This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-1700
Michael P. Schaefer, et al., Respondents,
vs.
Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis, et al., Defendants,
Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange Revocable Trust, et al., Appellants.
Filed October 17, 2016 Reversed Peterson, Judge
Dakota County District Court File No. 19HA-CV-15-1490
John D. Thompson, Oberman Thompson, LLC, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondents)
Paul J. Zech, Scott D. Blake, Felhaber Larson, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellants)
Considered and decided by Peterson, Presiding Judge; Hooten, Judge; and
Muehlberg, Judge*.
* Retired judge of the district court, serving as judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
PETERSON, Judge
Appellants challenge the district court’s denial of their motion to dismiss
respondents’ claims against them for lack of personal jurisdiction. We reverse.
FACTS
Respondent Michael P. Schaefer is a resident of Minnesota and the president and
sole member of respondent MPSCHAEFER, LLC (the LLC), a Minnesota limited liability
company. Schaefer was formerly the executive director of defendant Catholic Finance
Corporation (CFC), a Minnesota nonprofit corporation, which provides financial services
to defendant Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis, a Minnesota nonprofit corporation.
Appellants are the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange, a California nonprofit
corporation located in California; the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange Revocable Trust
(ORT), a trust located in California that was established for the benefit of Roman Catholic
parishes, schools, and charitable organizations located in California; and Mater Dei High
School, a Roman Catholic high school located in California. All of the appellants are
exclusively located in California.
Schaefer is a financial advisor who specializes in organizational and financial
management of Catholic organizations. Schaefer was the executive director of CFC when
it provided financial services to Catholic organizations nationwide; as an employee of CFC,
Schaefer provided advice to appellants.
In 2011, after CFC elected to serve only the Archdiocese of St. Paul and
Minneapolis, Schaefer opened his own consulting practice, the LLC, and began providing
2 consulting services to appellant Diocese of Orange and its related entities. Schaefer
regularly attended meetings of the Diocese of Orange’s Budget and Financial Planning
Committee. Later in 2011, the Diocese of Orange contracted with Schaefer to provide
services to a number of Catholic schools in California. In 2013, the LLC began providing
services to a number of unincorporated parishes in California; ORT entered into contracts
with the LLC on behalf of these parishes. In each of the contracts, the LLC and ORT
agreed that Minnesota law would govern. Approximately 80% of the work performed by
the LLC for the California entities from 2011 through 2013 was performed in Minnesota.
In an affidavit, the Reverend Steve Sallot, Vicar General for the Diocese of Orange,
stated that all of the contracts with the LLC were negotiated and signed in California;
meetings of the Diocese of Orange’s Budget and Financial Planning Committee, which
Schaefer regularly attended, were always held in Orange County, California; and “[n]o
employee or agent of the California [appellants] ever traveled to Minnesota in connection
with the financial consulting services provided by [the LLC].”
Schaefer and Phil Ries, the director of finance of the Diocese of Orange, regularly
attended the Diocesan Fiscal Managers Conference. According to Schaeffer, he and Ries
spent some time talking about the needs of the Diocese and its affiliates at each of those
conferences, which provided direction on active engagements and often led to additional
work. In 2011, the conference was held in Minneapolis. This is the only time that any of
appellants’ employees visited Minnesota.
Ries planned to retire in 2013, and Schaefer was asked to work on an interim basis
as the Diocese of Orange’s director of finance, with a possible later expansion of duties.
3 The LLC and the Diocese of Orange entered into a written contract in November 2013,
agreeing that Schaefer would act as interim director of finance. The contract provided that
Minnesota law would govern. Schaefer actually began working as interim director in
October 2013.
In December 2013, an employee of the Diocese of Orange made a complaint about
Schaefer. While investigating the complaint, the Diocese of Orange contacted defendants
Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis and CFC, which reported that Schaefer had
engaged in sexual misconduct while employed there, although Schaefer contends that
neither this allegation nor the allegation by the employee in California was true. Based on
their investigation, appellants terminated all contracts and agreements that its employees,
affiliates, or associated entities had with the LLC, rescinded all personal references and
recommendations that had been provided for Schaefer, and refused to provide further
personal references and recommendations.
Respondents sued appellants, alleging breach of contract, tortious interference with
contract, tortious interference with prospective economic relations, unjust enrichment, and
quantum meruit. Respondents also sued the defendants, alleging breach of contract,
tortious interference with contract, tortious interference with prospective economic
relations, and defamation. Defendants interposed an answer, and appellants moved under
Minn. R. Civ. P. 12.02(b) to dismiss the complaint against them for lack of personal
jurisdiction. After a hearing, the district court denied the motion to dismiss, and this appeal
followed.
4 DECISION
A denial of a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction is “immediately
appealable.” Janssen v. Best & Flanagan, LLP, 704 N.W.2d 759, 763 (Minn. 2005).
Whether jurisdiction exists is a question of law, which we review de novo. Volkman v.
Hanover Invs., Inc., 843 N.W.2d 789, 794 (Minn. App. 2014). The plaintiff has the burden
of demonstrating that a court has personal jurisdiction over a defendant, and that burden
must be met by more than general averments or statements. Id. At the pretrial stage, the
plaintiff’s allegations and supporting evidence are accepted as true by the reviewing court.
Juelich v. Yamazaki Mazak Optonics Corp., 682 N.W.2d 565, 570 (Minn. 2004). In a close
case, any doubt about whether a court has jurisdiction should be resolved in favor of
retaining jurisdiction. Hardrives, Inc. v. City of LaCrosse, 307 Minn. 290, 296, 240
N.W.2d 814, 818 (1976).
In Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, the United States Supreme Court considered
whether a state court could exercise jurisdiction over a nonresident corporation under the
due-process requirements of the Fourteenth Amendment. 326 U.S. 310, 66 S. Ct. 154
(1945). The Supreme Court concluded that a state may exercise personal jurisdiction over
a nonresident who had “certain minimum contacts with [the state] such that the
maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial
justice.” Id. at 316, 66 S. Ct. at 158 (quotation omitted).
Minnesota’s long-arm statute provides that Minnesota courts may exercise personal
jurisdiction over any foreign corporation or any nonresident individual in the same manner
as over a domestic corporation or resident individual
5 if, in person or through an agent, the foreign corporation or nonresident individual: (1) owns, uses, or possesses any real or personal property situated in this state; or (2) transacts any business within the state; or (3) commits any act in Minnesota causing injury or property damage; or (4) commits any act outside Minnesota causing injury or property damage in Minnesota, subject to the following exceptions when no jurisdiction shall be found: (i) Minnesota has no substantial interest in providing a forum; or ii) the burden placed on the defendant by being brought under the state’s jurisdiction would violate fairness and substantial justice.
Minn. Stat. § 543.19, subd. 1 (2014). Minnesota courts may exercise jurisdiction under the
long-arm statute if “exercise of such jurisdiction does not violate the due process
requirement that the nonresident defendant have certain ‘minimum contacts’ with”
Minnesota, or, stated otherwise, if federal constitutional requirements of due process are
met. Domtar, Inc. v. Niagara Fire Ins. Co., 533 N.W.2d 25, 29 (Minn. 1995).
A court may exercise “general” jurisdiction over a defendant who has had
“continuous and systematic contacts with the state.” Griffis v. Luban, 646 N.W.2d 527,
532 (Minn. 2002) (quotation omitted). “Where the nonresident defendant’s contacts with
the forum state are not sufficient for general jurisdiction, the defendant may nonetheless
be subject to ‘specific’ jurisdiction--that is, jurisdiction over a claim that allegedly arose
out of the defendant’s contacts with the forum.” Id. In this case, respondents allege that
their claims arose out of their contractual relationships with appellants, and we must
consider whether appellants’ contacts with Minnesota are sufficient to establish specific
jurisdiction over appellants.
6 In judging minimum contacts for purposes of assessing the validity of specific jurisdiction, a court focuses on the relationship among the defendant, the forum, and the litigation. For the minimum contacts requirement to be satisfied, the defendant must have purposefully availed herself of the privilege of conducting activities within the jurisdiction. The defendant’s conduct and connections with the forum state must be such that the defendant should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there. . . .[S]pecific jurisdiction may be found where the nonresident defendant has purposefully directed his activities at residents of the forum and the litigation results from alleged injuries that arise out of or relate to those activities.
Id. (quotations and citations omitted).
But, “[f]or a [s]tate to exercise jurisdiction consistent with due process, the
defendant’s suit-related conduct must create a substantial connection with the forum
[s]tate.” Walden v. Fiore, 134 S. Ct. 1115, 1121 (2014). Physical presence in the forum
state is not required, but “the relationship among the defendant, the forum, and the
litigation” must arise out of contacts that the defendant creates with the forum state, not the
defendant’s contacts with persons who reside in the forum state. Id. at 1121-22 (quotations
omitted).
A plaintiff’s contract with an out-of-state defendant cannot automatically establish
sufficient minimum contacts in the plaintiff’s home forum. Burger King Corp. v.
Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 478, 105 S. Ct. 2174, 2185 (1985). Instead, the parties’ “prior
negotiations and contemplated future consequences, along with the terms of the contract
and the parties’ actual course of dealing . . . must be evaluated in determining whether the
defendant purposefully established minimum contacts within the forum.” Id. at 479, 105
S. Ct. at 2185.
7 Prior negotiations and contemplated future consequences
Respondents’ complaint and Schaefer’s supporting affidavit include only a general
averment that, “[i]n early 2013, [the LLC] entered into written contracts for [the LLC] to
provide professional services to a number of parishes (unincorporated associations) within
the Diocese of Orange.” Respondents do not dispute that all of the contracts were
negotiated and signed in California and that no employee or agent of appellants ever
traveled to Minnesota in connection with the financial consulting services provided by the
LLC. Respondents’ only allegation that an employee or agent of appellants traveled to
Minnesota was that Phil Ries attended a Diocesan Fiscal Managers Conference in
Minneapolis in 2011. Schaefer stated in his affidavit that he and Ries regularly attended
fiscal-managers conferences, and, at each conference, they spent some time talking about
the needs of the Diocese. But Schaefer did not state that anything discussed at the 2011
conference was in any way connected to the contracts that the LLC entered into in 2013.
Thus, there is no evidence that the relationship among appellants, Minnesota, and
respondents’ lawsuit arose out of Ries’s visit to Minnesota in 2011 or that appellants had
any other contact with Minnesota before entering into the contracts in 2013.
Schaefer also alleged that the parties contemplated a continuing relationship in
which respondents would do additional work for affiliates of the Diocese and Schaefer
would become the permanent director of finance and administration for the Diocese. The
continuing relationship would lead to additional work, Schaefer explained, because
“[e]mployment as a consultant in the Catholic Church, more so than other organizations,
is highly dependent on personal references.” The entities identified as affiliates of the
8 Diocese were all located in California, but personal references would be significant in all
50 states because Schaefer’s consulting practice was national in scope.
Terms of the contracts
The record does not include copies of the contracts, but respondents alleged that
each of the contracts provided that Minnesota law governs the contract and, under the
contracts, respondents would provide professional services to appellants.
Parties’ actual course of dealing
Respondents’ complaint and Schaefer’s supporting affidavit alleged only one
contact between appellants and Minnesota during the parties’ actual course of dealing
under the contracts. Respondents alleged in their complaint that, after a Diocese employee
made a complaint about Schaefer, “the Diocese of Orange contacted the Archdiocese of St.
Paul and Minneapolis and/or CFC to investigate Schaefer.” Schaefer made a similar
allegation in his affidavit. Neither the complaint nor the affidavit indicated how this
contact occurred, but both alleged that appellants terminated their contracts with
respondents because of information communicated during the contact. In addition to this
one contact, Schaefer stated in his affidavit that 80% of the work performed by the LLC
for appellants from 2011 through 2013 was performed in Minnesota.
Accepting all of respondents’ allegations and supporting evidence as true, we
conclude that respondents did not meet their burden of demonstrating that appellants
purposefully established minimum contacts with Minnesota. Although appellants entered
into contracts with a Minnesota limited liability company, the contracts were negotiated
and signed in California. There is no allegation that appellants initiated the negotiations or
9 sought out respondents in Minnesota, and there is no allegation that any representative of
an appellant entered Minnesota in connection with the contracts.
Phil Ries, an employee of one of the appellants, entered Minnesota to attend a
conference more than one year before any of the contracts were formed. During the
conference, Ries spoke with Schaefer, but there is no allegation that Ries came to
Minnesota for the purpose of speaking with Schaefer or that their conversation was related
to the contracts in any way. The relationship among appellants, Minnesota, and this
litigation did not arise out of Ries’s attendance at the conference.
Nor did the parties’ actual course of dealing demonstrate that appellants had
minimum contacts with Minnesota. Under the contracts, respondents provided
professional services to appellants. Although Schaefer stated in his affidavit that 80% of
the work performed by the LLC for appellants from 2011 through 2013 was performed in
Minnesota, appellants received the services in California. The actual course of the parties’
dealings was that, while in California, appellants contracted to purchase professional
services from a Minnesota limited liability company.
This court concluded in Walker Mgmt., Inc. v. FHC Enters., Inc., that, for purposes
of establishing personal jurisdiction, “[t]here is a distinct difference between purchasers of
goods and services from Minnesota residents as opposed to sellers of goods and services
to Minnesota residents.” 446 N.W.2d 913, 915 (Minn. App. 1989), review denied (Minn.
Dec. 15, 1989). One who sells services or goods to a Minnesota resident may reasonably
expect to be “haled into court” in Minnesota to defend an action by a Minnesota resident,
but a nonresident who purchases from a Minnesota resident services that are worked on in
10 Minnesota, but provided outside Minnesota, does not share that expectation. See id. at 915-
16; see also Dent-Air, Inc. v. Beech Mountain Air Serv., Inc., 332 N.W.2d 904, 907 (Minn.
1983) (stating that “[i]n reviewing the nature and quality of the contacts, we are attempting
to ascertain whether the nonresidents purposefully availed themselves of the benefits and
protections of Minnesota law”) (quotation omitted)).
In Walker, FHC, an Illinois corporation, contracted with Walker Management, a
Minnesota corporation, for consulting, marketing, and management services for a housing
project in Illinois. 446 N.W.2d at 913. FHC had no offices, staff, or property in Minnesota.
Id. at 914. It was not registered in Minnesota, filed no tax returns, and sent no
representatives to Minnesota. Id.
Although “the marketing services were implemented in Illinois,” Walker
Management was based in Minnesota, did not have a marketing office in Illinois, and
performed “a large portion of the work they completed for FHC . . . in Minnesota.” Id.
“There were numerous telephone conversations between representatives of FHC and
Walker, in addition to correspondence, payments, and other documents which were sent
by FHC from Illinois to Walker in Minnesota.” Id. And, during the one and one-half years
while the contract was in effect, “two representatives from FHC traveled to Minnesota to
view Walker’s operations, meet with Walker personnel, and tour Walker properties.” Id.
at 913-14. Also, some of the work was done by other Minnesota vendors who contracted
with Walker Management. Id. at 914.
After FHC filed a breach-of-contract action in Illinois, Walker filed a breach-of-
contract action in Minnesota. Id. FHC’s motion to dismiss Walker’s complaint for lack of
11 personal jurisdiction was denied, and this court reversed. Id. at 913. This court concluded
that FHC’s contacts with Minnesota were “so slight that FHC could not reasonably have
expected to have been ‘haled into court’ in Minnesota to defend an action brought by the
seller of services, particularly when all of Walker’s services were to be performed in the
Chicago area.” Id. at 915.
This court’s reasoning in Walker is consistent with the Supreme Court’s analysis in
Walden, which rejected the use of the plaintiff’s contact with the forum state “to satisfy the
defendant-focused minimum contacts inquiry.” 134 S. Ct. at 1122 (quotation marks
omitted). The Supreme Court explained in Walden that minimum-contacts analysis looks
at the defendant’s contacts with the forum state, not contacts with a state resident. Id. In
this case, respondents performed work for appellants in Minnesota, but the work was
implemented in California. With respect to this work, appellants had no contact with
Minnesota, except for their contacts with Schaefer. Under Walden and Walker, Schaefer’s
contacts with Minnesota do not satisfy the defendant-focused minimum-contacts inquiry.
There are two significant differences between the facts in Walker and the facts in
this case. Unlike the contracts in this case, which provide that they are governed by
Minnesota law, the contract in Walker provided that it was to be governed by Illinois law,
446 N.W.2d at 913-14. And, unlike the decision to terminate the contracts in this case,
which was based, in part, on information that appellants received during a single contact
with Minnesota, the reason why the contract in Walker was terminated is not stated in the
opinion. Neither of these differences leads to a different result in this case than in Walker.
12 The supreme court has determined that a contract clause calling for application of
Minnesota law is not sufficient to confer personal jurisdiction. Dent-Air, Inc., 332 N.W.2d
at 908. As the supreme court explained in Dent-Air, if the parties had “wanted to ensure
the use of Minnesota’s courts in the event of breach of contract, they could have
contractually consented to personal jurisdiction in Minnesota.” Id. And the mere fact that
information that appellants received during a single contact with Minnesota contributed to
appellants’ decision to terminate the contracts is not sufficient to confer personal
jurisdiction. Appellants could not reasonably anticipate being haled into court in
Minnesota because they made a single contact with Schaefer’s previous employer in
Minnesota while investigating a complaint made about Schaefer by an employee in
California.
In addition to their contract claims, respondents alleged that appellants committed
intentional torts. In Griffis, the Minnesota Supreme Court explained that the United States
Supreme Court has “approved a test for determining personal jurisdiction over nonresident
defendants who allegedly committed an intentional tort outside the forum.” Griffis, 646
N.W.2d at 532. Citing Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783, 787 & n.6, 104 S. Ct. 1482, 1485 &
n.6 (1984), the Minnesota Supreme Court explained that “[r]ather than focusing only on
the defendant’s conduct within or contacts with the forum, the so-called ‘effects test’
approved in Calder allowed long-arm jurisdiction to be based on the effects within the
forum of tortious conduct outside the forum.” Griffis, 646 N.W.2d at 532. The supreme
court explained further that the Calder test
13 requires the plaintiff to show that: (1) the defendant committed an intentional tort; (2) the plaintiff felt the brunt of the harm caused by that tort in the forum such that the forum state was the focal point of the plaintiff’s injury; and (3) the defendant expressly aimed the tortious conduct at the forum such that the forum state was the focal point of the tortious activity. . . . [T]o satisfy the third prong, the plaintiff must show that the defendant knew that the plaintiff would suffer the brunt of the harm caused by the tortious conduct in the forum, and point to specific activity indicating the defendant expressly aimed its tortious conduct at the forum.
Id. at 534 (quotation and citation omitted). Foreseeability of injury in the forum is not
enough, however, and something more than the defendant’s knowledge that the plaintiff is
a resident of the forum and will feel the effects of the tortious conduct there is necessary to
satisfy the effects test. Id. at 534-35.
Respondents alleged tortious interference with contract and prospective economic
relations, and, accepting these allegations as true, respondents demonstrated that appellants
committed an intentional tort. But respondents’ allegations do not demonstrate that
Minnesota was the focal point of respondents’ injuries or that appellants expressly aimed
the tortious conduct at Minnesota. Respondents lost contracts with appellants, all of which
were exclusively located in California. Respondents also lost personal references that
could lead to work in the future. But Schaefer alleged that his consulting practice was
national in scope and that the loss of references interfered with his business in all 50 states.
Presumably, appellants’ refusal to provide references could cause injury in Minnesota, but
nothing indicates that appellants aimed their tortious conduct at Minnesota.
Reversed.