ 24-4-403. Exclusion for unfair prejudice is an “extraordinary
remedy which should be used only sparingly.” Dougherty v. State,
321 Ga. 577, 583 (2025). Momon argues that evidence of his
Gangster Disciples affiliation and prison misconduct constituted
“attacks on [his] character.” But we cannot conclude that the risk of
unfair prejudice substantially outweighs the probative value of that
evidence. Even if evidence of Momon’s connection to the Gangster
Disciples and evidence of certain prison misconduct (like contraband
rings and involvement in multiple violent confrontations with other
inmates) were only minimally probative, any assumed unfair
prejudice from that evidence would be minimal as well. Other
evidence of Momon’s gang affiliation (including Ledford directly
testifying that Momon was affiliated with the Gangster Disciples)
and evidence that Momon had been transferred within and between
prisons for various kinds of misconduct blunted any unfair prejudice
21 from the largely cumulative evidence he challenges here. This is
especially so considering the trial court’s instruction that the jury
could not consider evidence of Momon’s gang affiliation to be
evidence of bad character.4 See Mattei v. State, 307 Ga. 300, 304
(2019) (limiting instruction can mitigate risk of unfair prejudice). So
we cannot conclude that this evidence, with similarly low probative
value and unfair prejudice, would have been excluded had Momon’s
trial counsel raised a Rule 403 objection. Thus, Momon has not
shown that it was objectively unreasonable for his trial counsel not
to make that objection. See Denny, 321 Ga. at 431.
3. Finally, Momon claims his trial counsel’s purported
deficiencies cumulatively prejudiced Momon. But we presumed only
one deficiency by Momon’s trial counsel, so there is nothing to
aggregate, and this claim fails. See Flood v. State, 311 Ga. 800, 808–
09 (2021) (“[W]hen reviewing a claim of cumulative prejudice, we
evaluate only the effects of matters determined to be error, not the
4 Momon does not argue that his trial counsel should have objected to
this evidence based on OCGA § 24-4-404. He argues only that his trial counsel should have reasserted objections based on Rule 401 and Rule 403. 22 cumulative effect of non-errors.” (quotation marks omitted)).
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.