HOUGH, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). It is said that these patents relate to the means for doing a difficult thing, viz., inserting apparatus strong enough to withstand the increasing demands of railway service into that very contracted space between the sills of a car allowed by the Master Car Builders’ Association for the insertion of draft-rigging.
[1] Prom this premise it is argued that those who furnish such increased strength in draft-rigging without increase of size should be deemed to have displayed invention by (as counsel put it) “the solution of these difficulties.” This assertion is erroneous as matter of law. Mere increase in strength is not “invention” (Planing Machine Co. v. Keith, 101 U. S. 490, 25 L. Ed. 939); and that no change in form, proportions, or degree so as to do the same thing in the same way, though with better results, is invention, has been recently reasserted in Railroad Supply Co. v. Elyria, etc., Co. (May 21, 1917) 244 U. S. 285, 37 Sup. Ct. 502, 61 L. Ed. 1136.
The patentees make no such claim for themselves. Neither of the Miner patents even suggest that the result of the invention claimed is to increase strength or durability without increasing bulk. O’Connor does declare that he wishes to avoid breakage of stop-castings (or side [519]*519plates) by producing a web of uniform thickness, and this means that his web is to be a stronger web. He does not claim, however, and no patentee can claim, that his product is entitled to patent protection on account of its strength; he can only patent the means by which he gains strength—or any other desirable quality.
[2] We assume without deciding that, in so far as the claims in suit purport to be for combinations, they set forth true combinations. Examining, therefore, the fourth claim of the first Miner patent as a combination, it is seen to combine all the parts of a draft-rigging, all generally well known to the prior art, and therein presented in many variants. The novelty of the combination and the gist of the invention reside in two elements described thus: (1) “A lower guide-plate for the followers and the draft-rigging to rest upon,” and (2) a stop-casting having upper guide-flanges “each tapering from the- middle toward both ends to form a fulcrum for the pocket-strap to swing upon.”
The stop-casting of the claim can be readily understood by examining Figure 6 (supra), and the guide-plate as claimed is accurately presented by irnagirdng the defendant’s supporting plate (supra) extended until it covers and-guides all the followers instead of only one of them.
The first question is whether the state of the art entitled Miner 'to a range of equivalents that would include as infringements devices not within the exact and technical meaning of the words used in the claim. Defendant’s stop-casting contains a central flat-faced projection which in order to be an infringement must be found the equivalent of Miner’s fulcrum, substantially as described. There is nothing to show that the word “fulcrum” is not used in its ordinary sense, viz. a prop or support for a lever. He shows and describes a true fulcrum, on which the draw-bar and pocket-strap (rigidly connected in Miner’s apparatus) truly pivot, exerting an obvious leverage.
A similar rigging normally loosely aligned with the flat face of defendant’s middle stop (as is the case in the alleged infringement) might pivot on either the forward or alter end. or edge of the scop as a fulcrum; but it could never properly he said to pivot on the entire projection.
Something more than a literal reading of the claim is necessary to find infringement, and so “fulcrum” is said to mean any projection upon any part of which a pivoting action may take place. The prior art forbids such construction. It is enough to mention expired patents to the present plaintiff, Nos. 549,207 and 570,038; which plainly disclose a draft-rigging intended to laterally swing upon centrally placed square-faced lugs, not extending the entire height of the stop-casting, but upon which, as the later expired patent states, “the draw-bar and its extension may vibrate laterally to 3 limited extent.” So far as we can discover there was room in the art for exactly the claim made in the patent in suit, i. e., for a combination of parts generally well known, and most of them specifically old, but with a stop-casting truly fulcrum-ed at the middle stop. But there was not room in the art to claim a fulcrum, and then read fulcrum to cover a wide flat-faced projection, which in its entirety no one would normally call a fulcrum or pivot.
The fifth claim of the first Miner patent presents the additional ques[520]*520.tion whether the supporting plate of the defendant is in substance the channeled guide-plate of the plaintiff. It is undeniable that the function of the defendant’s plate, so far as it goes, is exactly that of the plaintiff’s. The question is as before, whether prior knowledge leaves it possible to construe a “guide-plate for the followers and the draft-rigging to rest upon, * * * having a central longitudinal channel for the lower member of the pocket-strap” to mean any support for the pocket-strap and contents which even partially performs the guiding function of the described and claimed plate of the plaintiff. There was certainly nothing new in supporting plates channeled or plain. The so-called “spider” of Stark, 587,376, is such a channeled plate, nor does it make any difference that Stark’s draft-rigging was a single spring instead of tandem apparatus—both devices must have followers, and for the same reasons. It was successfully urged in the court, below that Claim 5 could not be construed to apply only to a guide-plate, which guided all the followers, because such construction would leave Claim 2 (not in suit) identical with it, as Claim 2 specifically calls for a “lower guide-plate extending from the front to the rear follower for the followers and the draft-rigging to rest upon.” Cadillac Motor Car Co. v. Austin, 225 Fed. 983, 141 C. C. A. 105. The doctrine is not applicable, because it is not true that the descriptions of the lower guide-plate are the only differences between Claims 2 and 5, but we find (whatever the result upon the compared claims) no difference in meaning between their language on this point; both specifically require a guide-plate that guides all the followers. If the word “followers” in Claim 5 does not mean all followers, it is meaningless.
Let it be assumed that a combination of familiar elements functioning in familiar ways, and new only in the introduction of a supporting guide-plate for all the followers, is valid. It is only valid, however, in its entirety, for supporting plates with channels are both old and simple. Whether it was invention to extend the supporting plate so as to guide all the followers we need not consider; but this claim cannot be read so as to find infringement in a supporting plate that does not guide exactly in the way described and claimed in Miner’s patent, without losing whatever validity it possesses.
[3] The second of Miner’s patents presents but a single question that we shall consider, viz.: Was it invention to disclose a side casting having a middle stop deeper, i. e., projecting further from its base, than the end stops ?
There is here presented an aggravated example of a thing common in patent litigation.
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HOUGH, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). It is said that these patents relate to the means for doing a difficult thing, viz., inserting apparatus strong enough to withstand the increasing demands of railway service into that very contracted space between the sills of a car allowed by the Master Car Builders’ Association for the insertion of draft-rigging.
[1] Prom this premise it is argued that those who furnish such increased strength in draft-rigging without increase of size should be deemed to have displayed invention by (as counsel put it) “the solution of these difficulties.” This assertion is erroneous as matter of law. Mere increase in strength is not “invention” (Planing Machine Co. v. Keith, 101 U. S. 490, 25 L. Ed. 939); and that no change in form, proportions, or degree so as to do the same thing in the same way, though with better results, is invention, has been recently reasserted in Railroad Supply Co. v. Elyria, etc., Co. (May 21, 1917) 244 U. S. 285, 37 Sup. Ct. 502, 61 L. Ed. 1136.
The patentees make no such claim for themselves. Neither of the Miner patents even suggest that the result of the invention claimed is to increase strength or durability without increasing bulk. O’Connor does declare that he wishes to avoid breakage of stop-castings (or side [519]*519plates) by producing a web of uniform thickness, and this means that his web is to be a stronger web. He does not claim, however, and no patentee can claim, that his product is entitled to patent protection on account of its strength; he can only patent the means by which he gains strength—or any other desirable quality.
[2] We assume without deciding that, in so far as the claims in suit purport to be for combinations, they set forth true combinations. Examining, therefore, the fourth claim of the first Miner patent as a combination, it is seen to combine all the parts of a draft-rigging, all generally well known to the prior art, and therein presented in many variants. The novelty of the combination and the gist of the invention reside in two elements described thus: (1) “A lower guide-plate for the followers and the draft-rigging to rest upon,” and (2) a stop-casting having upper guide-flanges “each tapering from the- middle toward both ends to form a fulcrum for the pocket-strap to swing upon.”
The stop-casting of the claim can be readily understood by examining Figure 6 (supra), and the guide-plate as claimed is accurately presented by irnagirdng the defendant’s supporting plate (supra) extended until it covers and-guides all the followers instead of only one of them.
The first question is whether the state of the art entitled Miner 'to a range of equivalents that would include as infringements devices not within the exact and technical meaning of the words used in the claim. Defendant’s stop-casting contains a central flat-faced projection which in order to be an infringement must be found the equivalent of Miner’s fulcrum, substantially as described. There is nothing to show that the word “fulcrum” is not used in its ordinary sense, viz. a prop or support for a lever. He shows and describes a true fulcrum, on which the draw-bar and pocket-strap (rigidly connected in Miner’s apparatus) truly pivot, exerting an obvious leverage.
A similar rigging normally loosely aligned with the flat face of defendant’s middle stop (as is the case in the alleged infringement) might pivot on either the forward or alter end. or edge of the scop as a fulcrum; but it could never properly he said to pivot on the entire projection.
Something more than a literal reading of the claim is necessary to find infringement, and so “fulcrum” is said to mean any projection upon any part of which a pivoting action may take place. The prior art forbids such construction. It is enough to mention expired patents to the present plaintiff, Nos. 549,207 and 570,038; which plainly disclose a draft-rigging intended to laterally swing upon centrally placed square-faced lugs, not extending the entire height of the stop-casting, but upon which, as the later expired patent states, “the draw-bar and its extension may vibrate laterally to 3 limited extent.” So far as we can discover there was room in the art for exactly the claim made in the patent in suit, i. e., for a combination of parts generally well known, and most of them specifically old, but with a stop-casting truly fulcrum-ed at the middle stop. But there was not room in the art to claim a fulcrum, and then read fulcrum to cover a wide flat-faced projection, which in its entirety no one would normally call a fulcrum or pivot.
The fifth claim of the first Miner patent presents the additional ques[520]*520.tion whether the supporting plate of the defendant is in substance the channeled guide-plate of the plaintiff. It is undeniable that the function of the defendant’s plate, so far as it goes, is exactly that of the plaintiff’s. The question is as before, whether prior knowledge leaves it possible to construe a “guide-plate for the followers and the draft-rigging to rest upon, * * * having a central longitudinal channel for the lower member of the pocket-strap” to mean any support for the pocket-strap and contents which even partially performs the guiding function of the described and claimed plate of the plaintiff. There was certainly nothing new in supporting plates channeled or plain. The so-called “spider” of Stark, 587,376, is such a channeled plate, nor does it make any difference that Stark’s draft-rigging was a single spring instead of tandem apparatus—both devices must have followers, and for the same reasons. It was successfully urged in the court, below that Claim 5 could not be construed to apply only to a guide-plate, which guided all the followers, because such construction would leave Claim 2 (not in suit) identical with it, as Claim 2 specifically calls for a “lower guide-plate extending from the front to the rear follower for the followers and the draft-rigging to rest upon.” Cadillac Motor Car Co. v. Austin, 225 Fed. 983, 141 C. C. A. 105. The doctrine is not applicable, because it is not true that the descriptions of the lower guide-plate are the only differences between Claims 2 and 5, but we find (whatever the result upon the compared claims) no difference in meaning between their language on this point; both specifically require a guide-plate that guides all the followers. If the word “followers” in Claim 5 does not mean all followers, it is meaningless.
Let it be assumed that a combination of familiar elements functioning in familiar ways, and new only in the introduction of a supporting guide-plate for all the followers, is valid. It is only valid, however, in its entirety, for supporting plates with channels are both old and simple. Whether it was invention to extend the supporting plate so as to guide all the followers we need not consider; but this claim cannot be read so as to find infringement in a supporting plate that does not guide exactly in the way described and claimed in Miner’s patent, without losing whatever validity it possesses.
[3] The second of Miner’s patents presents but a single question that we shall consider, viz.: Was it invention to disclose a side casting having a middle stop deeper, i. e., projecting further from its base, than the end stops ?
There is here presented an aggravated example of a thing common in patent litigation. This second Miner patent is not for a projecting middle stop, but for a draft-rigging for tenders; its whole object is to provide an apparatus, with certain enlarged parts so as to fill up the space allowed for draft-rigging on tenders, which is much greater than that allowed for cars. Incidentally the eighth claim plainly reads (according to plaintiff) on any stop-casting having “its portions above and below the follower guides deeper than the end stops” if used in what is otherwise any draft-rigging of the prior art.
We doubt whether the disclosure of the patent, owing to clerical errors in drawing, and blind language in specification, supports the claim; [521]*521but for purposes of argument we accept the reading of appellee as just stated.
Having made this concession, we nevertheless consider the claim void upon expired patents to Miner, 570,038 and 549,207. Both of these documents show a projecting lug, upon which (as previously pointed out) the patentee declared the drawbar and its rigid extension would vibrate laterally to a limited extent. Miner disclosed this lug in his earlier expired patent and attempted substantially to claim it in his later, and was properly refused by the Patent Office. Yet Claim 8 of the patent in suit shows two lugs (i. e., projections from the middle stop) for the “draw-bar and pocket-strap to swing or turn laterally upon.” Of course, the single lug was abandoned to the public when it was not claimed in the first expired patent. The action of the Office as to the second emphasized that abandonment. There was no invention in making the lug double (as the patentee shows ii); and we may add it was equally without invention to make the projecting middle stop in the shape chosen by defendant. Nor was the case bettered by substituting one new element, itself showing no invention, in an apparatus otherwise old, and calling it a combination.
[4] Of the O’Connor patent little need be said, since the decision of the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Nash v. Miner, 245 Fed. 349.
We disregard the unhappy phraseology of O’Connor’s specification and claims, and look beyond words which seem to demand a patent upon an article showing “bends or convolutions” simply because that shape was chosen. This patentee also propounds a combination, functioning not otherwise than many other draft-riggings, in which the only novel element is a “cast web of substantially uniform thickness throughout,” a phrase which is carried through all the claims in suit and is the burden of the specification.
As pointed out in the case cited, even the production of convolutions on the web was not new. In order to have a right to any patent it was necessary to show that the cast web, which looked as if it had been bent and was therefore convoluted in appearance, had some new quality, or arrived at the old result in a new way; for his casting, when completed, functioned like any other casting, and so did the rigging of which it was an element.
If the patentee did this, it was in one way alone; viz. he disclosed that he made his casting without T-sections. Mere inspection of the defendant's casting shows that it. is full of T-sections. Therefore it is a different thing from the only new element in O’Connor’s alleged combination, and consequently there is no infringement.
[5] Much of the record herein is devoted to an effort to show that tlie defendant enticed away from the plaintiff’s contractors, laborers particularly skilled in the production of stop-castings. This evidence was duly objected to, but successfully justified in the lower court, because it was thought to show “defendant’s deliberate appropriation of the plaintiff’s rights.” We think none of it was relevant. The plaintiff had no rights unless infringement was proven, and infringement did not depend on what particular workmen molded defendant’s casting, [522]*522but on the nature of the casting after it was produced. As a ground for increased damages in addition to profits, such evidence might have been material, before the master, but it did not tend to prove infringement, which was the only issue tried below. The testimony should have been excluded; but the remarks concerning it made by counsel on both sides in the briefs submitted to us are of a lamentable acrimony, and our disapproval thereof we deem it necessary to note.
•The decree below is reversed, with costs in both courts; the mandate will declare that the defendant has not infringed Claims 4 and 5 of the first Miner patent, nor Claims 5, 6 and 7 of the O’Connor patent, and that Claim 8 of the second Miner patent is void for lack of invention.