WALTER E. HOFFMAN, Senior District Judge.
Michael Reese Physicians and Surgeons, S.C., a medical corporation organized and certified pursuant to Illinois law, and Lawrence Ferguson, M.D., a physician employed by the corporation, sought and obtained a preliminary injunction order against Arthur F. Quern, the director of the Illinois Department of Public Aid (IDPA), enjoining certain practices of the department relating to payments for physician services rendered under the Medicaid Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1396, et seq. Specifically, the corporation objected to a change in IDPA regulations which required each physician provider under the Medicaid program to designate one, and only one, street address (i. e. not a corporate lock box) to which all payment vouchers for services to welfare recipients would be mailed. The institution of the new policy meant that payments for services rendered by physicians at the Michael Reese clinic were no longer mailed to the clinic but were instead forwarded to the individual physician-employees, unless a physician listed the clinic as his designated address. The corporation alleged that the new policy constituted a violation of law and due process and had caused irreparable injury to the clinic. [734]*734The court below agreed and entered the preliminary injunction. Quern appeals from that order.
Prior to 1972, it was possible for state departments of public aid to reimburse medical providers at any address designated by the provider on the bill for services rendered. Quite frequently, physicians had their payment vouchers sent directly to factoring companies which would pay the provider at a discounted amount of the face value of the bills in exchange for an assignment of the physician’s interest in the bills. In this manner, the provider obtained immediate payment for services rendered, albeit at a discounted rate. However, this system of payment was believed to be responsible for inflated and sometimes fraudulent charges for services rendered. Congress wished to eliminate factors, thereby making each provider responsible for billing for services rendered and personally liable for payments received for those services. To that end Congress enacted 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a), which was subsequently amended to read as follows:
§ 1396a(a). A State plan for medical assistance must—
(32) provide that no payment under the plan for any care or service provided to an individual shall be made to anyone other than such individual or the person or institution providing such care or service, under an assignment or power of attorney or otherwise; except that—
(A) in the case of any care or service provided by a physician, dentist, or other individual practitioner, such payment may be made (i) to the employer of such physician, dentist or other practitioner if such physician, dentist, or practitioner is required as a condition of his employment to turn over his fee for such care or service to his employer, or (ii) (where the care or service was provided in a hospital, clinic, or other facility) to the facility in which care of service was provided if there is a contractual arrangement between such physician, dentist, or practitioner and such facility under which such facility submits the bill for such care or service; and1
In October, 1977, IDPA commenced the practice and policy of refusing to mail Medicaid payment vouchers to corporate lock boxes, and of requiring physicians to designate one address to which all vouchers would be sent. The rationale for the policy was to maintain stricter supervision over each recipient of Medicaid payments. In the past, corporate lock boxes had been rented by or placed under control of factors. By requiring a street address IDPA was better able to ascertain that payment vouchers were indeed mailed to a practicing physician. Secondly, by requiring each provider to designate one address to which all of his payments were to be sent, each physician could be held personally responsible for determining that he received payment only for services which he had actually rendered.
Michael Reese Corporation was organized in December, 1972, for the express purpose of treating patients who come to Michael Reese Hospital without having previously chosen a physician. Such patients are for the most part indigents and emergency care patients. Prior to the formation of Michael Reese Corporation, Medicaid patients at the hospital received treatment primarily from interns and resident physicians, rather than from experienced staff physicians. It is not disputed that since its inception the corporation has provided medical services of the highest quality for indigents. Over three hundred physicians devote a portion of their time, which could be spent in private practice, to service at the clinic. As a condition of their employment at Michael Reese, the employee-physicians are required to remit to the corporation all fees generated by their services as employees.
[735]*735Prior to October, 1977, IDPA issued Medicaid payment vouchers relating to services rendered by Michael Reese Corporation in the name of the employee-physicians who rendered the service, and mailed these payment vouchers to the designated address of the corporation. Vouchers relating to Medicaid services performed by the physicians in their private practices were mailed to the physician’s private office. Since the institution of the new policy all Medicaid payments for private practice and clinical practice have been forwarded to one address. Michael Reese Corporation and certain of its employee-physicians have alleged that this has caused considerable confusion as to which vouchers resulted from the separate practices. The physicians have also asserted that this is likely to cause problems with their income tax returns.
Over sixty percent of Michael Reese Corporation’s patients are Medicaid recipients. The court below found that in 1976, the corporation received over $65,000 in average monthly payments from IDPA, and over $58,000 per month in 1977. During the first four months of 1978, IDPA payments to Michael Reese Corporation dropped to an average of $24,355.50 a month. It was alleged that this drop in income was directly attributable to the new policy, which had allegedly resulted in the misdirection of payment vouchers and required the installation of expensive administrative systems to monitor the misdirected vouchers.
It is elementary that the starting point in every case involving the construction of a statute is the language itself. Southeastern Community College v. Davis, --- U.S. ---, ---, 99 S.Ct. 2361, 60 L.Ed.2d 980 (1979). The language of § 1396a(a)(32) is at the core of this action. Michael Reese Corporation contends that it should be recognized as a physician provider, entitled to receive payment in its corporate name for services rendered by employee-physicians at its facility. Alternatively, the corporation argues that subsection (A) of the provision explicitly or implicitly grants physicians the discretion to designate the clinic as the recipient of his Medicaid payment vouchers, since he is required as a condition of employment at Michael Reese to turn over his fees to the corporation. IDPA disagrees.
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WALTER E. HOFFMAN, Senior District Judge.
Michael Reese Physicians and Surgeons, S.C., a medical corporation organized and certified pursuant to Illinois law, and Lawrence Ferguson, M.D., a physician employed by the corporation, sought and obtained a preliminary injunction order against Arthur F. Quern, the director of the Illinois Department of Public Aid (IDPA), enjoining certain practices of the department relating to payments for physician services rendered under the Medicaid Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1396, et seq. Specifically, the corporation objected to a change in IDPA regulations which required each physician provider under the Medicaid program to designate one, and only one, street address (i. e. not a corporate lock box) to which all payment vouchers for services to welfare recipients would be mailed. The institution of the new policy meant that payments for services rendered by physicians at the Michael Reese clinic were no longer mailed to the clinic but were instead forwarded to the individual physician-employees, unless a physician listed the clinic as his designated address. The corporation alleged that the new policy constituted a violation of law and due process and had caused irreparable injury to the clinic. [734]*734The court below agreed and entered the preliminary injunction. Quern appeals from that order.
Prior to 1972, it was possible for state departments of public aid to reimburse medical providers at any address designated by the provider on the bill for services rendered. Quite frequently, physicians had their payment vouchers sent directly to factoring companies which would pay the provider at a discounted amount of the face value of the bills in exchange for an assignment of the physician’s interest in the bills. In this manner, the provider obtained immediate payment for services rendered, albeit at a discounted rate. However, this system of payment was believed to be responsible for inflated and sometimes fraudulent charges for services rendered. Congress wished to eliminate factors, thereby making each provider responsible for billing for services rendered and personally liable for payments received for those services. To that end Congress enacted 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a), which was subsequently amended to read as follows:
§ 1396a(a). A State plan for medical assistance must—
(32) provide that no payment under the plan for any care or service provided to an individual shall be made to anyone other than such individual or the person or institution providing such care or service, under an assignment or power of attorney or otherwise; except that—
(A) in the case of any care or service provided by a physician, dentist, or other individual practitioner, such payment may be made (i) to the employer of such physician, dentist or other practitioner if such physician, dentist, or practitioner is required as a condition of his employment to turn over his fee for such care or service to his employer, or (ii) (where the care or service was provided in a hospital, clinic, or other facility) to the facility in which care of service was provided if there is a contractual arrangement between such physician, dentist, or practitioner and such facility under which such facility submits the bill for such care or service; and1
In October, 1977, IDPA commenced the practice and policy of refusing to mail Medicaid payment vouchers to corporate lock boxes, and of requiring physicians to designate one address to which all vouchers would be sent. The rationale for the policy was to maintain stricter supervision over each recipient of Medicaid payments. In the past, corporate lock boxes had been rented by or placed under control of factors. By requiring a street address IDPA was better able to ascertain that payment vouchers were indeed mailed to a practicing physician. Secondly, by requiring each provider to designate one address to which all of his payments were to be sent, each physician could be held personally responsible for determining that he received payment only for services which he had actually rendered.
Michael Reese Corporation was organized in December, 1972, for the express purpose of treating patients who come to Michael Reese Hospital without having previously chosen a physician. Such patients are for the most part indigents and emergency care patients. Prior to the formation of Michael Reese Corporation, Medicaid patients at the hospital received treatment primarily from interns and resident physicians, rather than from experienced staff physicians. It is not disputed that since its inception the corporation has provided medical services of the highest quality for indigents. Over three hundred physicians devote a portion of their time, which could be spent in private practice, to service at the clinic. As a condition of their employment at Michael Reese, the employee-physicians are required to remit to the corporation all fees generated by their services as employees.
[735]*735Prior to October, 1977, IDPA issued Medicaid payment vouchers relating to services rendered by Michael Reese Corporation in the name of the employee-physicians who rendered the service, and mailed these payment vouchers to the designated address of the corporation. Vouchers relating to Medicaid services performed by the physicians in their private practices were mailed to the physician’s private office. Since the institution of the new policy all Medicaid payments for private practice and clinical practice have been forwarded to one address. Michael Reese Corporation and certain of its employee-physicians have alleged that this has caused considerable confusion as to which vouchers resulted from the separate practices. The physicians have also asserted that this is likely to cause problems with their income tax returns.
Over sixty percent of Michael Reese Corporation’s patients are Medicaid recipients. The court below found that in 1976, the corporation received over $65,000 in average monthly payments from IDPA, and over $58,000 per month in 1977. During the first four months of 1978, IDPA payments to Michael Reese Corporation dropped to an average of $24,355.50 a month. It was alleged that this drop in income was directly attributable to the new policy, which had allegedly resulted in the misdirection of payment vouchers and required the installation of expensive administrative systems to monitor the misdirected vouchers.
It is elementary that the starting point in every case involving the construction of a statute is the language itself. Southeastern Community College v. Davis, --- U.S. ---, ---, 99 S.Ct. 2361, 60 L.Ed.2d 980 (1979). The language of § 1396a(a)(32) is at the core of this action. Michael Reese Corporation contends that it should be recognized as a physician provider, entitled to receive payment in its corporate name for services rendered by employee-physicians at its facility. Alternatively, the corporation argues that subsection (A) of the provision explicitly or implicitly grants physicians the discretion to designate the clinic as the recipient of his Medicaid payment vouchers, since he is required as a condition of employment at Michael Reese to turn over his fees to the corporation. IDPA disagrees. As the agency charged with the administration of the Medicaid program in Illinois, IDPA contends that it is required by § 1396a(aX32) to make payments directly to the physician who provides the service. Subsection (A) acts to relieve IDPA from the mandate of the provision when dealing with medical corporations such as Michael Reese; however, according to the department’s reading of the provision, it remains within the discretion of IDPA to remit payment directly to the physician provider. We agree.
We note at the outset that § 1396a(a)(32) is not unambiguous. The pertinent legislative history does little to relieve that ambiguity. Congress was well aware of the role which clinical facilities such as Michael Reese play in furnishing medical attention to Medicaid recipients. Congress was also aware of the role which less reputable “Medical mills” had come to play in contributing to the escalating fraud in the Medicaid program. See, H.R.Rep.No. 393(II), 95th Cong., 1st Sess. 44-50, reprinted in [1977] U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News, pp. 3046-3052.
In passing the Medicare and Medicaid Antifraud and Abuse Amendments, Congress required state programs to adopt certain procedures to curb abuses. Congress did not prevent state welfare departments from instituting other reforms which would fall within their discretion in administering the Medicaid programs. Medicaid is an experiment in cooperative federalism, see, New York State Department of Social Services v. Dublino, 413 U.S. 405, 413, 93 S.Ct. 2507, 37 L.Ed.2d 688 (1973), which literally abounds with options, Doe v. Beal, 523 F.2d 611, 616 (3rd Cir. 1975), rev’d 432 U.S. 438, 97 S.Ct. 2366, 53 L.Ed.2d 464 (1977). Medicaid is designed to be flexible enough to meet the varying needs of each state which elects to participate in the program. By approving the Illinois Medicaid plan, and by declining thus far to take any action against the modification in the plan, [736]*736the Department of Health, Education and Welfare has in effect expressed its view that the plan is in compliance with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. Quern v. Mandley, 436 U.S. 725, 98 S.Ct. 2068, 2076, 56 L.Ed.2d 658 (1978). The interpretation of the agency charged with administration of the statute is entitled to substantial deference. New York State Department of Social Services v. Dublino, supra, 413 U.S. at 421, 93 S.Ct. 2507.
The court below also found that the policies and practices of the IDPA in question were violative of the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the United States Constitution. We can discern no such violation. In the area of economics and social welfare, a state does not violate the Constitution merely because the classifications made by its laws are imperfect; it is necessary only that the classification have some reasonable basis. Dandridge, Chairman, Maryland Board of Public Welfare v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471, 486, 90 S.Ct. 1153, 25 L.Ed.2d 491 (1970). This court cannot say that the IDPA policies at issue have no reasonable basis in combatting the very real problem of Medicaid fraud and abuse.
Finally, we find no violation of the provisions or requirements of Illinois law. Illinois allows physicians to incorporate their practices, and Congress clearly anticipated that Medicaid services would frequently be provided by clinics operating as corporations. It does not follow that a state may not elect to pay physicians as individuals for the services they perform, rather than making payments to the legal entity under which they practice. Indeed, prior to the institution of the present policy, IDPA had always made payment in the name of the physician, rather than to the Michael Reese Corporation. Section 1396a(a)(32) recognizes that in the normal circumstance payments should be made to the individual performing the service. That section goes on to create an exception for employee-physicians. For the reasons stated above, we hold that the exception acts to relieve the state Medicaid program from the requirement of paying the individual physician; it does not require the program to make payment to the employer upon the request of the physician.
In closing, we note that this is basically a matter between the Michael Reese Corporation and its physician-employees. If the corporation can require its physicians to turn over all the fees they generate as employees to the clinic, it can also require them to list the clinic as their designated address with IDPA.2 If the corporation is not receiving payments from its employees, it is for one of two reasons: either the physicians are unable to administratively keep up with the services for which they are being paid, or they are willfully failing to turn over the payment vouchers. Both explanations reflect the reasons why IDPA instituted the new policy. Physicians were either unaware of the services being billed in their names, leading to inflated and fraudulent charges on the part of third parties, or else the physician-employees are failing to remit payment vouchers to Michael Reese for services performed at the clinic, then the corporation itself is in a much better position to police its employees than is the Illinois Department of Public Aid.
The decision of the court below is reversed with directions to dissolve the injunction.
REVERSED.