Sew all, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This action being upon an express contract, this is to be sufficiently alleged, in point of consideration as well as promise, and is to be proved as it is alleged. The material allegations in the plaintiff’s declaration are their incorporation, and the authority to them to make a turnpike road in a particular direction specified by the statute; and a promise, on the part of the defendant, not only to take certain shares in the undertaking, but to pay all assessments which should be made thereon conformably to the act of incorporation.
The statute is to be considered as. expressing a grant of the legislature to the members of the corporation; and for the use of this road, when made, the corporation are to be entitled to certain tolls. And according to the further provisions of the statute, the expenditures are to be provided * for by as- [ * 387 ] sessments upon the individual members. For this purpose the corporation are enabled to vote and assess either prospect ive estimates of expense, or the amount of expenses actually in [386]*386curred; and the assessments, when paid, become deposits of stock according to the respective shares and interest of each corporator.
But shares are contemplated by the legislature as existing previous to the deposits of stock; for the remedy, and the only remedy, for the collection of assessments, is a sale of the shares of delinquent members, as directed by the statute. This is obviously a very inadequate remedy against those who refuse to pay assessments, and who are only known as proprietors of shares by their consent to become proprietors, and by subscribing or undertaking for any specified number of shares.
It was, however, determined, in the case of The Andover and- Medford Turnpike vs. Gould,
In a previous case, that of The Worcester Turnpike vs. Willard, (2) it had been determined that the corporation had authority to contract with their members as individuals, and to receive of them promises for the payment of assessments; upon which the corporation would have a cumulative remedy, and would be enabled to compel the payment of assessments in a personal action; and that when, upon the faith of these promises, the corporation proceed in their undertaking, there is then a sufficient consideration on their part; and they may lawfully compel the payment of assessments, not only by selling the shares of delinquents, but also by enforcing the performance of collateral engagements and promises. [ * 388 ] And in the same case, a subscription of * shares, expressing likewise a promise to pay assessments, was considered as having the effect of a collateral promise; which was enforced in a persona] action against the delinquent proprietor, for the recovery of the assessments which had been laid upon his share or shares.
■ The case at bar is urged for the plaintiffs upon the authority of this decision. And we are not disposed, at this time, to question either the doctrine or the construction of the written promise; and we shall apply both, as they are established by the decision last cited. But other subsequent decisions restrain us to cases identified in every material circumstance, with the case of The Worcester Turnpike vs. Willard, in relying upon the authority of that de cisión.
[387]*387In the case now under consideration, the written promise or subscription of the defendant is of the same import, if not in the same words, as to the payment of assessments. But on his part, his liability, upon that promise, for the assessments now demanded, is contested upon the ground that the road, to which his collateral promise applied, has never been carried into effect. His subscription, at least so far as any collateral promise is to be inferred, or a:iy liability to a personal remedy, is restricted to the road then contemplated, and specifically ascertained, by the reference which the subscription and promise, and the capacity of the plaintiffs to receive it, necessarily had to the act of incorporation. The road there it) described and authorized has never been made. The plaintiffs, therefore, if they allege the essential fact, on their part, of a road made, an expense incurred according to the implied request of the defendant, and to which his undertaking was directed, are unable to maintain the allegation by any proof. Failing in this, they are not entitled in this action, which supposes a personal remedy against the defendant upon his collateral promise.
To this it is replied, that the defendant consented in the variation of the course of the turnpike road from that originally established to another course subsequently permitted by * an additional statute, to which the defendant was a [ * 389 ] party in fact as well as constructively; that he was a director of the corporation, and, as such, was nominally a petitioner for the alteration of the road, and officially concerned in making the road finally accepted and undertaken by the corporation.
We cannot, however, after much consideration of the subject, admit the sufficiency of this reply. At the most that can be made of the tenor of the defendant’s subscription, including his express promise to pay assessments, we discern concurrent remedies to which the corporation became thereby entitled, both at the time applicable to a road authorized and established in a particular course. The probable result of the defendant’s engagement as a corporator is, — and in this he may be subject in all respects to the corporate remedy provided by the statute, — that all variations of the road originally established, expenses lawfully incurred connected with the original design, or growing out of it, which the corporation, acting in their artificial capacity, have concurred in and authorized, are within his subscription for shares, his consent to become a proprietor, subject to the by-laws, rules, votes, and undertakings, of the corporation, so far as these are within the scope of the original design, and so far as the legislature may permit; that being the ultimate authority to which each corporator submits himself. And [388]*388this would be an answer to the supposed case of money paid on the original subscription.
The promise, however, connected with this consent to become a corporator, is not to have the same latitude of interpretation. In that^ promise he is not a corporator, but an individual contracting with the corporation; and he undertakes in that extraordinary manner, referring himself to what the legislature had done, not to any probable subsequent grant. And it is not competent to one of the parties to change the terms of this collateral contract; and as there is no express, so there is no implied, consent, to be deduced from the circumstances proved in the case at bar; where the defend-;
ant may have been controlled by the will of the [ * 390 ] * majority; or, if he concurred in the votes and proceedings of the corporation, it was as a corporator, not carrying with his concurrence any renewal of his supposed collateral promise.
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Sew all, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This action being upon an express contract, this is to be sufficiently alleged, in point of consideration as well as promise, and is to be proved as it is alleged. The material allegations in the plaintiff’s declaration are their incorporation, and the authority to them to make a turnpike road in a particular direction specified by the statute; and a promise, on the part of the defendant, not only to take certain shares in the undertaking, but to pay all assessments which should be made thereon conformably to the act of incorporation.
The statute is to be considered as. expressing a grant of the legislature to the members of the corporation; and for the use of this road, when made, the corporation are to be entitled to certain tolls. And according to the further provisions of the statute, the expenditures are to be provided * for by as- [ * 387 ] sessments upon the individual members. For this purpose the corporation are enabled to vote and assess either prospect ive estimates of expense, or the amount of expenses actually in [386]*386curred; and the assessments, when paid, become deposits of stock according to the respective shares and interest of each corporator.
But shares are contemplated by the legislature as existing previous to the deposits of stock; for the remedy, and the only remedy, for the collection of assessments, is a sale of the shares of delinquent members, as directed by the statute. This is obviously a very inadequate remedy against those who refuse to pay assessments, and who are only known as proprietors of shares by their consent to become proprietors, and by subscribing or undertaking for any specified number of shares.
It was, however, determined, in the case of The Andover and- Medford Turnpike vs. Gould,
In a previous case, that of The Worcester Turnpike vs. Willard, (2) it had been determined that the corporation had authority to contract with their members as individuals, and to receive of them promises for the payment of assessments; upon which the corporation would have a cumulative remedy, and would be enabled to compel the payment of assessments in a personal action; and that when, upon the faith of these promises, the corporation proceed in their undertaking, there is then a sufficient consideration on their part; and they may lawfully compel the payment of assessments, not only by selling the shares of delinquents, but also by enforcing the performance of collateral engagements and promises. [ * 388 ] And in the same case, a subscription of * shares, expressing likewise a promise to pay assessments, was considered as having the effect of a collateral promise; which was enforced in a persona] action against the delinquent proprietor, for the recovery of the assessments which had been laid upon his share or shares.
■ The case at bar is urged for the plaintiffs upon the authority of this decision. And we are not disposed, at this time, to question either the doctrine or the construction of the written promise; and we shall apply both, as they are established by the decision last cited. But other subsequent decisions restrain us to cases identified in every material circumstance, with the case of The Worcester Turnpike vs. Willard, in relying upon the authority of that de cisión.
[387]*387In the case now under consideration, the written promise or subscription of the defendant is of the same import, if not in the same words, as to the payment of assessments. But on his part, his liability, upon that promise, for the assessments now demanded, is contested upon the ground that the road, to which his collateral promise applied, has never been carried into effect. His subscription, at least so far as any collateral promise is to be inferred, or a:iy liability to a personal remedy, is restricted to the road then contemplated, and specifically ascertained, by the reference which the subscription and promise, and the capacity of the plaintiffs to receive it, necessarily had to the act of incorporation. The road there it) described and authorized has never been made. The plaintiffs, therefore, if they allege the essential fact, on their part, of a road made, an expense incurred according to the implied request of the defendant, and to which his undertaking was directed, are unable to maintain the allegation by any proof. Failing in this, they are not entitled in this action, which supposes a personal remedy against the defendant upon his collateral promise.
To this it is replied, that the defendant consented in the variation of the course of the turnpike road from that originally established to another course subsequently permitted by * an additional statute, to which the defendant was a [ * 389 ] party in fact as well as constructively; that he was a director of the corporation, and, as such, was nominally a petitioner for the alteration of the road, and officially concerned in making the road finally accepted and undertaken by the corporation.
We cannot, however, after much consideration of the subject, admit the sufficiency of this reply. At the most that can be made of the tenor of the defendant’s subscription, including his express promise to pay assessments, we discern concurrent remedies to which the corporation became thereby entitled, both at the time applicable to a road authorized and established in a particular course. The probable result of the defendant’s engagement as a corporator is, — and in this he may be subject in all respects to the corporate remedy provided by the statute, — that all variations of the road originally established, expenses lawfully incurred connected with the original design, or growing out of it, which the corporation, acting in their artificial capacity, have concurred in and authorized, are within his subscription for shares, his consent to become a proprietor, subject to the by-laws, rules, votes, and undertakings, of the corporation, so far as these are within the scope of the original design, and so far as the legislature may permit; that being the ultimate authority to which each corporator submits himself. And [388]*388this would be an answer to the supposed case of money paid on the original subscription.
The promise, however, connected with this consent to become a corporator, is not to have the same latitude of interpretation. In that^ promise he is not a corporator, but an individual contracting with the corporation; and he undertakes in that extraordinary manner, referring himself to what the legislature had done, not to any probable subsequent grant. And it is not competent to one of the parties to change the terms of this collateral contract; and as there is no express, so there is no implied, consent, to be deduced from the circumstances proved in the case at bar; where the defend-;
ant may have been controlled by the will of the [ * 390 ] * majority; or, if he concurred in the votes and proceedings of the corporation, it was as a corporator, not carrying with his concurrence any renewal of his supposed collateral promise. We decide, therefore, for the defendant in the case reported.
The decision is warranted by the case of these same plaintiffs against Locke, (3) which was an action brought upon this same subscription. For the circumstances of this case are entirely the same, avoiding the inference, upon which the plaintiffs have relied in this case, from the facts mentioned of the official characters and employments the defendant has had in this corporation, and his concurrence in the alterations of the road, the circumstances which we have considered, and which we think do not warrant the inference attempted to be drawn from them in the argument for the nlaintiffs.
The verdict is to be set aside, and the plaintiffs are to become nonsuit, (a)
6 Mass. Rep. 45.