Michigan Bell Telephone Co. v. Covad Communications Co.

597 F.3d 370, 49 Communications Reg. (P&F) 741, 2010 U.S. App. LEXIS 3778, 2010 WL 616360

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
• Decided: February 23, 2010
• Docket: 07-2469, 07-2473
• Status: Published

Opinions

BATCHELDER, C.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which GILMAN, J., joined. SUTTON, J. (pp. 387-92), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.

OPINION

ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Chief Judge.

A state telephone-utility commission and several competitive local exchange carriers appeal a judgment in which the district court vacated the commission’s order requiring the incumbent local exchange carrier to provide certain “entrance facilities” at wholesale prices. Finding the appellants’ arguments unpersuasive, we AFFIRM.

I.

Congress enacted the Telecommunications Act of 1996, 47 U.S.C. § 152 et seq., to mandate “that local service, which was previously operated as a monopoly overseen by the several states, be opened to competition.” MCI Telecom. Corp. v. Bell Atl., 271 F.3d 491, 497 (3d Cir.2001). Congress required the incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs) to cooperate with competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs) to allow the CLECs to enter the market, either by connecting their equipment to the ILEC’s existing network or by purchasing or leasing existing network elements and services. Id. The ILECs and CLECs, through negotiation or arbitration, enter into “interconnection agreements,” which set out the terms, rates, and conditions. Id. Congress directed the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to promulgate implementing regulations, but gave oversight of the interconnection agreements to the state public-utility commissions. Id.

In the present case, the ILEC is Michigan Bell; the CLECs are Covad Communications, Talk America, Inc., XO Communications, McLeod USA Telecommunications, and TDS Metrocom; and the state utility commission is the Michigan Public Service Commission (MPSC), for which the individual commissioners were J. Peter Lark, Laura Chappelle, and Monica Martinez. This case concerns the regulation of “entrance facilities,” a type of transmission facility that connects a CLEC network with an ILEC network. But, just to be clear, an “entrance facility” is really just a fancy name for a cable or wire used to transport calls from a CLEC switch to an ILEC switch, and this wire can be very short (if the two switches are close together), or it can be very long, stretching for blocks or even miles (if the switches are far apart), depending on the relative locations of the two switches.

As Congress directed, the FCC promulgated regulations regarding interconnection, see 47 C.F.R. § 51.1 et seq., and then set about deciding which of the ILEC’s network elements must be “unbundled”; that is, which of the ILEC’s network elements must be offered for sale or lease to the CLECs at regulated prices or rates.¹ In August 1996, the FCC issued its Local Competition Order, 11 FCC Red. 15499, 1996 WL 452885 (Aug. 8, 1996), in which it purported to apply the Act’s “impairment test”² and — finding impairment everywhere — required the ILECs to unbundle all of their interoffice-transmission facilities (which included entrance facilities). But the Supreme Court vacated that order, finding the FCC’s analysis of impairment unjustifiably over-broad, and remanded the issue to the FCC to try again. See AT & T Corp. v. Iowa Utils. Bd., 525 U.S. 366, 119 S.Ct. 721, 142 L.Ed.2d 835 (1999).

Meanwhile, Michigan Bell had begun to provide for the CLECs to connect to its network. In so doing, Michigan Bell added “entrance facilities” (i.e., cables or wires) with which the CLECs could connect, in order to access Michigan Bell’s network. Acting pursuant to the FCC’s initial directives, Michigan Bell offered its “entrance facilities” to the CLECs at regulated rates.

The FCC, on remand from the Iowa Utilities Board decision, again required the ILECs to unbundle all of their interoffice transmission facilities (including entrance facilities), once again under an “impairment test” in which it found impairment everywhere. See UNE Remand Order, 15 FCC Red. 3696, 1999 WL 1008985 (Nov. 5, 1999). But the reviewing court vacated that order as well, finding the FCC’s analysis of impairment unjustifiably over-broad, and remanded the issue to the FCC to try a third time. See USTA v. FCC, 290 F.3d 415 (D.C.Cir.2002) (“USTA I”).

In its third attempt, on remand from the D.C. Circuit, the FCC — among other things — removed “entrance facilities” from its description of the ILEC network and concluded that an impairment test was not even necessary to hold that entrance facilities need not be unbundled. See Triennial Review Order (TRO), 18 FCC Red. 16978, 2003 WL 22175730, ¶ 366 n. 1116 (Sept. 17, 2003) (“Our determination here effectively eliminates ‘entrance facilities’ as UNEs [unbundled network elements] and, therefore, moots the [FCC’s pending notice of proposed rule making] insofar as it proposes limitations on obtaining entrance facilities as UNEs.”). But the reviewing court vacated the order yet again, finding that the FCC’s exclusion of entrance facilities from the impairment analysis was improper and directing that the FCC must conduct an impairment analysis for entrance facilities. See USTA v. FCC, 359 F.3d 554 (D.C.Cir.2004) (“USTA II”).

Consequently, the FCC issued a fourth order, the Triennial Review Remand Order (TRRO), 20 FCC Rcd. 2533, 2005 WL 289015 (Feb. 4, 2005), in which it reestablished that entrance facilities are a part of the ILEC network, but found that unbundled access was not necessary because the CLECs were not impaired by paying competitive rates for the use of entrance facilities.³ At the conclusion of this finding, however, the FCC included the following paragraph:

140. We note in addition that our finding of non-impairment with respect to entrance facilities does not alter the right of competitive LECs to obtain interconnection facilities pursuant to section 251(c)(2) for the transmission and routing of telephone exchange service and exchange access service. Thus, competitive LECs will have access to these [interconnection] facilities[⁴]:i at cost-based rates to the extent that they require them to interconnect with the incumbent LEC’s network.

TRRO, 20 FCC Red. 2533, 2005 WL 289015, ¶ 140 (footnotes omitted).

As mentioned previously, Michigan Bell had provided entrance facilities for some time, and had been charging the CLECs regulated (TELRIC) rates for use of those entrance facilities. But, in light of the TRRO, Michigan Bell decided that it would henceforth charge higher (i.e., competitive) rates for the entrance facilities it was providing.⁵ Thus, Michigan Bell notified the CLECs that it would be changing the “interconnection agreements” to reflect this new pricing scheme.

The CLECs, none too pleased with this impending price increase, responded by complaining to the MPSC, arguing that (regardless of the other paragraphs in the TRRO) paragraph 140 dictates that the CLECs are still entitled to use the entrance facilities at TELRIC rates for purposes of interconnection with the ILEC network. The MPSC agreed and ordered Michigan Bell to continue to provide entrance facilities at TELRIC rates. The parties refer to this as the “September Order.”

Michigan Bell appealed to the distinct court, which agreed with Michigan Bell (i.e., disagreed with the MPSC’s interpretation of the TRRO) and reversed the September Order, explaining:

Th[is][c]ourt agrees with [] Michigan [Bell] and concludes that the September Order[,] which pertains to this issue[,] does not comply with the rules that were adopted by the FCC pursuant to Section 251. It is not reasonable to interpret an explanatory comment, such as the one found in ¶ 140 of the TRRO, in a manner that undermines the plain meaning of the rule. The meaning of ¶ 140 must be interpreted in light of the FCC rule, which provides that entrance facilities need not be provided by incumbent carriers to competing carriers on an unbundled basis. The TRRO conveys the finding by the FCC that entrance facilities should be offered competitively. A review of the ruling by the MPSC reveals that the September Order does not comply with this directive, and, accordingly, must be set aside.

Mich. Bell Tel. Co. v. Lark, No. 06-11982, 2007 WL 2868633, at *7 (E.D.Mich.2007).

Both the CLECs and the MPSC commissioners appealed the decision to this court, raising one issue for review. In addition, the FCC and Verizon have submitted briefs as amicus curiae.

II.

“When a district court’s decision on summary judgment is the result of a review of a state administrative body’s ruling, de novo review requires that the proper standard of review of the underlying state administrative ruling be applied.” Quick Commc’ns, Inc. v. Mich. Bell Tel. Co., 515 F.3d 581, 584 (6th Cir.2008). That is, we review de novo the question of whether the MPSC’s order violated the Telecommunications Act, but we may overturn the MPSC’s findings of fact and state law only if those findings were arbitrary and capricious. Id. Because the present ease involves no findings of fact or determinations of state law, review in this case is entirely de novo.6

The key statutory provisions in this case involve “interconnection” and specify that “each incumbent local exchange carrier [i.e., ILEC] has the following duties:”

(2) Interconnection — The duty to provide, for the facilities and equipment of any requesting telecommunications carrier [i.e., CLEC], interconnection with the local exchange carrier’s [i.e., ILEC’s] network—

(A) for the transmission and routing of telephone exchange service and exchange access;

(B) at any technically feasible point within the carrier’s network;

(C) that is at least equal in quality to that provided by the local exchange carrier to itself or to any subsidiary, affiliate, or any other party to which the carrier provides interconnection; and

(D) on rates, terms, and conditions that are just, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory, in accordance with the terms and conditions of the agreement and the requirements of this section and § 252.[⁷]

(3) Unbundled access — The duty to provide, to any requesting telecommunications carrier for the provision of a telecommunications service, nondiscriminatory access to network elements on an unbundled basis at any technically feasible point on rates, terms, and conditions that are just, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory in accordance with the terms and conditions of the agreement and the requirements of this section and § 252 of this title.[⁸] An incumbent local exchange carrier shall provide such unbundled network elements in a manner that allows requesting carriers to combine such elements in order to provide such telecommunications service.

47 U.S.C. § 251(c). Thus, § 251(c)(2) requires the ILEC “to provide ... interconnection with [its] network” to the CLEC (i.e., “for the [CLEC’s] facilities and equipment”), whereas § 251(c)(3) requires the ILEC “to provide ... any requesting [CLEC with] nondiscriminatory access to [i.e., use of] [its] network elements on an unbundled basis.” But the statute further specifies:

In determining what network elements should be made available for purposes of subsection (c)(3) of this section, the [FCC] shall consider, at a minimum, whether ... the [ILEC’s] failure to provide access to such network elements would impair the ability of the [CLEC] to provide the services that it seeks to offer.

47 U.S.C. § 251(d)(2)(B) (emphasis added). This is the basis for the “impairment analysis.”

The FCC has promulgated implementing regulations, at least two of which are pertinent here, the first being its “interconnection” regulation, which tracks 47 U.S.C. § 251(c)(2) (quoted above):

An incumbent LEC shall provide, for the facilities and equipment of any requesting telecommunications carrier, intereonneetion with the incumbent LEC’s network:

(1) For ... telephone exchange traffic

(2) At any technically feasible point within the [ILEC]’s network ...

(3) That is at a level of quality [used by the ILEC itself] ...

(4) On terms and conditions that are just....

47 C.F.R. § 51.305. The FCC’s other pertinent regulation — its counterpart to its “interconnection facility” requirement — is its rule that ILECs are not obligated to provide “entrance facilities”:

Entrance facilities. An incumbent LEC [i.e., ILEC] is not obligated to provide a requesting carrier [i.e., CLEC] with unbundled access to dedicated transport that does not connect a pair of incumbent LEC wire centers [i.e., an ‘entrance facility’].

47 C.F.R. § 51.319(e)(2)(i). Recall that “[b]undling is about lease pricing,” and “[t]o provide a network element ‘on an unbundled basis’ is to lease the element ... to a requesting carrier at a stated price [i.e., TELRIC rates] specific to that element.’ ” Verizon Commc’ns, Inc. v. FCC, 535 U.S. 467, 531, 122 S.Ct. 1646, 152 L.Ed.2d 701 (2002). So, this provision could be rewritten as: an ILEC is not obligated to provide entrance facilities at TELRIC rates. Or, stated in positive terms: an ILEC can charge competitive rates for the use of its entrance facilities. The resulting inference is that the ILEC is not obligated to provide an entrance facility at all if it is inconvenient (or unprofitable) to do so. See, e.g., USTA II, 359 F.3d at 586 (“If (as appears) [entrance facilities] exist exclusively for the convenience of the CLECs, it seems anomalous that CLECs do not themselves provide them.... ”).

All of this brings us to the TRRO: what it says and what it means. In the part of the TRRO that addressed entrance facilities (and its analysis thereof), the FCC stated:

D. Entrance Facilities

136. In the Local Competition Order, the [FCC] defined dedicated transport as:

incumbent LEC transmission facilities dedicated to a particular customer or carrier that provide telecommunications between wire centers owned by incumbent LECs or requesting telecommunications carriers, or between switches owned by incumbent LECs or requesting telecommunications carriers.

The [FCC] reaffirmed this definition, which encompassed entrance facilities (the transmission facilities that connect competitive LEC networks with incumbent LEC networks), in the UNE Remand Order. In the Triennial Review Order, we revised the definition of dedicated transport to exclude entrance facilities. We determined that entrance facilities ‘exist outside the incumbent LEC’s local network’ and should therefore — given section 251’s focus on competition within the local network — be excluded from the definition of dedicated transport. We also limited the definition of dedicated transport to ‘those transmission facilities connecting incumbent LEC switches and wire centers within a LATA.’ Reviewing the Triennial Review Order, the USTA II court indicated that our exclusion of entrance facilities from the definition of dedicated transport was at odds with the definition of ‘network element’ found in section 153(29) of the Act. Specifically, the court found that we erred in excluding these facilities from the definition of dedicated transport for purposes of implementing the section 251 unbundling obligation. The court noted, moreover, that ‘[i]f entrance facilities are correctly classified as ‘network elements,’ an analysis of impairment would presumably follow.’

137. The USTA II court did not reject our conclusion that incumbent LECs need not unbundle entrance facilities, only the analysis through which we reached that conclusion. In response to the court’s remand, we reinstate the Local Competition Order definition of dedicated transport to the extent that it included entrance facilities, but we find that requesting carriers are not impaired without unbundled access to entrance facilities.

138. As the court suggested, we now conduct an impairment analysis with respect to entrance facilities and find that the economic characteristics of entrance facilities that we discussed in the Triennial Review Order support a national finding of non-impairment. Specifically, entrance facilities are less costly to build, are more widely available from alternative providers, and have greater revenue potential than dedicated transport between incumbent LEC central offices. As we noted in the Triennial Review Order, entrance facilities are used to transport traffic to a switch and often represent the point of greatest aggregation of traffic in a competitive LEC’s network. Because of this aggregation potential, entrance facilities are more likely than dedicated transport between incumbent LEC offices to carry enough traffic to justify self-deployment by a competitive LEC. Moreover, competitive LECs have a unique degree of control over the cost of entrance facilities, in contrast to other types of dedicated transport, because they can choose the location of their own switches. For example, they can choose to locate their switches close to other competitors’ switches, maximizing the ability to share costs and aggregate traffic, or close to transmission facilities deployed by other competitors, increasing the possibility of finding an alternative wholesale supply. In addition, they often can locate their switches close to the incumbent LEC’s central office, minimizing the length and cost of entrance facilities.

139. The record in this proceeding also demonstrates that competitive LECs are increasingly relying on competitively provided entrance facilities. BellSouth notes, for example, that between October 2003 and September 2004, 10 percent to 20 percent of the entrance facilities it had provided to competitive LECs were replaced by facilities obtained from other sources. Verizon states that between early 2003 and mid-2004, it migrated more than 32,000 entrance facility circuits to non-Verizon facilities. No commenters in this proceeding have disputed this evidence, which indicates that wholesale alternatives to entrance facilities provided by incumbent LECs are widely available. And it appears that incumbent LECs and competitors alike continue to agree that entrance facilities are more competitively available than other types of dedicated transport.

140. We note in addition that our finding of non-impairment with respect to entrance facilities does not alter the right of competitive LECs to obtain interconnection facilities pursuant to section 251(c)(2) for the transmission and routing of telephone exchange service and exchange access service. Thus, competitive LECs will have access to these [interconnection] facilities at cost-based rates to the extent that they require them to interconnect with the incumbent LEC’s network.

141. The evidence described above convinces us that competitive LECs are not impaired without access to entrance facilities. We also conclude that it would be inappropriate to apply the same impairment test to entrance facilities that we have adopted for other types of dedicated transport. As we have explained, entrance facilities are characterized by unique operational and economic characteristics that justify separate treatment: they are less costly to build, are more widely available from alternative providers, and have greater revenue potential than dedicated transport between incumbent LEC central offices. For these reasons, we do not apply our test for other types of dedicated transport to entrance facilities.

TRRO, 20 FCC Red. 2533, 2005 WL 289015, ¶¶ 136-141 (footnotes omitted).

In one sense, the question in this appeal concerns this passage from the TRRO: what does it say and what does it mean? And the parties’ disagreement as to the meaning is central to the present dispute. So, let us begin by restating it, as clearly and succinctly as we can, and then proceed to what it means. Based on our plain reading, we find the most plausible “translation” to be:

136. In our last order, ive drew two conclusions from a single premise:

Premise: Entrance facilities are not even a part of (i.e., not ‘within’) the ILEC’s network. Therefore:

First Conclusion: Entrance facilities do not need to be unbundled; and

Second Conclusion: We do not even need to conduct an impairment analysis on entrance facilities.

Alas, when the USTA II court considered this proposition, it rejected our premise and our second conclusion.

137. But the USTA II court did not reject our first conclusion, and we now reach that same conclusion again, albeit for a different reason.

138. There is nothing monopolistic about entrance facilities. If you are a CLEC and you don’t like the rates the ILEC is charging for use of its entrance facility, then build your own (or lease it from another CLEC that has built its own).

139. Other CLECs are certainly doing that (i.e., building their own).

140. And, rest assured, if you build your own entrance facility, the ILEC must still let you hook it up to its network (ie., use its “interconnection facility”) at wholesale rates.

141. Therefore, entrance facilities need not be provided at TELRIC rates.

So, the question becomes: does this mean what it says? The appellants contend that it does not. But, to find a different meaning, it is necessary to complicate this discussion considerably. That is, the appellants — the FCC, the MPSC Commissioners, and the CLECs — complicate this considerably. Before explaining their position, however, we think a simple analogy may be helpful.

Suppose you lived next to a public park that had no electrical hook-up of its own. And suppose that the village elders decided that, rather than installing an electrical hookup in the park, they would allow park-goers to hook up to your electricity at your house (and because they compensated you enough to cover the added electricity usage plus a tidy profit, you eagerly agreed). Thereafter, when park-goers arrived at the park needing electricity, you allowed them to plug into an electrical outlet in your garage. This outlet is the “interconnection facility.”

But, after a few days of having park-goers trample across your yard and enter your garage to plug into the electrical outlet on the wall inside the garage, you decide to buy one of those big orange extension cords, plug it into the outlet in your garage, and run it across your yard and into the park. This makes access to the electricity closer to (and hence more convenient for) the park-goers, and they are no longer trampling your yard or entering your garage. And note, because park-goers can still plug into the outlet in your garage if they want to (i.e., they need not plug into the big orange extension cord if they don’t want to), the big orange extension cord is an “entrance facility” and the outlet in your garage remains the “interconnection facility.” Even if all the park-goers are plugging into the big orange extension cord, the cord is still an entrance facility. The interconnection facility remains the outlet in the garage so long as the park-goers could plug in there if they wanted to.

As more park-goers arrive, you might put out a second big orange extension cord (i.e., a second “entrance facility”). And suppose that, at this point, all the park-goers are happily plugged into the big orange extension cords. Now suppose that a couple more park-goers arrive with their own big orange extension cords (“entrance facilities”), wanting to hook up to your electricity (as is their right). So, you get one of those surge protectors with six or eight plug-ins, plug it into the outlet in the garage, and plug your two big orange extension cords, as well as the two new park-goers’ extension cords, into this surge protector. The big orange extension cord would still be the entrance facility, but the outlet in the surge protector would now be the “interconnection facility.” By forcing the park-goers to plug into the surge protector (rather than the wall outlet), you have moved the “interconnection facility.” (And here is a critical aside: if you forced the park-goers to plug in to the big orange extension cord — and forbade them from plugging into the wall outlet (or the surge protector) — the big orange extension cord would become the “interconnection facility.” But, to ease the analogy, let’s just assume you allowed them to plug into the surge protector.⁹)

Now, some time later, you need a big orange extension cord for some other purpose (let’s say, Christmas lights), but the park-goers are using your extension cords. So, you tell the park-goers that you are either going to take the extension cords back or charge for their use, so that you can buy yourself a new one. But the park-goers complain to the village that they were promised electricity and now you won’t give it. The village elders think it over and decide that you are right: the electricity they promised did not include free use of your big orange extension cords, so they say:

138. There is nothing special about big orange extension cords. If you park-goers don’t like the rate that the homeowner is going to charge you to use her extension cords (i.e., ‘entrance facilities’), then bring your own (or lease one from another park-goer who has brought his or her own, if you can get a better deal).

139. Other park-goers are certainly doing that (i.e., bringing their own extension cords).

140. And, rest assured, if you bring your own big orange extension cord (i.e., ‘entrance facility’), the homeowner must still let you plug it into her surge protector (i.e., her ‘interconnection facility’) at no cost, just as you were doing before.

141.Therefore, the homeowner need not provide big orange extension cords (i.e., ‘entrance facilities’).

That all seems simple enough.

And it appears just as simple when we apply this analogy to the facts of our ease. Michigan Bell offers each CLEC both an interconnection facility and an entrance facility. So long as Michigan Bell offers an interconnection facility at TELRIC rates (and in compliance with 47 C.F.R. § 51.305), it may charge competitive rates for the use of its entrance facilities. Correspondingly, the CLEC may connect directly to the interconnection facility (at TELRIC rates), connect to Michigan Bell’s entrance facility (at Michigan Bell’s competitive rate), or connect to a third party’s entrance facility (at the third party’s rate).

But the MPSC Commissioners, the CLECs, the dissent, and the two Circuit Courts to have considered this all see it another way. They explain that entrance facilities are used for two purposes: (1) to carry communications among CLEC customers (i.e., backhauling); and (2) to interconnect the CLEC to the ILEC network. And, relying on this — otherwise unmentioned ¹⁰ — premise, they argue that ¶¶ 137, 138, and 141 say that the ILEC can charge competitive rates for the first use (i.e., backhauling), but ¶ 140 says that the ILEC must charge TELRIC rates for the other use (i.e., interconnection with the ILEC network). So, to complete our analogy, suppose a park-goer had taken the homeowner’s big orange extension cord, strung it over a tree branch, and connected a light to the dangling end (resulting in a light dangling from the tree branch, via the big orange extension cord). Under this separate-use theory, the homeowner could charge the park-goer to use the extension cord for the purpose of holding the light off the ground, but not for conveying the electricity to that light.¹¹

This separate-use theory requires several assumptions, none of which is easily defended. First, it requires us to assume that the FCC used two separate terms— “entrance facility” and “interconnection facility” — to describe the same exact wire, without any explanation why.¹²

Second, it requires us to assume that the FCC used “entrance facility” to refer to a particular use of that wire (i.e., for purposes of transporting data among CLEC customers (backhauling), rather than between the CLEC and ILEC),¹³ even though the FCC has never defined entrance facility that way. See TRRO ¶ 136 (“entrance facilities [are] the transmission facilities that connect competitive LEC networks with incumbent LEC networks”); 47 C.F.R. § 51.319(e)(2)® (“Entrance facilities [are] ... dedicated transport that does not connect a pair of incumbent LEC wire centers”).

Third, it requires us to assume that the FCC used the term “interconnection facility” to refer to a particular use of that wire (i.e., for purposes of transporting data between the CLEC and ILEC, rather than among CLEC customers), even though neither the FCC nor any court has ever defined interconnection that way. See Local Competition Order, 11 FCC Red. 15499, 1996 WL 452885, ¶176 (Aug. 8, 1996) (“the term ‘interconnection’ under section 251(c)(2) refers only to the physical linking of two networks”); AT & T Corp. v. FCC, 317 F.3d 227, 234 (D.C.Cir.2003) (“to ‘interconnect’ and to exchange traffic have distinct meanings”; interconnect “refers only to ‘facilities and equipment,’ not to the provision of any service”); Competitive Telecom. Ass’n v. FCC, 117 F.3d 1068, 1071-72 (8th Cir.1997) (“Congress intended ‘for the transmission and routing of telephone exchange service and exchange access’ only to describe what the interconnection, the physical link, would be used for.... By its own terms, this reference [to interconnection] is to a physical link, between the equipment of the carrier seeking interconnection and the LEC’s network.”).

Finally, it requires us to assume that when Congress used the phrase “provide ... interconnection with the [ILEC]’s network,” 47 U.S.C. § 251(c) (emphasis added), Congress actually meant that the ILEC is obligated to “lease a physical facility (or wire)” to the CLEC rather than merely “make a plug-in available” for connection with the CLEC’s facilities and equipment, even though this is an unnatural reading of the phrase, with no support in the statute.

In Illinois Bell Telephone Co. v. Box, 526 F.3d 1069, 1071-72 (7th Cir.2008), the Seventh Circuit considered this issue and held that “[w]hat the FCC said in ¶ 140 is that ILECs must allow use of entrance facilities for interconnection at ‘cost-based rates.’ ” But, the Seventh Circuit began its analysis by assuming the very question to be decided, stating:

In the [TRRO ], the FCC concluded that CLECs do not need entrance facilities for backhauling and should build their own equipment for handling CLEC-to-CLEC traffic. ILECs need not provide unbundled network elements to CLECs that can serve customers without ‘impairment’ through their own network elements. No one contests the FCC’s conclusion in this litigation.

Id. at 1071 (citation omitted; emphasis added). But, these two ¹⁴ qualifiers — “for backhauling” and “for handling CLEC-to-CLEC traffic” — are nowhere to be found in the text of the TRRO passage at issue here. The Seventh Circuit added these, without explanation or justification.

If we remove those qualifiers from this passage, we have an interpretation of ¶ 140 that is both drastically different from the Seventh Circuit’s and true to the plain language of the TRRO:

In the TRRO, the FCC concluded that CLECs do not need [ILECprovided] entrance facilities for backhauUng and should build them own [entrance-facility] equipment for — handling—QLEC-toCLEC trafficILECs need not provide unbundled network elements to CLECs that can serve customers without ‘impairment’ through their own network elements. No one contests the FCC’s conclusion in this litigation.

Thus, we cannot join the Seventh Circuit’s interpretation of the TRRO.

Using its qualifier-filled interpretation of ¶ 140 of the TRRO, the Seventh Circuit declared that this is the proper reading of the TRRO because this is what the FCC said in the TRRO. But the Seventh Circuit’s “reasoning” is entirely circular. It said:

AT & T protests that [by making entrance facilities available at TELRIC rates to the CLECs for interconnection, the state commission] nullifies the FCC’s order. What’s the point of specifying that CLECs cannot demand access to entrance facilities as unbundled network elements, AT & T inquires, if state commissions can turn around and require the same access at the same price anyway? The answer ... is that CLECs do not enjoy the ‘same’ access to entrance facilities under the state commission’s decision as they did before the FCC’s order. Until then CLECs could use entrance facilities for both interconnection and backhauling. Under the state’s order, CLECs use entrance facilities exclusively for interconnection, just as the FCC said in ¶ IjO.

Id. (emphasis added). But once we omit the unexplained and unjustified qualifiers, and thereby remove the artificial distinction that they create (between backhauling and interconnection), it becomes clear that the act of making entrance facilities available at TELRIC rates for interconnection (but not backhauling) is insupportable inasmuch as its sole support (i.e., TRRO ¶ 140) actually says no such thing. Consequently, we reject both the premise and the conclusion in Illinois Bell.

In Southwestern Bell Telephone, L.P. v. Missouri Public Service Commission, 530 F.3d 676, 683-84 (8th Cir.2008), the Eighth Circuit considered this issue and reached the same conclusion as the Seventh Circuit. After acknowledging the clear statement in the TRRO that CLECs are not impaired without access to entrance facilities, the Eighth Circuit turned right around and asserted that this finding “does not, however, alter the right of CLECs to obtain interconnection facilities pursuant to § 251(c)(2) for transmission and routing of telephone exchange service and exchange access service, i.e., CLEC to ILEC and ILEC to CLEC traffic.” Id. Without further explanation or justification (other than a “see” cite to Box, 526 F.3d at 1071-72), the court asserted:

The FCC determined [that] when a CLEC uses entrance facilities to carry traffic to and from its own end users, i.e., backhauling or CLEC to CLEC, the CLEC is not entitled to obtain entrance facilities as UNEs at TELRIC rates. If a CLEC needs entrance facilities to interconnect with an ILEC’s network, it has the right to obtain such facilities from the ILEC. Thus, CLECs must be provided access at TELRIC rates if necessary to interconnect with the ILEC’s network.

Id. But, as with Box, this conclusion is only true if the (assumed) premise is true, and it is not — -the FCC made no backhauling distinction in the TRRO and the FCC has not said that CLECs have a right to entrance facilities for some purposes but not others. The FCC has said that ILECs have no obligation to provide entrance facilities at TELRIC rates. See 47 C.F.R. § 51.319(e)(2)®.

We do not find these two cases persuasive. The most plausible reading of the plain language of the TRRO is that the ILEC must allow the CLEC to connect its network to the ILEC’s network, and may not charge the CLEC more than TELRIC rates for this connection. If the ILEC requires the CLEC to connect at some point other than directly into its network, then the link (or “bridge” if the word “bridge” provides a better image) between the ILEC’s designated connection point and the ILEC’s network is what TRRO ¶ 140 refers to as an “interconnection facility,” and the ILEC may charge only TEL-RIC rates for the use of that (or any) interconnection facility.

Amy facility (link, “bridge,” etc.) outside of the ILEC’s designated connection point (i.e., the link that connects the CLEC to the ILEC’s designated connection point, and from there to the ILEC network via the ILEC’s interconnection facility), is not itself an “interconnection facility”; it is an “entrance facility.” Obviously, the CLEC would ultimately be using the entrance facility to connect its network with the ILEC’s network (through the designated point, via the interconnection facility), but that is wholly immaterial. The material distinction is not between interconnection and some other use (e.g., backhauling); the material distinction is between the ILEC’s side of the designated connection point (i.e., the “interconnection facility”) and the CLEC’s side of the designated connection point (i.e., the “entrance facility”).

Moreover, the ILEC most assuredly has no obligation to provide any entrance facility and the CLEC has no obligation to use the ILEC’s entrance facility (the CLEC can connect directly to the interconnection facility, rent someone else’s entrance facility, or build its own entrance facility). Of course, if the ILEC chooses to provide an entrance facility, it must provide it in addition to the interconnection facility, not instead o/the interconnection facility (as that would effectively change the designated connection point and transform the purported “entrance facility” into an “interconnection facility”). And, if the CLEC chooses to use the ILEC’s entrance facility, it must pay the rates determined by the ILEC, in competition with other providers.

As we understand the situation in the case before us, the ILEC (Michigan Bell) offers its CLECs an interconnection facility at TELRIC rates and entrance facilities at competitive rates, which is in perfect accordance with the plain language of the TRRO. The MPSC ordered Michigan Bell to offer the CLECs the use of its entrance facilities at TELRIC rates, and based this order on its mistaken belief that TRRO ¶ 140 requires Michigan Bell to treat its entrance facilities as interconnection facilities any time the CLECs ultimately use them for interconnection. The district court rejected the MPSC’s reading of the TRRO, and we agree with the district court’s view.

III.

For all of the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

1 . The FCC created a particular set of regulated rates called "Total Element Long Run Incremental Cost” (TELRIC) rates. Thus, “unbundled” means “regulated,” which means “at TELRIC rates.” See Verizon Commc'ns, Inc. v. FCC, 535 U.S. 467, 531, 122 S.Ct. 1646, 152 L.Ed.2d 701 (2002) (citing AT & T Corp. v. Iowa Utils. Bd., 525 U.S. 366, 394, 119 S.Ct. 721, 142 L.Ed.2d 835 (1999)) ("Bundling is about lease pricing. To provide a network element 'on an unbundled basis’ is to lease the element, however described, to a requesting carrier at a stated price specific to that element.”); see also USTA v. FCC (USTA II), 359 F.3d 554, 561-62 (D.C.Cir.2004) (discussing “unbundling requirements”).

2 . The “impairment test” states:

In determining what network elements should be made available [on an unbundled basis, i.e., to the CLECs at TELRIC rates], the [FCC] shall consider, at a minimum, whether ... the [ILEC’s] failure to provide access to such network elements would impair the ability of the [CLEC] to provide the services that it seeks to offer.

47 U.S.C. § 251(d)(2)(B).

3 . "In fact, the [USTA II] court expressed skepticism that incumbent LECs should be required to build entrance facilities under any circumstances.” TRRO, 20 FCC Red. 2533, 2005 WL 289015, ¶ 137 n. 383 (citing USTA v. FCC, 359 F.3d 554, 586 (D.C.Cir.2004) ("If (as appears) [entrance facilities] exist exclusively for the convenience of the CLECs, it seems anomalous that CLECs do not themselves provide them....”)).

4 . Although it may appear obvious, it bears express mention that, in writing this paragraph, the FCC did not use “interconnection'' as a verb, describing the act of interconnecting with the ILEC network. As used in this paragraph, “interconnection” is an adjective, describing a noun (a certain type of facility) and thereby creating a new noun, an "interconnection facility,” as something different and distinct from an "entrance facility.” So, when the FCC says "access to these facilities” in the final sentence, we are confident that the FCC is referring to these "interconnection facilities” as opposed to those "entrance facilities” from which it has just drawn a distinction.

5 . Michigan Bell continued to provide interconnection with its network at regulated (TELRIC) rates, as required by the statute and regulations, and nothing in the record suggests otherwise. Michigan Bell simply understood the TRRO to mean that an "entrance facility” is different from an “interconnection facility,” such that, so long as it provides an "interconnection facility” at TELRIC rates, it can also offer an "entrance facility” (i.e., a different apparatus) at competitive rates, should it choose to do so.

6 . The dissent reviews the present case through the prism of Auer deference, through which a federal agency’s interpretation of its own ambiguous regulation — even an interpretation presented in an amicus brief — is "controlling unless plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation." Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 461, 117 S.Ct. 905, 137 L.Ed.2d 79 (1997) (quotation marks and citations omitted); Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Se. Alaska Cons.Council, 557 U.S. -, 129 S.Ct. 2458, 2470, 174 L.Ed.2d 193 (2009). The Supreme Court has since added two additional limitations: (1) a “near equivalence of the statute and regulation belies the [applicability of] Auer deference,” Gonzales v. Oregon, 546 U.S. 243, 257, 126 S.Ct. 904, 163 L.Ed.2d 748 (2006); and (2) an agency cannot “under the guise of interpreting a regulation ... create de facto a new regulation,” Christensen v. Harris County, 529 U.S. 576, 588, 120 S.Ct. 1655, 146 L.Ed.2d 621 (2000); see also Thomas Jefferson Univ. v. Shalala, 512 U.S. 504, 525, 114 S.Ct. 2381, 129 L.Ed.2d 405 (1994) (Thomas, J., dissenting); Rosales-Garda v. Holland, 322 F.3d 386, 403 n. 22 (6th Cir.2003) (en banc). And, the Seventh Circuit has expressed some skepticism about the applicability of Auer deference to amicus briefs at the circuit court level, explaining:

It is odd to think of agencies as making law by means of statements made in briefs, since agency briefs, at least below the Supreme Court level, normally are not reviewed by the members of the agency itself; and it is odd to think of Congress delegating lawmaking power to unreviewed staff decisions.

Keys v. Barnhart, 347 F.3d 990, 993-94 (7th Cir.2003) (citations omitted).

The dissent relies on the FCC's amicus brief to this court (submitted upon our request), in which the FCC offers an interpretation of the TRRO, which is itself an “interpretive rule” and not a true “regulation.” See A.D. Transp. Express, Inc. v. United States, 290 F.3d 761, 768 (6th Cir.2002) (“An interpretative rule is a rule that clarifies or explains an existing law or regulation.”; "[IJnterpretalive rules fall within an exception to the [Administrative Procedures] Act and do not require notice and comment.”). For these reasons alone, one might legitimately question the applicability of Auer deference in this appeal. See Keys, 347 F.3d at 993-94; Coeur, 129 S.Ct. at 2479 (Scalia, J., concurring) ("Auer, however, stands only for the principle that we defer to an agency's interpretation of its own ambiguous regulation." (emphasis in original)); Boose v. Tri-County Metro. Transp. Dist., 587 F.3d 997, 1005 (9th Cir.2009) ("We will not, under the guise of deference, engage in an end-run around notice-and-comment rule-making.”).

But, as will be addressed in the body of this opinion, even ignoring these questions of Auer's applicability, we find Auer deference unavailing in this appeal because the FCC's proffered interpretation is so plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation, see Auer, 519 U.S. at 461, 117 S.Ct. 905, that we can only conclude that the FCC has attempted to create a new de facto regulation under the guise of interpreting the regulation, see Christensen, 529 U.S. at 588, 120 S.Ct. 1655. We therefore decline the dissent’s invitation to apply Auer deference to amici FCC's position in this appeal.

7 . The pertinent provision of § 252 is the “pricing standards” provision, which states:

Interconnection and network element charges — Determinations by a State commission of the just and reasonable rate for the interconnection of facilities and equipment for purposes of § 251(c)(2), and the just and reasonable rate for [use of or access to the ILEC's] network elements for purposes of § 251(c)(3) shall be based on the cost (determined without reference to a rate-of-return or other rate-based proceeding) of providing the interconnection or network element (whichever is applicable) and nondiscriminatory, and may include a reasonable profit.

47 U.S.C. § 252(d) (statutory citation form altered). This was the origin of, and now means, TELRIC rates.

8 . See the foregoing footnote.

9 . Of course, this aside is the very aside that confuses this whole situation in the present case — -the FCC, MPSC, CLECs, and dissent argue (and two courts have agreed) that an "entrance facility” is an "interconnection facility” just because a CLEC can, could, or would use it to interconnect to the ILEC network. That is, they would argue that a big orange extension cord is an "interconnection facility” because the park-goers could or would use it to interconnect with the electrical outlet in the garage. But all of that misses the point, which is not whether the park-goers "can” use it to interconnect, but whether they "must.” If you, as the homeowner, had said that they may plug into the surge protector, then the big orange extension cord is just an "entrance facility.” But, if you had said they must plug into the big orange extension cord, then the big orange extension cord becomes the "interconnection facility” and, consequently, the park-goers may plug into it for free, under your agreement with the village to provide them with electricity. So it goes with the ILECs and CLECs — only when the ILEC says that the CLEC must connect at the entrance facility would that entrance facility become an interconnection facility (and, consequently, require TELRIC rates). All of this is beside the point, however, because nothing in the record suggests that Michigan Bell has told the CLECs that they must connect at a purported entrance facility.

10 . The dissent contends that "backhauling” is not only mentioned, but that certain footnotes in the TRRO, ¶ 138 n. 389 and ¶ 141 n. 396, "draw that precise distinction” between back-hauling and interconnection. Dis. Op. at ¶ 14. This is an overstatement of the TRRO and a misapprehension of the TRO as it is relied upon in those footnotes. First, the footnotes, which state in their entireties:

¶ 138, n389. [TRO, 18 FCC Red. 16978] at 17204-05, para. 367. The record contains evidence that competitive LECs are able to obtain entrance facilities from third-party providers. See NuVox Comments, Exh. A, Declaration of Keith Coker (NuVox Coker Decl.) at para. 3 ("[W]here available, NuVox utilizes third-party providers for back-haul from NuVox collocation arrangements to NuVox switches.”)

¶ 141 n. 396. See Triennial Review Order, 18 FCC Red at 17204, para. 367 ("[T]he economics of dedicated facilities used for backhaul between networks are sufficiently different from transport within an incumbent LEC's network that our analysis must adequately reflect this distinction.”) We thus reject commenters' suggestions that entrance facilities should be subject to the same test that applies to dedicated transport between incumbent LEC facilities. See AT & T Comments at 50-52; Loop-Transport Coalition Comments at 87; ATX, Bayring, et ah Reply at 48; McLeod Reply at 37.

TRRO, 20 FCC Red. 2533, 2005 WL 289015 (Feb. 4.2005) (emphasis added).

The first thing to note is that these two, seemingly incidental, references to backhauling — within the context of six paragraphs and 23 footnotes — are hardly the paragons of “precise distinction” the dissent suggests. The second thing to note is that the FCC's reference to backhauling in the TRO ¶ 367 was not in support of a separate-use theory, but rather, was in support of the separate-facilities scheme we have explained throughout this opinion. Specifically, the FCC used this distinction to support its position (since reversed) that entrance facilities are not even part of the ILEC's network, and therefore would not require any impairment analysis at all. See TRO ¶ 366 n. 1116 ("Our determination here effectively eliminates 'entrance facilities’ as [unbundled network elements] and, therefore, moots the [FCC’s pending notice of proposed rule making] insofar as it proposes limitations on obtaining entrance facilities as UNEs.") (overruled by USTA II, 359 F.3d 554).

11 . At this point, as we are about to abandon this big-orange-extension-cord analogy, we invite you to return momentarily to the foregoing paragraph, in which we restated TRRO ¶¶ 138-141 in terms of this analogy, and attempt to reconcile this separate-use theory with the statement in those paragraphs (138— 141). It cannot be done. Similarly, the back-hauling separate-use theory simply cannot be reconciled with the plain language of TRRO ¶¶ 138-141.

We should also, at this point, pause to address the dissent's two corollaries to this hypothetical: its "meet-point” and its "collocation” examples. The first is incorrect and the second is inapposite. The dissent says that "[a]n incumbent’s portion of a meet-point facility, it turns out, is merely one manifestation of an entrance facility,” Dis. Op. at ¶ 8, but that is simply untrue. An ILEC's portion of a meet-point facility — as described by the dissent and the regulations — is an "interconnection facility,” whereas the CLEC's portion of the meet-point is an "entrance facility.” The meet-point example fits perfectly within our framework. (For further explanation, see the next footnote.) The dissent also cites the "collocation” example. This is one of virtually limitless examples of an analogy being an imperfect fit, as would be the case with any analogy. As for the question of whether an interconnection facility is distinct and different from an entrance facility, however, this collocation example is wholly irrelevant.

12 . This assumption is the crux of the dissent's principal argument — that interconnection facilities and entrance facilities are really one and the same because "[e]ntrance facilities come within the ordinary meaning of a 'technically feasible method of obtaining interconnection.’ ” Dis. Op. at ¶ 7 (quoting 47 C.F.R. § 51.321(a)). That is, the dissent "reasons” that because ILECs must "provide ... any technically feasible method of obtaining interconnection” at cost-based rates, see 47 C.F.R. § 51.321(a), and because entrance facilities are a technically feasible method of obtaining interconnection, the ILECs must therefore provide entrance facilities at cost-based rates.

We reject this argument for at least three reasons. First, this directly contradicts 47 C.F.R. § 51.319(e)(2)(f), which says that an ILEC is not obligated to provide entrance facilities at cost-based rates. Second, at least in our view, entrance facilities are not actually a "technically feasible means of obtaining interconnection” because they do not connect the CLEC with the ILEC network directly; entrance facilities, when used, connect the CLEC with the interconnection facility (i.e., ILEC 3=± Interconnection Facility <=> Entrance Facility <=± CLEC). And finally, even if entrance facilities were a technically feasible method of interconnection, 47 C.F.R. § 51.321(a) does not require the ILEC to provide an entrance facility rather than some other ("any” other) technically feasible means. The dissent’s logic is flawed. Suppose, for example, a public school system was obligated to provide school children with a feasible means of transportation to and from school. A limousine is a feasible means of transportation — indeed, some children, at least on television, take limousines to and from school. So, by the dissent’s logic, the school system would be obligated to provide limousines because limousines are a feasible means of transportation.

13 . The dissent eagerly accepts this assumption, suggesting that the TRO and the TRRO should be read in conjunction and arguing that the TRO establishes the separate-use distinction between backhauling and interconnection. Dis. Op. at ¶ 15.

“Why [else],” the dissent exclaims, "would the FCC clutter its unbundling analysis [in the TRO] by stressing the distinction between backhauling and interconnection?” Dis. Op. at ¶ 15 (citing TRO ¶ 365). If we treat this as a real inquiry', and not a rhetorical argument, the answer is plain. The FCC took an entirely different approach in the TRO — an approach that was later rejected by USTA II and reconsidered in the TRRO — in which it held that entrance facilities (no matter their use) were outside of the ILEC's network, so no impairment analysis was even necessary.

In the paragraph cited by the dissent (TRO ¶ 365), the FCC drew a distinction between interconnection facilities and entrance facilities, albeit without using those terms. In fact, the FCC did not use the phrase "interconnection facility” anywhere in the TRO; that is a phrase new to the TRRO. In the TRO, the FCC referred to what it now calls "interconnection facilities” as "interconnection points” (see, e.g., TRO ¶¶ 7, 350 n. 1058, 367 n. 1120), designated certain types of these points (e.g., single point of interconnection (SPOI), minimum point of entry (MPOE)), and grouped these points by description as “the facilities that incumbent LECs explicitly must make available for section 251(c)(2) interconnection” (TRO ¶ 365). The FCC did not use the phrase "interconnection points ” anywhere in the TRRO; it used the phrase "interconnection facilities.” See, e.g., TRRO ¶ 140. On the other side of that distinction, the FCC — in the TRO — described "entrance facilities” as "transmission facilities connecting incumbent LEC networks to competitive LEC networks for the purpose of backhauling traffic.” TRO ¶ 365. So, the distinction between backhauling and interconnection is, again, not between uses but between facilities. The paragraph states, in pertinent part:

[I]n order to access UNEs, including transmission between incumbent LEC switches or wire centers, while providing their own switching and other equipment, competitive LECs require a transmission link [i.e., an entrance facility] from the UNEs on the incumbent LEC network [i.e., interconnection facility] to their own equipment located elsewhere. Competitive LECs use these transmission connections between incumbent LEC networks and their own networks [i.e., entrance facilities] both for interconnection and to backhaul traffic. Unlike the facilities that incumbent LECs explicitly must make available for section 251(c)(2) interconnection [i.e., interconnection facilities], we find that the Act does not require incumbent LECs to ttnbundle transmission facilities connecting incumbent LEC networks to competitive LEC networks for the purpose of backhauling traffic [i.e., entrance facilities].

TRO ¶ 365 (footnote omitted). This same paragraph would read as follows if it were translated into the terms of the TRRO (i.e., using the phrases "entrance facility” and "interconnection facility”):

In order to access the ILEC network, CLECs need a transmission link from the ILEC's interconnection facility to their own equipment located elsewhere, and this is called an "entrance facility.” CLECs use these entrance facilities both for interconnection with the interconnection facility and to backhaul traffic. Unlike "interconnection facilities,” which ILECs must make available for interconnection, the Act does not require ILECs to provide these “entrance facilities.”

So, returning to the dissent’s question: “Why ... would the FCC clutter its unbundling analysis by stressing the distinction between backhauling and interconnection?” Dis. Op. at ¶ 15 (citing TRO II 365). The answer is clear: to describe and differentiate two types of facilities for which it had not yet established names. And, “Why would [the FCC] underscore the incumbents' continuing obligation to provide interconnection facilities?” Dis. Op. at ¶ 15. Because interconnection facilities and entrance facilities are different things.

14 . Obviously, this is actually just one qualifier, inasmuch as "for handling CLEC-to-CLEC traffic” is the definition of "backhauling,” and why the Seventh Circuit used two separate labels is unclear — other than as a show of solidarity with the FCC and its claim that it used two separate labels for the same wire: "entrance facility” and "interconnection facility.” In any event, we note them separately here to emphasize that neither term is actually included in the TRRO passage at issue here, nor is either term clearly connected to this passage when used elsewhere in the TRRO.