NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 24 2019 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MICHAEL THOMAS BALINT, No. 17-55576
Petitioner-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:11-cv-06307-BRO-PLA v.
KELLY SANTORO, Acting Warden, MEMORANDUM*
Respondent-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Beverly Reid O'Connell, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted April 10, 2019 Pasadena, California
Before: PAEZ and CLIFTON, Circuit Judges, and KATZMANN,** Judge.
Michael Balint appeals the district court’s denial of his federal habeas
petition. The district court issued a certificate of appealability on two issues: (1)
whether Balint was denied counsel and presence at a critical stage of the trial
(Ground One) and (2) whether the trial court erred in responding to a question
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Gary S. Katzmann, Judge for the United States Court of International Trade, sitting by designation. from the jury (Ground Two). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and
2253, and we affirm.
1. We review de novo the district court’s denial of a petition for habeas
relief. Henry v. Ryan, 720 F.3d 1073, 1078 (9th Cir. 2013). Findings of fact are
reviewed for clear error. Id. As the state court did not decide Ground One on the
merits, section 2245(d) of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of
1996 (“AEDPA”) does not apply. See Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 186
(2011).
In Ground One, Balint argues he was denied his right to be present and the
right to counsel at a critical stage of the trial when the trial court responded to the
jury’s question. The district court concluded this claim was procedurally defaulted
under California’s Dixon procedural bar.1
Balint argues that Dixon’s procedural bar is inapposite because he could not
have raised this claim on direct appeal. The parties agree, however, that the trial
record does not reflect that there were discussions between the trial judge and
defense counsel regarding the jury’s question. Thus, Balint could have raised this
claim on direct appeal.
1 Dixon holds that in the absence of special circumstances, habeas relief is barred “where the claimed errors could have been, but were not, raised upon a timely appeal from a judgment of conviction.” Ex parte Dixon, 264 P.2d 513, 514 (Cal. 1953).
2 Balint also argues that this claim is not procedurally defaulted because the
California Supreme Court’s order cites mutually inconsistent procedural bars. Not
so. The California Supreme Court’s order denying relief “clearly and expressly
state[d] that its judgment rests on a state procedural bar.” Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S.
255, 263 (1989). Although the California Supreme Court cited both the Dixon and
Clark procedural bars, these rules are not inconsistent.2 The district court correctly
interpreted the order as signifying that Balint “could have raised the claim on direct
appeal (Dixon), and in any event he also improperly raised the claim in a
successive habeas application (Clark).” Moreover, as Balint did not raise multiple
claims in his June 2013 California Supreme Court petition, there is no confusion as
to which claim the bars apply. Cf. Calderon v. United States District Court
(Bean), 96 F.3d 1126, 1131 (9th Cir. 1996) (concluding that the California
Supreme Court’s order was ambiguous because it did not “specify which of
[petitioner’s] thirty nine-claims the court rejected under [one cited state doctrine],
and which it rejected under [another cited state doctrine]”).
Balint argues that even if this claim is defaulted, he has demonstrated cause
and prejudice to excuse any procedural default because his appellate counsel was
2 Clark holds that “the court will not consider repeated applications for habeas corpus presenting claims previously rejected” and that the “court has also refused to consider newly presented grounds for relief which were known to the petitioner at the time of a prior collateral attack on the judgment.” In re Clark, 855 P.2d 729, 740 (Cal. 1993).
3 ineffective for failing to raise Ground One on direct appeal and that he was
prejudiced by his counsel’s deficient performance. Ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel is evaluated under the Strickland standard. See Smith v. Murray,
477 U.S. 527, 535–36 (1986). Under Strickland, a defendant must show that (1)
counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) that the deficient performance
prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). To
show prejudice, “[t]he defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability
that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would
have been different.” Id. at 694.
Even assuming Balint’s ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim is
exhausted, Balint cannot show prejudice. The California Court of Appeal
concluded that even if Balint had objected to the trial court’s response to the jury’s
question, the response was “a correct statement of law that could not have misled
the jury and is not grounds for reversal.” We see no error in this conclusion.
Because Balint cannot show prejudice, he cannot overcome California’s Dixon
rule.
Finally, Balint argues that even if the procedural default is not excused by
cause and prejudice, failure to consider Ground One on the merits would result in a
fundamental miscarriage of justice. To obtain review, he “must show that it is
more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted him in the light
4 of [] new evidence.” Lee v. Lampert, 653 F.3d 929, 938 (9th Cir. 2011) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). “This exacting standard permits review
only in the extraordinary case, but it does not require absolute certainty about the
petitioner’s guilt or innocence.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted).
Balint argues that he has provided new evidence of constitutional error
through his declaration that he was not present when the trial judge formulated an
answer to the jury’s question. Nonetheless, he fails to demonstrate how, in light of
the declaration, it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have
convicted him.
Therefore, we affirm the district court’s judgment that Ground One is
procedurally barred under California’s Dixon rule.
2. Because Balint filed his petition after April 24, 1996, his claim in Ground
Two is governed by AEDPA. See Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 336 (1997).
AEDPA “bars relitigation of any claim adjudicated on the merits in state court,
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 24 2019 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MICHAEL THOMAS BALINT, No. 17-55576
Petitioner-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:11-cv-06307-BRO-PLA v.
KELLY SANTORO, Acting Warden, MEMORANDUM*
Respondent-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Beverly Reid O'Connell, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted April 10, 2019 Pasadena, California
Before: PAEZ and CLIFTON, Circuit Judges, and KATZMANN,** Judge.
Michael Balint appeals the district court’s denial of his federal habeas
petition. The district court issued a certificate of appealability on two issues: (1)
whether Balint was denied counsel and presence at a critical stage of the trial
(Ground One) and (2) whether the trial court erred in responding to a question
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Gary S. Katzmann, Judge for the United States Court of International Trade, sitting by designation. from the jury (Ground Two). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and
2253, and we affirm.
1. We review de novo the district court’s denial of a petition for habeas
relief. Henry v. Ryan, 720 F.3d 1073, 1078 (9th Cir. 2013). Findings of fact are
reviewed for clear error. Id. As the state court did not decide Ground One on the
merits, section 2245(d) of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of
1996 (“AEDPA”) does not apply. See Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 186
(2011).
In Ground One, Balint argues he was denied his right to be present and the
right to counsel at a critical stage of the trial when the trial court responded to the
jury’s question. The district court concluded this claim was procedurally defaulted
under California’s Dixon procedural bar.1
Balint argues that Dixon’s procedural bar is inapposite because he could not
have raised this claim on direct appeal. The parties agree, however, that the trial
record does not reflect that there were discussions between the trial judge and
defense counsel regarding the jury’s question. Thus, Balint could have raised this
claim on direct appeal.
1 Dixon holds that in the absence of special circumstances, habeas relief is barred “where the claimed errors could have been, but were not, raised upon a timely appeal from a judgment of conviction.” Ex parte Dixon, 264 P.2d 513, 514 (Cal. 1953).
2 Balint also argues that this claim is not procedurally defaulted because the
California Supreme Court’s order cites mutually inconsistent procedural bars. Not
so. The California Supreme Court’s order denying relief “clearly and expressly
state[d] that its judgment rests on a state procedural bar.” Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S.
255, 263 (1989). Although the California Supreme Court cited both the Dixon and
Clark procedural bars, these rules are not inconsistent.2 The district court correctly
interpreted the order as signifying that Balint “could have raised the claim on direct
appeal (Dixon), and in any event he also improperly raised the claim in a
successive habeas application (Clark).” Moreover, as Balint did not raise multiple
claims in his June 2013 California Supreme Court petition, there is no confusion as
to which claim the bars apply. Cf. Calderon v. United States District Court
(Bean), 96 F.3d 1126, 1131 (9th Cir. 1996) (concluding that the California
Supreme Court’s order was ambiguous because it did not “specify which of
[petitioner’s] thirty nine-claims the court rejected under [one cited state doctrine],
and which it rejected under [another cited state doctrine]”).
Balint argues that even if this claim is defaulted, he has demonstrated cause
and prejudice to excuse any procedural default because his appellate counsel was
2 Clark holds that “the court will not consider repeated applications for habeas corpus presenting claims previously rejected” and that the “court has also refused to consider newly presented grounds for relief which were known to the petitioner at the time of a prior collateral attack on the judgment.” In re Clark, 855 P.2d 729, 740 (Cal. 1993).
3 ineffective for failing to raise Ground One on direct appeal and that he was
prejudiced by his counsel’s deficient performance. Ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel is evaluated under the Strickland standard. See Smith v. Murray,
477 U.S. 527, 535–36 (1986). Under Strickland, a defendant must show that (1)
counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) that the deficient performance
prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). To
show prejudice, “[t]he defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability
that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would
have been different.” Id. at 694.
Even assuming Balint’s ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim is
exhausted, Balint cannot show prejudice. The California Court of Appeal
concluded that even if Balint had objected to the trial court’s response to the jury’s
question, the response was “a correct statement of law that could not have misled
the jury and is not grounds for reversal.” We see no error in this conclusion.
Because Balint cannot show prejudice, he cannot overcome California’s Dixon
rule.
Finally, Balint argues that even if the procedural default is not excused by
cause and prejudice, failure to consider Ground One on the merits would result in a
fundamental miscarriage of justice. To obtain review, he “must show that it is
more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted him in the light
4 of [] new evidence.” Lee v. Lampert, 653 F.3d 929, 938 (9th Cir. 2011) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). “This exacting standard permits review
only in the extraordinary case, but it does not require absolute certainty about the
petitioner’s guilt or innocence.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted).
Balint argues that he has provided new evidence of constitutional error
through his declaration that he was not present when the trial judge formulated an
answer to the jury’s question. Nonetheless, he fails to demonstrate how, in light of
the declaration, it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have
convicted him.
Therefore, we affirm the district court’s judgment that Ground One is
procedurally barred under California’s Dixon rule.
2. Because Balint filed his petition after April 24, 1996, his claim in Ground
Two is governed by AEDPA. See Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 336 (1997).
AEDPA “bars relitigation of any claim adjudicated on the merits in state court,
subject only to the exceptions in §§ 2254(d)(1) and (2).” Harrington v. Richter,
562 U.S. 86, 98 (2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). These exceptions
require a petitioner to show that the prior litigation either “(1) resulted in a decision
that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established
Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States” or “(2)
5 resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts
in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” Id. at 97–98
(citing 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)).
In Ground Two, Balint argues that the trial court erred in responding to the
jury’s question without clearing up the instructional confusion expressed by the
jury. He contends that the California Court of Appeal’s decision was an
unreasonable application of Bollenbach v. United States, 326 U.S. 607, 608
(1946).3 The California Court of Appeal’s decision on this issue was not an
unreasonable application of clearly established federal law as determined by the
United States Supreme Court in Bollenbach.
He also argues that the California Court of Appeal’s determination was an
unreasonable determination of the facts. The California Court of Appeal did not
make a factual determination, but rather reached a legal conclusion that there was
no reasonable likelihood that the jury conflated the two separate instructions into
one.
AFFIRMED.
3 Bollenbach states that “[w]hen a jury makes explicit its difficulties a trial judge should clear them away with concrete accuracy.” Bollenbach, 326 U.S. at 612–13.