NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS OCT 15 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MICHAEL RUAN, No. 19-55602
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 5:18-cv-00889-VAP-PLA v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Virginia A. Phillips, Chief District Judge, Presiding
Submitted October 8, 2020** Pasadena, California
Before: M. SMITH and LEE, Circuit Judges, and CARDONE,*** District Judge.
Appellant asks us to reverse the district court’s grant of the Government’s
Rule 12(b)(1) Motion to Dismiss, as well as the district court’s denial of Appellant’s
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Kathleen Cardone, United States District Judge for the Western District of Texas, sitting by designation. request for leave to file a fourth amended complaint. Because the parties are familiar
with the facts, we do not recite them here. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§
1291 and 1294.
1. As an initial matter, Appellant argues that the district court should not have
resolved factual disputes because the jurisdictional issues are intertwined with the
merits of Appellant’s claims. But the district court did not resolve any factual
disputes. The district court’s analysis was based on the allegations in Appellant’s
Third Amended Complaint, as well as undisputed facts regarding the April 26, 2016
incident, as set out in evidence submitted by both parties. Even where jurisdictional
and merits issues are intertwined, a district court may consider “undisputed facts in
the record” in order to adjudicate a Rule 12(b)(1) motion that mounts a factual attack
on subject-matter jurisdiction. See Roberts v. Corrothers, 812 F.2d 1173, 1177 (9th
Cir. 1987); see also Safe Air for Everyone v. Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1040 (9th Cir.
2004) (finding the jurisdictional and merits issues intermeshed and so reviewing the
district court’s 12(b)(1) dismissal under a summary judgment standard).
Accordingly, the district court properly considered the question of its jurisdiction on
the basis of undisputed facts alone, regardless of whether the jurisdictional and
merits issues are intertwined. See Safe Air, 373 F.3d at 1039.
2. Appellant next argues that the district court incorrectly concluded that the
applicable two-year statute of limitations began to run on April 26, 2016, making his
2 claims—originally filed on April 27, 2018—untimely. This Court reviews de novo
the district court’s conclusion that it lacked subject-matter jurisdiction because
Appellant’s claim was not timely filed. Sexton v. NDEX West, LLC, 713 F.3d 533,
536 (9th Cir. 2013) (citing Robinson v. United States, 586 F.3d 683, 685 (9th Cir.
2009)).
The Suits in Admiralty Act (the “SAA”) waives the sovereign immunity of
the United States in maritime suits, subject to a two-year statute of limitations that
is jurisdictional in nature. See 46 U.S.C. § 30905; Smith v. United States, 873 F.2d
218, 221 (9th Cir. 1989) (citing McMahon v. United States, 342 U.S. 25, 27 (1951);
T.J. Falgout Boats, Inc. v. United States, 508 F.2d 855, 858 (9th Cir. 1974), cert.
denied, 421 U.S. 1000 (1975); Roberts v. United States, 498 F.2d 520, 526 (9th Cir.),
cert. denied, 419 U.S. 1070 (1974)). The statute of limitations under the SAA is
computed “from the date of injury.” Williams v. United States, 711 F.2d 893, 898
(9th Cir. 1983) (citing McMahon, 342 U.S. at 27).
It is undisputed that Appellant first injured his finger on April 26, 2016. He
did not file suit until two years and one day later, on April 27, 2018. Accordingly,
the suit was untimely filed and must be dismissed for lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction. See Williams, 711 F.2d at 898 (citing McMahon, 342 U.S. at 25, 27);
Smith, 873 F.2d at 221.
3 Because the undisputed facts demonstrate that Appellant has not carried his
burden to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that his suit was timely filed,
the district court properly granted the Government’s Rule 12(b)(1) Motion to
Dismiss. See Leite v. Crane Co., 749 F.3d 1117, 1121 (9th Cir. 2014).
3. Lastly, Appellant argues that the district court erred by denying him leave to
file a fourth amended complaint. The Court reviews the denial of leave to amend
for abuse of discretion. LN Mgmt., LLC v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 957 F.3d
943, 949 (9th Cir. 2020) (citing Allen v. City of Beverly Hills, 911 F.2d 367, 373 (9th
Cir. 1990)). A “district court does not err in denying leave to amend where the
amendment would be futile, or where the amended complaint would be subject to
dismissal.” Cal. for Renewable Energy v. Cal. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 922 F.3d 929,
935 (9th Cir. 2019) (quoting Saul v. United States, 928 F.2d 829, 843 (9th Cir.
1991)).
Appellant argues that, if given leave to amend, he could state timely claims
for negligent assignment and maintenance and cure because the statutes of
limitations on those claims did not begin to run until May 11, 2016. But, just like
the Jones Act and unseaworthiness claims in Appellant’s Third Amended
Complaint, the statute of limitations for a maintenance and cure claim brought
against the United States under the SAA runs from the time of injury. McMahon,
342 U.S. at 27; H-10 Water Taxi Co. v. United States, 379 F.2d 963, 964–65 (9th
4 Cir. 1967) (citing United N.Y. Sandy Hook Pilots’ Ass’n v. United States, 355 F.2d
189 (2d Cir. 1965)). For the same reason that the Jones Act and unseaworthiness
claims were untimely, a maintenance and cure claim would also be untimely and
subject to dismissal. See McMahon, 342 U.S. at 25–27. Therefore, it would be futile
to allow Appellant to add a maintenance and cure claim to the suit, and as to that
claim, the district court properly denied leave to amend. See Cal. for Renewable
Energy, 922 F.3d at 935 (citing Saul, 928 F.2d at 843).
Appellant also argues that he should be granted leave to amend to state a
negligent assignment claim.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS OCT 15 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MICHAEL RUAN, No. 19-55602
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 5:18-cv-00889-VAP-PLA v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Virginia A. Phillips, Chief District Judge, Presiding
Submitted October 8, 2020** Pasadena, California
Before: M. SMITH and LEE, Circuit Judges, and CARDONE,*** District Judge.
Appellant asks us to reverse the district court’s grant of the Government’s
Rule 12(b)(1) Motion to Dismiss, as well as the district court’s denial of Appellant’s
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Kathleen Cardone, United States District Judge for the Western District of Texas, sitting by designation. request for leave to file a fourth amended complaint. Because the parties are familiar
with the facts, we do not recite them here. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§
1291 and 1294.
1. As an initial matter, Appellant argues that the district court should not have
resolved factual disputes because the jurisdictional issues are intertwined with the
merits of Appellant’s claims. But the district court did not resolve any factual
disputes. The district court’s analysis was based on the allegations in Appellant’s
Third Amended Complaint, as well as undisputed facts regarding the April 26, 2016
incident, as set out in evidence submitted by both parties. Even where jurisdictional
and merits issues are intertwined, a district court may consider “undisputed facts in
the record” in order to adjudicate a Rule 12(b)(1) motion that mounts a factual attack
on subject-matter jurisdiction. See Roberts v. Corrothers, 812 F.2d 1173, 1177 (9th
Cir. 1987); see also Safe Air for Everyone v. Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1040 (9th Cir.
2004) (finding the jurisdictional and merits issues intermeshed and so reviewing the
district court’s 12(b)(1) dismissal under a summary judgment standard).
Accordingly, the district court properly considered the question of its jurisdiction on
the basis of undisputed facts alone, regardless of whether the jurisdictional and
merits issues are intertwined. See Safe Air, 373 F.3d at 1039.
2. Appellant next argues that the district court incorrectly concluded that the
applicable two-year statute of limitations began to run on April 26, 2016, making his
2 claims—originally filed on April 27, 2018—untimely. This Court reviews de novo
the district court’s conclusion that it lacked subject-matter jurisdiction because
Appellant’s claim was not timely filed. Sexton v. NDEX West, LLC, 713 F.3d 533,
536 (9th Cir. 2013) (citing Robinson v. United States, 586 F.3d 683, 685 (9th Cir.
2009)).
The Suits in Admiralty Act (the “SAA”) waives the sovereign immunity of
the United States in maritime suits, subject to a two-year statute of limitations that
is jurisdictional in nature. See 46 U.S.C. § 30905; Smith v. United States, 873 F.2d
218, 221 (9th Cir. 1989) (citing McMahon v. United States, 342 U.S. 25, 27 (1951);
T.J. Falgout Boats, Inc. v. United States, 508 F.2d 855, 858 (9th Cir. 1974), cert.
denied, 421 U.S. 1000 (1975); Roberts v. United States, 498 F.2d 520, 526 (9th Cir.),
cert. denied, 419 U.S. 1070 (1974)). The statute of limitations under the SAA is
computed “from the date of injury.” Williams v. United States, 711 F.2d 893, 898
(9th Cir. 1983) (citing McMahon, 342 U.S. at 27).
It is undisputed that Appellant first injured his finger on April 26, 2016. He
did not file suit until two years and one day later, on April 27, 2018. Accordingly,
the suit was untimely filed and must be dismissed for lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction. See Williams, 711 F.2d at 898 (citing McMahon, 342 U.S. at 25, 27);
Smith, 873 F.2d at 221.
3 Because the undisputed facts demonstrate that Appellant has not carried his
burden to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that his suit was timely filed,
the district court properly granted the Government’s Rule 12(b)(1) Motion to
Dismiss. See Leite v. Crane Co., 749 F.3d 1117, 1121 (9th Cir. 2014).
3. Lastly, Appellant argues that the district court erred by denying him leave to
file a fourth amended complaint. The Court reviews the denial of leave to amend
for abuse of discretion. LN Mgmt., LLC v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 957 F.3d
943, 949 (9th Cir. 2020) (citing Allen v. City of Beverly Hills, 911 F.2d 367, 373 (9th
Cir. 1990)). A “district court does not err in denying leave to amend where the
amendment would be futile, or where the amended complaint would be subject to
dismissal.” Cal. for Renewable Energy v. Cal. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 922 F.3d 929,
935 (9th Cir. 2019) (quoting Saul v. United States, 928 F.2d 829, 843 (9th Cir.
1991)).
Appellant argues that, if given leave to amend, he could state timely claims
for negligent assignment and maintenance and cure because the statutes of
limitations on those claims did not begin to run until May 11, 2016. But, just like
the Jones Act and unseaworthiness claims in Appellant’s Third Amended
Complaint, the statute of limitations for a maintenance and cure claim brought
against the United States under the SAA runs from the time of injury. McMahon,
342 U.S. at 27; H-10 Water Taxi Co. v. United States, 379 F.2d 963, 964–65 (9th
4 Cir. 1967) (citing United N.Y. Sandy Hook Pilots’ Ass’n v. United States, 355 F.2d
189 (2d Cir. 1965)). For the same reason that the Jones Act and unseaworthiness
claims were untimely, a maintenance and cure claim would also be untimely and
subject to dismissal. See McMahon, 342 U.S. at 25–27. Therefore, it would be futile
to allow Appellant to add a maintenance and cure claim to the suit, and as to that
claim, the district court properly denied leave to amend. See Cal. for Renewable
Energy, 922 F.3d at 935 (citing Saul, 928 F.2d at 843).
Appellant also argues that he should be granted leave to amend to state a
negligent assignment claim. In support of the viability of a negligent assignment
claim, Appellant relies on Fletcher v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 621 F.2d 902 (8th Cir.
1980), a Federal Employers’ Liability Act (“FELA”) case. The “entire judicially
developed doctrine of liability” under FELA is applicable to maritime law claims
under the Jones Act. Kernan v. Am. Dredging Co., 355 U.S. 426, 439 (1958); In re
Marine Asbestos Cases, 265 F.3d 861, 867 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Lies v. Farrell
Lines, Inc., 641 F.2d 765, 770 (9th Cir. 1981)).
But the weight of authority indicates that the discovery rule precludes the
application of negligent assignment and other continuing tort theories in the FELA
context—and, by extension, in the maritime context. Mix v. Del. & Hudson Ry. Co.,
345 F.3d 82, 88–89 & n.2 (2d Cir. 2003) (criticizing Fletcher as wrongly decided);
Matson v. Burlington N. Santa Fe R.R., 240 F.3d 1233, 1237–38 (10th Cir. 2001)
5 (same); Mounts v. Grand Trunk W. R.R., 198 F.3d 578, 581, 583–84 (6th Cir. 2000)
(“The discovery rule applies even if the injury was later worsened by the same
employer.”); Kichline v. Consol. Rail Corp., 800 F.2d 356, 359–60 (3d Cir. 1986)
(disavowing Fletcher’s interpretation of Fowkes v. Pa. R.R. Co., 264 F.2d 397 (3d
Cir. 1959), a case referenced by the Fletcher court in support of its application of
the negligent assignment theory).
Further, even if negligent assignment or other continuing tort theories might
be available in some Jones Act cases, they are inapplicable in this case, where
Appellant suffered a discrete, traumatic injury. See Fletcher, 621 F.2d at 908;
Fowkes, 264 F.2d at 399. Therefore, it would be futile to allow Appellant to assert
a negligent assignment claim, and the district court properly denied leave to amend.
See Cal. for Renewable Energy, 922 F.3d at 935 (citing Saul, 928 F.2d at 843).
AFFIRMED.